CS241 Computer Organization Spring Addresses & Pointers
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1 CS241 Computer Organization Spring 2015 Addresses & Pointers
2 Outline! Addresses & Pointers! leal - load effective address! Condition Codes & Jumps! conditional statements: if-then-else! conditional expressions: b? e1 : e2 Read: CS:APP2 Chapter 3, sections IA32 Overview (available in Online References) Lab#1 Datalab due Feb. 26, teams encouraged HW#4 due Thursday, Mar. 3
3 Recap: Memory addressing: Rb + S*Ri + D! D(Rb,Ri,S) Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]+ D] D displacement 1, 2, or 4 bytes Rb Base register: Any of 8 integer registers Ri Index register: Any, except for %esp (or %ebp) S: Scale: 1, 2, 4, or 8 IA32 instructions:! movl reg reg, reg mem, mem reg! arithmetic, logical, shift instructions
4 Using Simple Addressing Modes Carnegie Mellon void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } swap: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp pushl %ebx movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) movl -4(%ebp),%ebx movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Set Up Body Finish
5 Using Simple Addressing Modes Carnegie Mellon void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } swap: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp pushl %ebx movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) movl -4(%ebp),%ebx movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Set Up Body Finish
6 Understanding Swap Carnegie Mellon void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; } Register %ecx %edx %eax %ebx Value yp xp t1 t0 Offset yp xp Rtn adr Old %ebp Stack (in memory) %ebp movl 12(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = yp movl 8(%ebp),%edx # edx = xp movl (%ecx),%eax # eax = *yp (t1) movl (%edx),%ebx # ebx = *xp (t0) movl %eax,(%edx) # *xp = eax movl %ebx,(%ecx) # *yp = ebx Old %ebx
7 Understanding Swap %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) yp xp Offset %ebp x120 0x124 Rtn adr # ecx = yp # edx = xp # eax = *yp (t1) # ebx = *xp (t0) # *xp = eax # *yp = ebx Carnegie Mellon Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100
8 Understanding Swap %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 0x120 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) yp xp Offset %ebp x120 0x124 Rtn adr # ecx = yp # edx = xp # eax = *yp (t1) # ebx = *xp (t0) # *xp = eax # *yp = ebx Carnegie Mellon Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100
9 Understanding Swap %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 0x124 0x120 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) yp xp Offset %ebp x120 0x124 Rtn adr Carnegie Mellon Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 # ecx = yp # edx = xp # eax = *yp (t1) # ebx = *xp (t0) # *xp = eax # *yp = ebx
10 Understanding Swap %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 456 0x124 0x120 0x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) yp xp Offset %ebp x120 0x124 Rtn adr Carnegie Mellon Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 # ecx = yp # edx = xp # eax = *yp (t1) # ebx = *xp (t0) # *xp = eax # *yp = ebx
11 Understanding Swap %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 456 0x124 0x x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) yp xp Offset %ebp x120 0x124 Rtn adr Carnegie Mellon Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 # ecx = yp # edx = xp # eax = *yp (t1) # ebx = *xp (t0) # *xp = eax # *yp = ebx
12 Understanding Swap %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp x124 0x x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) yp xp Offset %ebp x120 0x124 Rtn adr Carnegie Mellon Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 # ecx = yp # edx = xp # eax = *yp (t1) # ebx = *xp (t0) # *xp = eax # *yp = ebx
13 Understanding Swap %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 456 0x124 0x x104 movl 12(%ebp),%ecx movl 8(%ebp),%edx movl (%ecx),%eax movl (%edx),%ebx movl %eax,(%edx) movl %ebx,(%ecx) yp xp Offset %ebp x120 0x124 Rtn adr Carnegie Mellon Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100 # ecx = yp # edx = xp # eax = *yp (t1) # ebx = *xp (t0) # *xp = eax # *yp = ebx
14 Carnegie Mellon Complete Memory Addressing Modes Most General Form D(Rb,Ri,S) Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]+ D] D: Constant displacement 1, 2, or 4 bytes Rb: Base register: Any of 8 integer registers Ri: Index register: Any, except for %esp S: Unlikely you d use %ebp, either Scale: 1, 2, 4, or 8 (why these numbers?) Special Cases (Rb,Ri) D(Rb,Ri) (Rb,Ri,S) Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]] Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]+D] Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]]
15 Carnegie Mellon Address Computation Examples %edx %ecx 0xf000 0x100 Expression Address Computation Address 0x8(%edx) 0xf x8 0xf008 (%edx,%ecx) 0xf x100 0xf100 do on whiteboard (%edx,%ecx,4) 0xf *0x100 0xf400 0x80(,%edx,2) 2*0xf x80 0x1e080
