Contents. 1 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web 1

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1 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page viii Monday, January 14, :20 PM Preface xxxvii 1 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web Introduction What Is a Computer? Computer Organization Evolution of Operating Systems Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages Structured Programming Object-Oriented Programming Hardware Trends History of the Internet and World Wide Web World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Open-Source Software Revolution History of Python Python Modules General Notes about Python and This Book Tour of the Book Internet and World Wide Web Resources 27 2 Introduction to Python Programming Introduction First Program in Python: Printing a Line of Text Modifying our First Python Program 38

2 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page ix Monday, January 14, :20 PM IX Displaying a Single Line of Text with Multiple Statements Displaying Multiple Lines of Text with a Single Statement Another Python Program: Adding Integers Memory Concepts Arithmetic String Formatting Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Indentation Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology 59 3 Control Structures Introduction Algorithms Pseudocode Control Structures if Selection Structure if/else and if/elif/else Selection Structures while Repetition Structure Formulating Algorithms: Case Study 1 (Counter-Controlled Repetition) Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 2 (Sentinel-Controlled Repetition) Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 3 (Nested Control Structures) Augmented Assignment Symbols Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition for Repetition Structure Using the for Repetition Structure break and continue Statements Logical Operators Structured-Programming Summary Functions Introduction Program Components in Python Functions Module math Functions Function Definitions Random-Number Generation Example: A Game of Chance Scope Rules Keyword import and Namespaces Importing One or More Modules Importing Identifiers from a Module Binding Names for Modules and Module Identifiers Recursion 139

3 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page x Monday, January 14, :20 PM X 4.11 Example Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series Recursion vs. Iteration Default Arguments Keyword Arguments Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries Introduction Sequences Creating Sequences Using Lists and Tuples Using Lists Using Tuples Sequence Unpacking Sequence Slicing Dictionaries List and Dictionary Methods References and Reference Parameters Passing Lists to Functions Sorting and Searching Lists Multiple-Subscripted Sequences Introduction to the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Introduction Client and Web Server Interaction System Architecture Accessing Web Servers HTTP Transactions Simple CGI Script Sending Input to a CGI Script Using XHTML Forms to Send Input and Using Module cgi to Retrieve Form Data Using cgi.fieldstorage to Read Input Other HTTP Headers Example: Interactive Portal Internet and World Wide Web Resources Object-Based Programming Introduction Implementing a Time Abstract Data Type with a Class Special Attributes Controlling Access to Attributes Get and Set Methods Private Attributes Using Default Arguments With Constructors Destructors 246

4 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xi Monday, January 14, :20 PM XI 7.7 Class Attributes Composition: Object References as Members of Classes Data Abstraction and Information Hiding Software Reusability Customizing Classes Introduction Customizing String Representation: Method str Customizing Attribute Access Operator Overloading Restrictions on Operator Overloading Overloading Unary Operators Overloading Binary Operators Overloading Built-in Functions Converting Between Types Case Study: A Rational Class Overloading Sequence Operations Case Study: A SingleList Class Overloading Mapping Operations Case Study: A SimpleDictionary Class Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance Introduction Inheritance: Base Classes and Derived Classes Creating Base Classes and Derived Classes Overriding Base-Class Methods in a Derived Class Software Engineering with Inheritance Composition vs. Inheritance Uses A and Knows A Relationships Case Study: Point, Circle, Cylinder Abstract Base Classes and Concrete Classes Case Study: Inheriting Interface and Implementation Polymorphism Classes and Python Static Methods Inheriting from Built-in Types getattribute Method slots Class Attribute Properties Graphical User Interface Components: Part Introduction Tkinter Overview Simple Tkinter Example: Label Component Event Handling Model Entry Component 350

5 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xii Monday, January 14, :20 PM XII 10.6 Button Component Checkbutton and Radiobutton Components Mouse Event Handling Keyboard Event Handling Layout Managers Pack Grid Place Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Internet and World Wide Web Resources Graphical User Interface Components: Part Introduction Overview of Pmw ScrolledListbox Component ScrolledText Component MenuBar Component Popup Menus Canvas Component Scale Component Other GUI Toolkits Exception Handling Introduction Raising an Exception Exception-Handling Overview Example: DivideByZeroError Python Exception Hierarchy finally Clause Exception Objects and Tracebacks Programmer-Defined Exception Classes String Manipulation and Regular Expressions Introduction Fundamentals of Characters and Strings String Presentation Searching Strings Joining and Splitting Strings Regular Expressions Compiling Regular Expressions and Manipulating Regular-Expression Objects Regular-Expression Repetition and Placement Characters Classes and Special Sequences Regular Expression String-Manipulation Functions Grouping Internet and World Wide Web Resources 456

