Individual research task. You should all have completed the research task set last week. Please make sure you hand it in today.

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1 Lecture 6

2 Individual research task. You should all have completed the research task set last week. Please make sure you hand it in today.

3 Previously Decision structures with flowcharts Boolean logic UML and brief introduction.

4 Today Iteration Date and time structures Modularisation Pseudo code

5 Iteration - loops If you cannot understand the overall structure of a program while taking a shower (no external memory aids), you are not ready to code it Rich Pattis

6 Types of loop CONCEPT: A repetition structure causes a statement or set of statements to execute repeatedly.

7 Types of loop - definite loop definite loop: A loop that executes a known number of times. Also know as a Count-Controlled Loop. for definite loops. We often use language like "repeat _ times" or "for each of these things". Examples: Repeat these statements 10 times. Repeat these statements n times. Repeat these statements for each odd number between 5 and 27.

8 Types of loop - indefinite loop Indefinite loop: A loop where it is not easily determined in advance how many times it will execute. Also known as a Condition-Controlled loop. Indefinite loops often keep looping as long as a condition is true, or until a condition becomes false. Examples: Repeat these statements until the user types a valid integer. Repeat these statements while the number is not prime. Repeat these statements until a factor of is found. Flip a coin until you get 10 flips in a row of the same result

9 While loop The diamond symbol represents the condition that is tested. Notice what happens if the condition is true: one or more statements are executed and the program s execution flows back to the point just above the diamond symbol

10 While loop Here is the general format of the while loop in Python: while condition: statement statement etc.

11 While loop Now do Lab 06 program Commission.py In line 4 we use an assignment statement to create a variable named keep_going. Notice that the variable is assigned the value 'y'. This initialization value is important. Without this the loop would never run. This while loop was a pre-check loop.

12 The for loop The for loop is a Count-Controlled Loop. CONCEPT: A count-controlled loop iterates a specific number of times. In Python you use the for statement to write a countcontrolled loop. Count-controlled loops are commonly used in programs.

13 The for loop In Python, the for statement is designed to work with a sequence of data items. When the statement executes, it iterates once for each item in the sequence. Here is the general format: for variable in [value1, value2, etc.]: statement statement etc. List in Python, a type of array but much better. We will be looking at lists later in the course.

14 The for loop try this # This program demonstrates a simple for loop # that uses a list of numbers. def main(): print('i will display the numbers 1 through 5.') for num in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]: print(num) # Call the main function. main()

15 The for loop How it works:

16 The for loop, strings work too! Try this one simple_loop using strings # This program also demonstrates a simple for # loop that uses a list of strings. def main(): for name in ['Winken', 'Blinken', 'Nod']: print(name) # Call the main function. main()

17 Dates and Times How to find out the current date and time in Python? What is the module or function I need to use to get current time or date in Python programming language? You need to use the datetime module in Python. It provides classes (OOP) for manipulating dates and times in both simple and complex ways. While date and time arithmetic is supported, the focus of the implementation is on efficient attribute extraction for output formatting and manipulation. Date and time are very common in programs.

18 Dates and Times Try this import time print (time.strftime("%h:%m:%s")) ## 12 hour format ## print (time.strftime("%i:%m:%s")) The import statement is how you identify external libraries to use with your program.

19 Dates and Times Now try this import time now = time.strftime("%c") ## date and time representation print "Current date & time " + time.strftime("%c") ## Only date representation print "Current date " + time.strftime("%x") ## Only time representation print "Current time " + time.strftime("%x") ## Display current date and time from now variable print ("Current time %s" % now )

20 Dates and Times Now do Date_and_time.py in lab06. This uses the date time module. The syntax is - now = datetime.datetime.now() now.hour now.mintue now.year now.day now.month

21 Modularisation Modularity is generally desirable, especially in large, complicated programs. Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to execute only one aspect of the desired functionality.

22 Modularisation in Python CONCEPT: A module is a file that contains Python code. Large programs are easier to debug and maintain when they are divided into modules. When you break a program into modules, each module should contain functions that perform related tasks.

23 Modularisation in Python An example, suppose you are writing an accounting system. You would store all of the account receivable functions in their own module, all of the account payable functions in their own module, and all of the payroll functions in their own module. This approach, which is called modularization, makes the program easier to understand, test, and maintain.

24 Modularisation in Python Modules also make it easier to reuse the same code in more than one program. If you have written a set of functions that are needed in several different programs, you can place those functions in a module. Then, you can import the module in each program that needs to call one of the functions. In Python each module is a separate file.

25 Modularisation in Python Some rules to bear in mind. A module s file name should end in.py. If the module s file name does not end in.py you will not be able to import it into other programs. A module s name cannot be the same as a Python key word. An error would occur, for example, if you named a module for. To use these modules in a program, you import them with the import statement. Here is an example of how we would import a circlemodule: import circle When the Python interpreter reads this statement it will look for the file circle.py in the same folder as the program that is trying to import it. If it finds the file it will load it into memory. If it does not find the file, an error occurs.

26 Modularisation in Python Do the lab06 exercise on Modules.

27 Pseudo code Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. It uses the structural conventions of a programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading. Pseudocode typically omits details that are not essential for human understanding of the algorithm, such as variable declarations, system-specific code and some subroutines.

28 Pseudo code The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably straightforward. All statements showing "dependency" are to be indented. These include while, do, for, if, switch.

29 Pseudo code Examples: 1. If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print "passed" else Print "failed" 2. Set total to zero Set grade counter to one While grade counter is less than or equal to ten Input the next grade Add the grade into the total Set the class average to the total divided by ten Print the class average.

30 Pseudo code keywords to use For looping and selection, The keywords that are to be used include Do While...EndDo; Do Until...Enddo; Case...EndCase; If...Endif; Call... with (parameters); Call; Return...; Return; When; Always use scope terminators for loops and iteration. As verbs, use the words Generate, Compute, Process, etc. Words such as set, reset, increment, compute, calculate, add, sum, multiply,... print, display, input, output, edit, test, etc. with careful indentation tend to foster desirable pseudocode. Do not include data declarations in your pseudocode.

31 Summary what we have done today - Iteration Date and time structures Modularisation Pseudo code

32 Now complete the lab work It is on the WIKI There is no research this week.

33 Next Time Reading and writing files.

Previously. Iteration. Date and time structures. Modularisation.

Previously. Iteration. Date and time structures. Modularisation. Lecture 7 Previously Iteration. Date and time structures. Modularisation. Today Pseudo code. File handling. Pseudo code Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a