Chapter 10 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
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1 CSC521 Communication Protocols 網路通訊協定 Chapter 10 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 吳俊興國立高雄大學資訊工程學系 Internetworking With TCP/IP, Vol I: Sixth Edition, Douglas E. Comer
2 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Using A Protocol Port As An Ultimate Destination 3 The User Datagram Protocol 4 UDP Message Format 5 Interpretation Of the UDP Checksum 6 UDP Checksum Computation And The Pseudo-Header 7 IPv4 UDP Pseudo-Header Format 8 IPv6 UDP Pseudo-Header Format 9 UDP Encapsulation And Protocol Layering 10 Layering And The UDP Checksum Computation 11 UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Protocol Ports 12 Reserved And Available UDP Port Numbers 13 Summary 2
3 Identification Problem Identifying The Ultimate Destination A destination address identifies a host computer; no further distinction is made regarding which user or which application program will receive the datagram IP address only specifies a computer Need a way to specify an application program (process) on a computer Unfortunately Application programs can be created and destroyed rapidly Each operating system uses its own identification Specifying An Application Program TCP/IP abstracts destination point known as protocol port number Each OS determines how to bind protocol port number to specific application program 3
4 Features User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Transport-layer protocol (Layer 4) Connectionless service: provides application programs with ability to send and receive messages Allows multiple, application programs on a single machine to communicate concurrently Same best-effort semantics as IP Message can be delayed, lost, or duplicated Messages can arrive out of order Application accepts full responsibility for errors examples: DNS, DHCP, SNMP, NFS Added Benefit The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides an unreliable connectionless delivery service using IP to transport messages between machines It uses IP to carry messages, but adds the ability to distinguish among multiple destinations within a given host computer 4
5 Position Of UDP In Protocol Stack UDP lies between applications and IP 5
6 UDP Message Format Port Numbers In A UDP Message SOURCE PORT identifies application on original source computer DESTINATION PORT identifies application on ultimate destination computer UDP CHECKSUM (Optional for IPv4, Required for IPv6) UDP Pseudo-Header + UDP Message (header+payload) + 0-padding to multiple of 16 bits IPv4: If the field contains zeroes, receiver does not verify the checksum Note: IP addresses of source and destination do not appear explicitly in header 6
7 UDP Pseudo-Header UDP Pseudo-Header Used when computing or verifying a checksum Temporarily prepended to UDP message Contains items from IP header Guarantees that message arrived at correct destination Note: pseudo header is not sent across Internet Format specify IP address of sending and receiving computers SOURCE ADDRESS and DESTINATION ADDRESS UDP Length PROTO for IPv4 or NextHeader for IPv6 from the IP datagram header 7
8 UDP Pseudo-Header Format IPv4 IPv6 8
9 UDP Encapsulation Division Of Duties Between IP and UDP The IP layer is responsible for transferring data between a pair of hosts on an internet, while the UDP layer is responsible for differentiating among multiple sources or destinations within one host IP header only identifies computer UDP header only identifies application programs 9
10 UDP Port Numbers Used for Demultiplexing Assignment Small numbers reserved for specific services Called well-known ports Same interpretation throughout the Internet Used by server software Large numbers not reserved Available to arbitrary application program Used by client software 10
11 Examples Of Assigned UDP Port Numbers 11
12 Summary User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides connectionless, besteffort message service UDP message encapsulated in IP datagram for delivery IP identifies destination computer; UDP identifies application on the destination computer UDP uses abstraction known as protocol port numbers 12
13 Why UDP? Comparing with TCP Why not directly use IP? Discussions Why, or why not, build protocol ports into IP? Why not use process identifiers instead of protocol ports? Why not use a single checksum for the complete IP datagram including the UDP message? 13
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