Lecture 3 Additional Slides. CSE 344, Winter 2014 Sudeepa Roy

Transcription

1 Lecture 3 dditional Slides CSE 344, Winter 014 Sudeepa Roy

2 Note: These slides mostly contain the same material as the lecture notes, and were used as a substitute for a whiteboard in class. lso please go over all the sql commands and the comments in lecture0 and lecture03 notes and let us know if any of the queries or explanations is not clear.

3 few very nice observations from you in class! Check if you using the right quote and not an automatic correction by an editor Check if the font size is proper in sqlite window or whether it is truncating any field: photography vs. photograph

4 Ex. In SqLite Product pname price category manufacturer Gizmo gadget GizmoWorks PowerGizmo 9.99 gadget GizmoWorks SingleTouch photography Canon MultiTouch photography Hitachi SuperGizmo gadget Hitachi Company cname GizmoWorks Canon Hitachi pple manufacturer references cname country US Japan Japan US Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country)

5 Selection queries Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) Select a subset of rows Condition specified by WHERE clause Ex: select * From Product where price > 100.0; Ex: select * From Product Where pname like '%e%';

6 Projection queries Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) Keep a subset of the attributes/columns ttributes specified by SELECT clause Ex: select price, category from Product;

7 DISTINCT Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) Duplicates: select category from Product; Eliminates duplicates select distinct category from Product; Once again, set vs. bag

8 Order By Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) order alphabetically by name: order by price descending order by manufacturer, then price descending

9 BSIC SQL Query Evaluation SELECT <attr> FROM <reln> WHERE <condn> (optional) ORDER BY <attr> <asc/desc> Sequence in evaluation 1. FROM: for each tuple in <reln>. WHERE: apply <condn> 3. SELECT: <attr>

10 ORDER BY and DISTINCT - 1 SELECT <attr> FROM <reln> WHERE <condn> (optional) ORDER BY <attr> <asc/desc> Sequence in evaluation 1. FROM: for each tuple in <reln>. WHERE: apply <condn> 3. ORDER BY: <attr> 4. SELECT: <attr>

11 ORDER BY and DISTINCT - What happens if we order on an attribute that we do NOT return? First, let's try: select * from Product order by manufacturer; Now, let's try: select category from Product order by manufacturer; What happens if we also do DISTINCT? select distinct category from Product order by manufacturer; In SQL, all attributes in ORDER BY must appear in SELECT if DISTINCT is used, should have been an error. Sqlite does not enforce this (another alert).

12 JOINS Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) What should the following query return? select pname, price from Product P, Company C Join predicate where P.manufacturer=C.cname and country='japan' and price < 150; Your answer in class Single touch, Supergizmo, 49.99

13 Ex. 1: Retrieve all merican company names that manufacture products in the 'gadget' category Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) Your answer in class SELECT distinct P.manufacturer FROM Product P, Company C WHERE P.manufacturer = C.cname nd C.country = US nd P.category = gadget

14 Ex. : Retrieve all Japanese company names that manufacture products in both the 'gadget' and the photography category Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) Your answer in class SELECT distinct cname FROM Product P1, Company, Product P WHERE country = Japan ND P1.category = gadget ND P.category = photography nd P1.manufacturer = cname ND P.manufacturer = cname Note: 1. The third condition P1.manufacturer = P.manufacturer is not needed. We could replace the last condition by P1.manufacturer = P.manufacturer 3. i.e. only two equality checks are needed and not three 4. Why? See next 4 slides and think!

15 Join as a cartesian product followed by selection and projection (NEW SLIDE-1) You should think this way when writing complicated SQL queries or finding answers to a given query. More on this when we learn Relational lgebra (Lecture 9) Consider this example. select R.a from R, S, T where R.a=S.a ND S.a <> b R 1 3 S 3 4 T B 1 4

16 Join as a cartesian product followed by selection and projection (NEW SLIDE-) R 1 S 3 select R.a from R, S, T where R.a=S.a ND S.a <> b T B 3 R. S. T.B R S T STEP 1: The cartesian product of these tables will be computed (see the nested loop semantics later) NOTE: DBMSs will almost never evaluate queries in this inefficient way. More on this when we learn query plans

17 Join as a cartesian product followed by selection and projection (NEW SLIDE-3) R 1 S 3 select R.a from R, S, T where R.a=S.a ND S.a <> b T B 3 STEP : pply condition in WHERE clause Only one tuple satisfies the condition (highlighted) R. S. T.B R S T