16 Carnegie Mellon Address Computation Examples %edx %ecx 0xf000 0x100 Expression Address Computation Address 0x8(%edx) 0xf x8 0xf008 (%edx,%ecx) 0xf x100 0xf100 (%edx,%ecx,4) 0xf *0x100 0xf400 0x80(,%edx,2) 2*0xf x80 0x1e080
17 Computing an address: lea Load Effective Address: leal (32-bit word)! compute an address without a memory reference translation of p = &x; or q = &a[i];! simple computations (of form x + k*y) k = 1, 2, 4, or 8
18 Pointers /* pointers */ int main() { int x = 17; int *xp = &x; *xp = *xp + 5; return 0; } file "add1p.c".text.globl main.type main: prologue omitted set up main movl $17, -12(%ebp) # x = 17 leal movl movl movl leal movl movl -12(%ebp), %eax # xp = &x %eax, -8(%ebp) -8(%ebp), %eax (%eax), %eax 5(%eax), %edx -8(%ebp), %eax %edx, (%eax) finish omitted return from main
19 leal vs movl %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp 0x104 y x Offset 12 %ebp Rtn adr movl 12(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = y vs. leal 12(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = &y Address 0x124 0x120 0x11c 0x118 0x114 0x110 0x10c 0x108 0x104 0x100
20 Using leal for Arithmetic Expressions Carnegie Mellon int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } arith: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax movl 12(%ebp),%edx leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx sall $4,%edx addl 16(%ebp),%ecx leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax imull %ecx,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Set Up Body Finish
21 Carnegie Mellon Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } Offset z y x Rtn adr Old %ebp Stack %ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax # eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx # edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx # ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx # edx will = disappear 3*y sall $4,%edx # edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx # ecx blackboard? = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax # eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax # eax = t5*t2 (rval)
22 Carnegie Mellon Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } Offset z y x Rtn adr Old %ebp Stack %ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax # eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx # edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx # ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx # edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx # edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax # eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax # eax = t5*t2 (rval)
23 Carnegie Mellon Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } Offset z y x Rtn adr Old %ebp Stack %ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax # eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx # edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx # ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx # edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx # edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax # eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax # eax = t5*t2 (rval)
24 Carnegie Mellon Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } Offset z y x Rtn adr Old %ebp Stack %ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax # eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx # edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx # ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx # edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx # edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax # eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax # eax = t5*t2 (rval)
25 Carnegie Mellon Understanding arith int arith (int x, int y, int z) { int t1 = x+y; int t2 = z+t1; int t3 = x+4; int t4 = y * 48; int t5 = t3 + t4; int rval = t2 * t5; return rval; } Offset z y x Rtn adr Old %ebp Stack %ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax # eax = x movl 12(%ebp),%edx # edx = y leal (%edx,%eax),%ecx # ecx = x+y (t1) leal (%edx,%edx,2),%edx # edx = 3*y sall $4,%edx # edx = 48*y (t4) addl 16(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = z+t1 (t2) leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax # eax = 4+t4+x (t5) imull %ecx,%eax # eax = t5*t2 (rval)
26 Another Example Carnegie Mellon int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Set Up Body Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eax # eax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eax # eax = x^y sarl $17,%eax # eax = t1>>17 andl $8185,%eax # eax = t2 & 8185
27 Another Example Carnegie Mellon int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Set Up Body Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eax eax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eax eax = x^y (t1) sarl $17,%eax eax = t1>>17 (t2) andl $8185,%eax eax = t2 & 8185