6 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xiii Monday, January 14, :20 PM XIII 14 File Processing and Serialization Introduction Data Hierarchy Files and Streams Creating a Sequential-Access File Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File Updating Sequential-Access Files Random-Access Files Simulating a Random-Access File: The shelve Module Writing Data to a shelve File Retrieving Data from a shelve File Example: A Transaction-Processing Program Object Serialization Extensible Markup Language (XML) Introduction XML Documents XML Namespaces Document Object Model (DOM) Simple API for XML (SAX) Document Type Definitions (DTDs), Schemas and Validation Document Type Definition Documents W3C XML Schema Documents XML Vocabularies MathML Chemical Markup Language (CML) Other XML Vocabularies Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) Internet and World Wide Web Resources Python XML Processing Introduction Generating XML Content Dynamically XML Processing Packages Document Object Model (DOM) Parsing XML with xml.sax Case Study: Message Forums with Python and XML Displaying the Forums Adding Forums and Messages Alterations for Browsers without XML and XSLT Support Internet and World Wide Web Resources Database Application Programming Interface (DB-API) Introduction 570

7 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xiv Monday, January 14, :20 PM XIV 17.2 Relational Database Model Relational Database Overview: Books Database Structured Query Language (SQL) Basic SELECT Query WHERE Clause ORDER BY Clause Merging Data from Multiple Tables: INNER JOIN Joining Data from Tables Authors, AuthorISBN, Titles and Publishers INSERT Statement UPDATE Statement DELETE Statement Python DB-API Specification Database Query Example Querying the Books Database Reading, Inserting and Updating a Database Internet and World Wide Web Resources Process Management Introduction os.fork Function os.system Function and os.exec Family of Functions Controlling Process Input and Output Interprocess Communication Signal Handling Sending Signals Multithreading Introduction Thread States: Life Cycle of a Thread threading.thread Example Thread Synchronization Producer/Consumer Relationship without Thread Synchronization Producer/Consumer Relationship with Thread Synchronization Producer/Consumer Relationship: Module Queue Producer/Consumer Relationship: The Circular Buffer Semaphores Events Networking Introduction Accessing URLs over HTTP Establishing a Simple Server (Using Stream Sockets) Establishing a Simple Client (Using Stream Sockets) Client/Server Interaction with Stream Socket Connections Connectionless Client/Server Interaction with Datagrams 699

8 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xv Monday, January 14, :20 PM XV 20.7 Client/Server Tic-Tac-Toe Using a Multithreaded Server Security Introduction Ancient Ciphers to Modern Cryptosystems Secret-Key Cryptography Public-Key Cryptography Cryptanalysis Key-Agreement Protocols Key Management Digital Signatures Public-Key Infrastructure, Certificates and Certificate Authorities Smart Cards Security Protocols Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) IPSec and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Authentication Kerberos Biometrics Single Sign-On Microsoft Passport Security Attacks Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks Viruses and Worms Software Exploitation, Web Defacing and Cybercrime Running Restricted Python Code Module rexec Module Bastion Restricted Web Browser Network Security Firewalls Intrusion-Detection Systems Steganography Internet and World Wide Web Resources Data Structures Introduction Self-Referential Classes Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees Case Study: Online Bookstore Introduction HTTP Sessions and Session-Tracking Technologies 798

9 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xvi Monday, January 14, :20 PM XVI 23.3 Tracking Sessions in the Bookstore Bookstore Architecture Configuring the Bookstore Entering the Bookstore Obtaining the Book List from the Database Viewing a Book s Details Adding an Item to the Shopping Cart Viewing the Shopping Cart Checking Out Processing the Order Error Handling Handling Wireless Clients (XHTML Basic and WML) Introduction to XHTML Basic Introduction to WML Internet and World Wide Web Resources Multimedia Introduction Introduction to PyOpenGL PyOpenGL Examples Introduction to Alice Fox, Chicken and Seed Problem Introduction to pygame Python CD Player Python Movie Player Pygame Space Cruiser Internet and World Wide Web Resources Python Server Pages (PSP) Introduction Python Servlets Python Server Pages Overview First Python Server Page Example Implicit Objects Scripting Scripting Components Scripting Example Standard Actions <psp:include> Action <psp:insert> Action <psp:method> Action Directives page Directive include Directive Case Study: Message Forums with Python and XML Displaying the Forums 949

