Introduction to Networked Multimedia An Introduction to RTP p. 3 A Brief History of Audio/Video Networking p. 4 Early Packet Voice and Video
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1 Preface p. xi Acknowledgments p. xvii Introduction to Networked Multimedia An Introduction to RTP p. 3 A Brief History of Audio/Video Networking p. 4 Early Packet Voice and Video Experiments p. 4 Audio and Video on the Internet p. 5 ITU Standards p. 7 Audio/Video Streaming p. 9 A Snapshot of RTP p. 9 Related Standards p. 10 Overview of an RTP Implementation p. 11 Behavior of an RTP Sender p. 11 Behavior of an RTP Receiver p. 13 Summary p. 14 Voice and Video Communication over Packet Networks p. 15 TCP/IP and the OSI Reference Model p. 16 Performance Characteristics of an IP Network p. 23 Measuring IP Network Performance p. 25 Average Packet Loss p. 26 Packet Loss Patterns p. 29 Packet Duplication p. 30 Packet Corruption p. 31 Network Transit Time p. 32 Acceptable Packet Sizes p. 37 Effects of Multicast p. 37 Effects of Network Technologies p. 39 Conclusions about Measured Characteristics p. 40 Effects of Transport Protocols p. 42 UDP/IP p. 42 TCP/IP p. 43 Requirements for Audio/Video Transport in Packet Networks p. 45 Benefits of Packet-Based Audio/Video p. 47 Summary p. 48 Media Transport Using RTP The Real-Time Transport Protocol p. 51 Fundamental Design Philosophies of RTP p. 51 Application-Level Framing p. 52 The End-to-End Principle p. 53 Achieving Flexibility p. 54 Standard Elements of RTP p. 55
2 The RTP Specification p. 55 RTP Profiles p. 57 RTP Payload Formats p. 59 Optional Elements p. 60 Related Standards p. 61 Call Setup and Control p. 62 Session Description p. 63 Quality of Service p. 63 Future Standards Development p. 65 Summary p. 66 RTP Data Transfer Protocol p. 67 RTP Sessions p. 67 The RTP Data Transfer Packet p. 70 Header Elements p. 71 Header Extensions p. 85 Payload Headers p. 86 Payload Data p. 88 Packet Validation p. 89 Translators and Mixers p. 91 Translators p. 91 Mixers p. 92 Summary p. 94 RTP Control Protocol p. 95 Components of RTCP p. 96 Transport of RTCP Packets p. 97 RTCP Packet Formats p. 97 RTCP RR: Receiver Reports p. 101 RTCP SR: Sender Reports p. 107 RTCP SDES: Source Description p. 110 RTCP BYE: Membership Control p. 116 RTCP APP: Application-Defined RTCP Packets p. 118 Packing Issues p. 118 Security and Privacy p. 120 Packet Validation p. 122 Participant Database p. 124 Timing Rules p. 128 Reporting Interval p. 129 Basic Transmission Rules p. 132 Forward Reconsideration p. 134 Reverse Reconsideration p. 138 BYE Reconsideration p. 139
3 Comments on Reconsideration p. 141 Common Implementation Problems p. 141 Summary p. 142 Media Capture, Playout, and Timing p. 145 Behavior of a Sender p. 146 Media Capture and Compression p. 147 Audio Capture and Compression p. 147 Video Capture and Compression p. 150 Use of Prerecorded Content p. 152 Generating RTP Packets p. 152 Timestamps and the RTP Timing Model p. 154 Fragmentation p. 155 Payload Format--Specific Headers p. 157 Behavior of a Receiver p. 157 Packet Reception p. 159 Receiving Data Packets p. 160 Receiving Control Packets p. 163 The Playout Buffer p. 166 Basic Operation p. 167 Playout Time Calculation p. 170 Adapting the Playout Point p. 192 Playout Adaptation for Audio with Silence Suppression p. 193 Playout Adaptation for Audio without Silence Suppression p. 196 Playout Adaptation for Video p. 198 Decoding, Mixing, and Playout p. 200 Decoding p. 200 Audio Mixing p. 201 Audio Playout p. 204 Video Playout p. 206 Summary p. 207 Lip Synchronization p. 209 Sender Behavior p. 211 Receiver Behavior p. 216 Synchronization Accuracy p. 222 Summary p. 223 Robustness Error Concealment p. 227 Techniques for Audio Loss Concealment p. 227 Measuring Audio Quality p. 228 Silence Substitution p. 229 Noise Substitution p. 231
4 Repetition p. 234 Other Techniques for Repairing Speech Signals p. 237 Techniques for Video Loss Concealment p. 242 Motion-Compensated Repetition p. 243 Other Techniques for Repairing Video Packet Loss p. 245 Dependency Reduction p. 245 Interleaving p. 247 Summary p. 250 Error Correction p. 251 Forward Error Correction p. 252 Parity FEC p. 254 Unequal Error Protection p. 263 Reed--Solomon Codes p. 266 Audio Redundancy Coding p. 266 Channel Coding p. 273 Partial Checksum p. 273 Reference Picture Selection p. 275 Retransmission p. 276 RTCP as a Framework for Retransmission p. 277 Applicability p. 281 Implementation Considerations p. 283 At a Receiver p. 283 At the Sender p. 285 Summary p. 285 Congestion Control p. 287 The Need for Congestion Control p. 287 Congestion Control on the Internet p. 290 Implications for Multimedia p. 296 Congestion Control for Multimedia p. 298 TCP-Like Rate Control p. 298 TCP-Friendly Rate Control p. 300 Layered Coding p. 306 Summary p. 310 Advanced Topics Header Compression p. 315 Introductory Concepts p. 316 Patterns, Robustness, and Local Implementation p. 317 Standards p. 318 Compressed RTP p. 319 Operation of CRTP: Initialization and Context p. 321 Operation of CRTP: Compression and Decompression p. 323
5 Effects of Packet Loss p. 326 Robust Header Compression p. 327 Operation of ROHC: States and Modes p. 329 Operation of ROHC: Robustness and Compression Efficiency p. 331 Considerations for RTP Applications p. 334 Summary p. 336 Multiplexing and Tunneling p. 339 The Motivation for Multiplexing p. 339 Tunneling Multiplexed Compressed RTP p. 342 Basic Concepts of TCRTP p. 343 Implementing TCRTP p. 346 Performance p. 347 Other Approaches to Multiplexing p. 349 GeRM p. 349 Application-Specific Multiplexing p. 354 Summary p. 357 Security Considerations p. 359 Privacy p. 360 Confidentiality p. 362 Confidentiality Features in the RTP Specification p. 363 Confidentiality Using the Secure RTP Profile p. 367 Confidentiality Using IP Security p. 372 Other Considerations p. 375 Authentication p. 376 Authentication Using Standard RTP p. 377 Authentication Using the Secure RTP Profile p. 378 Authentication Using IP Security p. 378 Replay Protection p. 380 Denial of Service p. 381 Mixers and Translators p. 381 Active Content p. 382 Other Considerations p. 382 Summary p. 383 References p. 385 IETF RFC Standards p. 386 IETF Internet-Drafts p. 389 Other Standards p. 390 Conference and Journal Papers p. 391 Books p. 395 Web Sites p. 396 Other References p. 396
6 Index p. 397 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.
AIMD (additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease),
AW001-PerkinsIX 5/14/03 2:01 PM Page 397 INDEX A ACK (acknowledgement) Use with RTP retransmission, 277 279 Use with TCP 292 294 ACM (Association for Computing Machinery), 26 Active content, security of,
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