28 Another Example Carnegie Mellon int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Set Up Body Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eax eax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eax eax = x^y (t1) sarl $17,%eax eax = t1>>17 (t2) andl $8185,%eax eax = t2 & 8185
29 Another Example Carnegie Mellon int logical(int x, int y) { int t1 = x^y; int t2 = t1 >> 17; int mask = (1<<13) - 7; int rval = t2 & mask; return rval; } 2 13 = 8192, = 8185 logical: pushl %ebp movl %esp,%ebp movl 8(%ebp),%eax xorl 12(%ebp),%eax sarl $17,%eax andl $8185,%eax movl %ebp,%esp popl %ebp ret Set Up Body Finish movl 8(%ebp),%eax eax = x xorl 12(%ebp),%eax eax = x^y (t1) sarl $17,%eax eax = t1>>17 (t2) andl $8185,%eax eax = t2 & 8185
30 Jumps: the goto statement
31 Carnegie Mellon Processor State (IA32, Partial) Information about currently executing program Temporary data ( %eax, ) %eax %ecx %edx %ebx General purpose registers Location of runtime stack ( %ebp,%esp ) Location of current code control point ( %eip, ) %esi %edi %esp %ebp Current stack top Current stack frame Status of recent tests ( CF,ZF,SF,OF ) %eip Instruction pointer CF ZF SF OF Condition codes
32 Carnegie Mellon Condition Codes (Implicit Setting) Single bit registers CF Carry Flag (for unsigned) SF Sign Flag (for signed) ZF Zero Flag OF Overflow Flag (for signed) Implicitly set (think of it as side effect) by arithmetic operations Example: addl/addq Src,Dest t = a+b CF set if carry out from most significant bit (unsigned overflow) ZF set if t == 0 SF set if t < 0 (as signed) OF set if two s complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b>0 && t<0) (a<0 && b<0 && t>=0) Not set by lea instruction Full documentation (IA32), link also on course website
33 Carnegie Mellon Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Compare) Explicit Setting by Compare Instruction cmpl/cmpq Src2,Src1 cmpl b,a like computing a-b without setting destination CF set if carry out from most significant bit (used for unsigned comparisons) ZF set if a == b SF set if (a-b) < 0 (as signed) OF set if two s complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b<0 && (a-b)<0) (a<0 && b>0 && (a-b)>0)
34 Carnegie Mellon Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Test) Explicit Setting by Test instruction testl/testq Src2,Src1 testl b,a like computing a&b without setting destination Sets condition codes based on value of Src1 & Src2 Useful to have one of the operands be a mask ZF set when a&b == 0 SF set when a&b < 0
35 Condition Codes!Implicitly set (side-effect) by arithmetic ops but not set by lea instruction!explicitly set by cmp instruction e.g. cmpl b, a # like computing a b!explicitly set by test instruction e.g. testl b, a # like computing a&b!full documentation
36 Carnegie Mellon Reading Condition Codes SetX Instructions Set single byte based on combinations of condition codes SetX Condition Description sete ZF Equal / Zero setne ~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero sets SF Negative setns ~SF Nonnegative setg ~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) setge ~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal setl (SF^OF) (Signed) Less (Signed) setle (SF^OF) ZF Less or Equal (Signed) seta ~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) setb CF Below (unsigned)
37 Reading condition codes! SetX instructions, e.g. sete (equal): ZF (zero flag) setne (not equal): ~ZF setg (greater than): ~(SF^OF)&~ZF setge greater than or equal to: ~(SF^OF) setl (less than): (SF^OF) setle (less than or equal to): (SF^OF) ZF sets (sign is 1): SF setns (sign is 0): ~SF seta (above, unsigned):~cf&~zf setb (below, unsigned): CF
38 Reading Condition Codes (Cont.) int gt (int x, int y) { return x > y; } %eax %ecx %ah %ch %al %cl movl 12(%ebp),%eax cmpl %eax,8(%ebp) setg %al movzbl %al,%eax # eax = y # Compare x and y # al = x > y # Zero rest of %eax %edx %ebx %esi %dh %bh %dl %bl setg: ~(SF^OF)&~ZF destination is one of the 8 addressable byte registers doesn t alter the other 3 bytes, so use movzbl %edi %esp %ebp
39 Carnegie Mellon Reading Condition Codes (Cont.) SetX Instructions: Set single byte based on combination of condition codes One of 8 addressable byte registers Does not alter remaining 3 bytes Typically use movzbl to finish job %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %ah %al %ch %cl %dh %dl %bh %bl int gt (int x, int y) { return x > y; } %edi %esp %ebp Body movl 12(%ebp),%eax cmpl %eax,8(%ebp) setg %al movzbl %al,%eax # eax = y # Compare x : y # al = Whiteboard x > y # Zero rest of %eax
40 Carnegie Mellon Reading Condition Codes (Cont.) SetX Instructions: Set single byte based on combination of condition codes One of 8 addressable byte registers Does not alter remaining 3 bytes Typically use movzbl to finish job %eax %ecx %edx %ebx %esi %ah %al %ch %cl %dh %dl %bh %bl int gt (int x, int y) { return x > y; } %edi %esp %ebp Body movl 12(%ebp),%eax cmpl %eax,8(%ebp) setg %al movzbl %al,%eax # eax = y # Compare x and y # al = x > y # Zero rest of %eax Note inverted ordering!