10 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xvii Monday, January 14, :20 PM XVII Adding Forums and Messages Alterations for Browsers Without XML and XSLT Support Internet and World Wide Web Resources 966 A Operator Precedence Chart 971 B ASCII Character Set 973 C Number Systems 974 C.1 Introduction 975 C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers 978 C.3 Converting Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 980 C.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 980 C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 981 C.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two s Complement Notation 982 D Python Development Environments 988 D.1 Introduction 989 D.2 Integrated Development Environment: IDLE 989 D.2.1 Installing and Launching IDLE 990 D.2.2 Features 991 D.2.3 Text Editor 992 D.2.4 Debugger 994 D.3 Other Integrated Development Environments 995 D.3.1 BlackAdder 995 D.3.2 PythonWorks 996 D.3.3 Wing IDE 996 D.3.4 Pythonwin 997 D.3.5 Komodo 997 D.4 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 997 E Career Opportunities 998 E.1 Introduction 999 E.2 Resources for the Job Seeker 1000 E.3 Online Opportunities for Employers 1001 E.3.1 Posting Jobs Online 1003 E.3.2 Problems with Recruiting on the Web 1005 E.3.3 Diversity in the Workplace 1005 E.4 Recruiting Services 1006 E.5 Career Sites 1007 E.5.1 Comprehensive Career Sites 1007 E.5.2 Technical Positions 1008 E.5.3 Wireless Positions 1008 E.5.4 Contracting Online 1009 E.5.5 Executive Positions 1010

11 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xviii Monday, January 14, :20 PM XVIII E.5.6 Students and Young Professionals 1011 E.5.7 Other Online Career Services 1011 E.6 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1012 F Unicode 1020 F.1 Introduction 1021 F.2 Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) 1022 F.3 Characters and Glyphs 1023 F.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Unicode 1024 F.5 Unicode Consortium s Web Site 1024 F.6 Using Unicode 1025 F.7 Character Ranges 1027 G Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part G.1 Introduction 1033 G.2 Markup Languages 1033 G.3 Editing HTML 1034 G.4 Common Elements 1034 G.5 Headers 1037 G.6 Linking 1038 G.7 Images 1040 G.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks 1044 G.9 Unordered Lists 1046 G.10 Nested and Ordered Lists 1047 G.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1050 H Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part H.1 Introduction 1056 H.2 Basic HTML Tables 1056 H.3 Intermediate HTML Tables and Formatting 1058 H.4 Basic HTML Forms 1061 H.5 More Complex HTML Forms 1064 H.6 Internal Linking 1071 H.7 Creating and Using Image Maps 1074 H.8 meta Elements 1076 H.9 frameset Element 1078 H.10 Nested framesets 1080 H.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1082 I Introduction to XHTML: Part I.1 Introduction 1089 I.2 Editing XHTML 1089 I.3 First XHTML Example 1090

12 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xix Monday, January 14, :20 PM XIX I.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service 1093 I.5 Headers 1095 I.6 Linking 1097 I.7 Images 1099 I.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks 1103 I.9 Unordered Lists 1105 I.10 Nested and Ordered Lists 1106 I.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1109 J Introduction to XHTML: Part J.1 Introduction 1115 J.2 Basic XHTML Tables 1115 J.3 Intermediate XHTML Tables and Formatting 1118 J.4 Basic XHTML Forms 1120 J.5 More Complex XHTML Forms 1123 J.6 Internal Linking 1130 J.7 Creating and Using Image Maps 1133 J.8 meta Elements 1135 J.9 frameset Element 1137 J.10 Nested framesets 1140 J.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1142 K Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 1148 K.1 Introduction 1149 K.2 Inline Styles 1149 K.3 Embedded Style Sheets 1150 K.4 Conflicting Styles 1153 K.5 Linking External Style Sheets 1156 K.6 W3C CSS Validation Service 1159 K.7 Positioning Elements 1160 K.8 Backgrounds 1163 K.9 Element Dimensions 1165 K.10 Text Flow and the Box Model 1167 K.11 User Style Sheets 1172 K.12 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1176 L Accessibility 1181 L.1 Introduction 1182 L.2 Web Accessibility 1182 L.3 Web Accessibility Initiative 1183 L.4 Providing Alternatives for Images 1185 L.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure 1186 L.6 Accessibility in XHTML Tables 1186 L.7 Accessibility in XHTML Frames 1190 L.8 Accessibility in XML 1191 L.9 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML 1191

13 pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xx Monday, January 14, :20 PM XX L.10 CallXML 1198 L.11 JAWS for Windows 1204 L.12 Other Accessibility Tools 1205 L.13 Accessibility in Microsoft Windows L.13.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments 1208 L.13.2 Tools for People with Hearing Impairments 1210 L.13.3 Tools for Users Who Have Difficulty Using the Keyboard 1210 L.13.4 Microsoft Narrator 1216 L.13.5 Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard 1217 L.13.6 Accessibility Features in Microsoft Internet Explorer L.14 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1220 M HTML/XHTML Special Characters 1227 N HTML/XHTML Colors 1228 O Additional Python 2.2 Features 1231 O.1 Introduction 1232 O.2 Iterators 1232 O.3 Generators 1242 O.4 Nested Scopes 1247 O.5 Internet and World Wide Web Resources Bibliography 1251 Index 1253