18 Join as a cartesian product followed by selection and projection (NEW SLIDE-4) R 1 S 3 select R.a from R, S, T where R.a=S.a ND S.a <> b T B 3 STEP 3: Now project on to the attributes in SELECT clause Final answer: R. S. T.B R S T

19 Now think! why the other two answers for Ex that we considered in class did not work (Japanese companies for both gadgets and photography) Option 1: country = Japan and (category = gadget OR category = photography ) ns: If any of these two categories exists in the cartesian product with country = Japan, it will be returned Option : country = Japan and (category = gadget ND category = photography ) ns: Category for any tuple in the cartesian product cannot be both gadget and photography

20 Joins may introduce duplicates Try: select country from Product, Company where manufacturer=cname and category='gadget'; Easy fix: USE DISTINCT select distinct country from Product, Company where manufacturer=cname and category='gadget';

21 Ex. 3: Find all countries that manufacture both a product under $5 and a product over $5 (liases) Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country) nswer : (First try yourself and then see the answer in the notes.)

22 JOINS: Nested Loop Semantics for SQL Query: SELECT a1, a,..., ak FROM R1 S x1, R S x,..., Rm S xm WHERE Cond Semantics: for a1 in R1 do for a in R do for a3 in R3 do... for an in Rm do if Cond(a1, ak) is true then output(a1,...,ak) lthough the quer processor will LMOST NEVER evaluate the query this way! FROM WHERE SELECT

23 What does this query compute? R 1 3 S 3 4 T 1 4 select distinct R.a from R, S where R.a=S.a;

24 What does this query compute? R 1 3 S 3 4 T 1 4 select distinct R.a from R, S where R.a=S.a; NS: R intersects S

25 What does this query compute? R 1 3 S 3 4 T 1 4 select distinct T.a from R, S, T where R.a=T.a or S.a = T.a

26 What does this query compute? R 1 3 select distinct T.a S from R, S, T where R.a=T.a or S.a = T.a T 1 4 you might think it is: (R union S) intersect T but think again! what happens if say S =, i.e. no tuples in S The result should have been (R intersect T) But we get empty set. Nested loop semantics explains this! ns: the query returns (R union S) intersect T if R,S are non-empty. otherwise it returns the empty set

27 NULL In SqLite Product pname price category manufacturer Gizmo gadget GizmoWorks PowerGizmo 9.99 gadget GizmoWorks SingleTouch photography Canon MultiTouch photography Hitachi SuperGizmo gadget Hitachi ipad 5 NULL gadget pple Company cname GizmoWorks Canon Hitachi pple country US Japan Japan US SELECT gadegts with price < 5 and >=5 Ipad is nowhere! Product(pname, price, category, manufacturer) Company(cname, country)

28 Conditions involving NULL We need to evaluate in SQL conditions like this: (price < 5) and (category = 'gadget') or (manufacturer = 'pple') Suppose price = 19, category = NULL, and manufacturer = NULL Is the predicate true or false?

29 3-valued logic FLSE = 0 E.g. price<5 is FLSE when price=99 UNKNOWN = 0.5 E.g. price<5 is UNKNOWN when price=null TRUE = 1 E.g. price<5 is TRUE when price=19 C1 ND C means min(c1,c) C1 OR C means max(c1,c) not C means 1-C

30 Compute the truth value (price < 5) and (category = 'gadget') or (manufacturer = 'pple') Suppose price = 19, category = NULL, and manufacturer = NULL nswer:

31 Output of a query for NULL The rule for SELECT... FROM... WHERE C is the following: if C = TRUE then include the row in the output if C = FLSE or C = unknown then do not include it

32 Outer JOIN JOIN = INNER JOIN LEFT OUTER JOIN: include everything on the left, fill in the right part with NULL values Similarly (FULL)/RIGHT OUTER JOIN More on outer join in Lec 4 (Monday) pname price category manufacturer Gizmo gadget GizmoWorks PowerGizmo 9.99 gadget GizmoWorks SingleTouch photography Canon MultiTouch photography Hitachi SuperGizmo gadget Hitachi ipad 5 NULL gadget pple Product cname GizmoWorks Canon Hitachi pple Google country US Japan Japan US US Company