41 Carnegie Mellon Jumping jx Instructions Jump to different part of code depending on condition codes jx Condition Description jmp 1 Unconditional je ZF Equal / Zero jne ~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero js SF Negative jns ~SF Nonnegative jg ~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) jge ~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal (Signed) jl (SF^OF) Less (Signed) jle (SF^OF) ZF Less or Equal (Signed) ja ~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) jb CF Below (unsigned)
42 Conditionals absval: # setup omitted int absval(int x) { int result; if (x >=0) result = x; else result = -x; return result; }.L2:.L4: then else cmpl $0, 8(%ebp) js.l2 # jump if x < 0 movl 8(%ebp), %eax movl %eax, -4(%ebp) jmp.l4 # uncond jump movl 8(%ebp), %eax negl %eax movl %eax, -4(%ebp) movl -4(%ebp), %eax leave ret
43 Carnegie Mellon Conditional Branch Example int absdiff(int x, int y) { int result; if (x > y) { result = x-y; } else { result = y-x; } return result; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.l7 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax.l8: leave ret.l7: subl %edx, %eax jmp.l8 Setup Body1 Finish Body2
44 Carnegie Mellon Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; Exit: return result; Else: result = y-x; goto Exit; } C allows goto as means of transferring control Closer to machine-level programming style Generally considered bad coding style absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.l7 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax.l8: leave ret.l7: subl %edx, %eax jmp.l8
45 Carnegie Mellon Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; Exit: return result; Else: result = y-x; goto Exit; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.l7 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax.l8: leave ret.l7: subl %edx, %eax jmp.l8
46 Carnegie Mellon Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; Exit: return result; Else: result = y-x; goto Exit; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.l7 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax.l8: leave ret.l7: subl %edx, %eax jmp.l8
47 Carnegie Mellon General Conditional Expression Translation C Code val = Test? Then-Expr : Else-Expr; val = x>y? x-y : y-x; Goto Version nt =!Test; if (nt) goto Else; val = Then-Expr; Done:... Else: val = Else-Expr; goto Done; Test is expression returning integer = 0 interpreted as false 0 interpreted as true Create separate code regions for then & else expressions Execute appropriate one
48 Carnegie Mellon General Form with Conditional Move C Code val = Test? Then-Expr : Else-Expr; Conditional Move Version val1 = Then-Expr; val2 = Else-Expr; val1 = val2 if!test; Both values get computed Overwrite then-value with else-value if condition doesn t hold Don t use when: Then or else expression have side effects Then and else expression are to expensive
49 Loops in C! while-do loop while (<boolean expr>) <body>; pre-test, executes <body> zero or more times terminates when boolean expression is false (0)! do-while loop do <body>; while (<boolean expr>); post-test, executes <body> one or more times cf. K&R, Chapter 3 terminates when boolean expression is false (0)! for loop for (<expr1>; <expr2>; <expr3> ) <body>
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