Course overview. Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2007/09/17. with slides by Kip Irvine
|
|
- Shon Oliver
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Course overview Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2007/09/17 with slides by Kip Irvine
2 Logistics Meeting time: 2:20pm-5:20pm, Monday Classroom: CSIE Room 102 Instructor: Yung-Yu Chuang Teaching assistants: 李根逸 / 謝昌晏 Webpage: id / password Forum: Mailing list: assembly@cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw Please subscribe via
3 Logistics When to take a break? One break or two? Next week, the class is on Saturday (9/29).
4 Prerequisites Programming experience with some high-level language such C, C ++,Java
5 Textbook Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 5th Edition, Kip Irvine
6 References Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, Randal E. Bryant and David R. O'Hallaron The Art of Assembly Language, Randy Hyde Michael Abrash' s Graphics Programming Black Book
7 References Princeton s Introduction to CS, cs/50machine/ cs/60circuits/ ARM Assembly Language Programming, Peter Knaggs and Stephen Welsh
8 Grading (subject to change) Assignments (50%) Class participation (5%) Midterm exam (20%) Final project (25%)
9 Computer Organization and Assembly language It is not only about assembly. I hope to cover Basic concept of computer systems and architecture x86 assembly language ARM assembly language
10 TOY machine
11 TOY machine Starting from a simple construct
12 TOY machine Build several components and connect them together
13 TOY machine Almost as good as any computers
14 TOY machine int A[32]; A DUP 32 10: C020 i=0; Do { RD=stdin; if (RD==0) break; A[i]=RD; i=i+1; } while (1); lda R1, 1 lda RA, A lda RC, 0 read ld RD, 0xFF bz RD, exit add R2, RA, RC sti RD, R2 add RC, RC, R1 bz R0, read 20: : 7A00 22: 7C00 23: 8DFF 24: CD29 25: 12AC 26: BD02 27: 1CC1 28: C023 printr(); exit jl RF, printr hlt 29: FF2B 2A: 0000
15 Syllabus (topics we might cover) IA-32 Processor Architecture Assembly Language Fundamentals Data Transfers, Addressing, and Arithmetic Procedures Conditional Processing Integer Arithmetic Advanced Procedures Strings and Arrays Structures and Macros High-Level Language Interface Real Arithmetic (FPU) SIMD Code Optimization
16 What you will learn Basic principle of computer architecture ARM assembly programming IA-32 modes and memory management Assembly basics How high-level language is translated to assembly Specific components, FPU/MMX Code optimization Interface between assembly to high-level language
17 Early computers
18 Early programming tools
19 First popular PCs
20 Early PCs Intel 8086 processor 768KB memory 20MB disk Dot-Matrix printer (9-pin)
21 GUI/IDE
22 More advanced architectures Pipeline SIMD Multi-core Cache
23 More advanced software
24 More computers around us
25 Why taking this course? It is required. It is foundation for computer architecture and compilers. It is related to electronics, logic design and Operating system. At times, you do need to write assembly code. I really don t think that you can write a book for serious computer programmers unless you are able to discuss low-level details. Donald Knuth
26 Reasons for not using assembly Development time: it takes much longer to develop in assembly. Harder to debug, no type checking, side effects Maintainability: unstructured, dirty tricks Portability: platform-dependent
27 Reasons for using assembly Educational reasons: to understand how CPUs and compilers work. Better understanding to efficiency issues of various constructs. Developing compilers, debuggers and other development tools. Hardware drivers and system code Embedded systems Developing libraries. Accessing instructions that are not available through high-level languages. Optimizing for speed or space
28 To sum up It is all about lack of smart compilers Faster code, compiler is not good enough Smaller code, compiler is not good enough, e.g. mobile devices, embedded devices, also Smaller code better cache performance faster code Unusual architecture, there isn t even a compiler or compiler quality is bad, eg GPU, DSP chips, even MMX.
29 Chapter.1 Overview Virtual Machine Concept Data Representation Boolean Operations
30 Translating Languages English: Display the sum of A times B plus C. C++: cout << (A * B + C); Assembly Language: mov eax,a mul B add eax,c call WriteInt Intel Machine Language: A F E
31 Virtual machines Abstractions for computers High-Level Language Level 5 Assembly Language Level 4 Operating System Instruction Set Architecture Level 3 Level 2 Microarchitecture Level 1 Digital Logic Level 0
32 High-Level Language Level 5 Application-oriented languages Programs compile into assembly language (Level 4) cout << (A * B + C);
33 Assembly Language Level 4 Instruction mnemonics that have a one-to-one correspondence to machine language Calls functions written at the operating system level (Level 3) Programs are translated into machine language (Level 2) mov eax, A mul B add eax, C call WriteInt
34 Operating System Level 3 Provides services Programs translated and run at the instruction set architecture level (Level 2)
35 Instruction Set Architecture Level 2 Also known as conventional machine language Executed by Level 1 program (microarchitecture, Level 1) A F E
36 Microarchitecture Level 1 Interprets conventional machine instructions (Level 2) Executed by digital hardware (Level 0)
37 Digital Logic Level 0 CPU, constructed from digital logic gates System bus Memory
38 Data representation Computer is a construction of digital circuits with two states: on and off You need to have the ability to translate between different representations to examine the content of the machine Common number systems: binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal
39 Binary Representations Electronic Implementation Easy to store with bistable elements Reliably transmitted on noisy and inaccurate wires 3.3V 2.8V V 0.0V
40 Binary numbers Digits are 1 and 0 (a binary digit is called a bit) 1 = true 0 = false MSB most significant bit LSB least significant bit Bit numbering: MSB LSB A bit string could have different interpretations
41 Unsigned binary integers Each digit (bit) is either 1 or 0 Each bit represents a power of 2: Every binary number is a sum of powers of 2
42 Translating Binary to Decimal Weighted positional notation shows how to calculate the decimal value of each binary bit: dec = (D n-1 2 n-1 ) + (D n-2 2 n-2 ) (D ) + (D ) D = binary digit binary = decimal 9: (1 2 3 ) + (1 2 0 ) = 9
43 Translating Unsigned Decimal to Binary Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 2. Each remainder is a binary digit in the translated value: 37 =
44 Binary addition Starting with the LSB, add each pair of digits, include the carry if present. carry: (4) (7) (11) bit position:
45 Integer storage sizes Standard sizes: byte word doubleword quadword 64 Practice: What is the largest unsigned integer that may be stored in 20 bits?
46 Large measurements Kilobyte(KB),2 10 bytes Megabyte (MB), 2 20 bytes Gigabyte (GB), 2 30 bytes Terabyte (TB), 2 40 bytes Petabyte Exabyte Zettabyte Yottabyte
47 Hexadecimal integers All values in memory are stored in binary. Because long binary numbers are hard to read, we use hexadecimal representation.
48 Translating binary to hexadecimal Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to 4 binary bits. Example: Translate the binary integer to hexadecimal:
49 Converting hexadecimal to decimal Multiply each digit by its corresponding power of 16: dec = (D ) + (D ) + (D ) + (D ) Hex 1234 equals ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ), or decimal 4,660. Hex 3BA4 equals ( ) + (11 * 16 2 ) + ( ) + ( ), or decimal 15,268.
50 Powers of 16 Used when calculating hexadecimal values up to 8 digits long:
51 Converting decimal to hexadecimal decimal 422 = 1A6 hexadecimal
52 Hexadecimal addition Divide the sum of two digits by the number base (16). The quotient becomes the carry value, and the remainder is the sum digit A B 78 6D 80 B5 Important skill: Programmers frequently add and subtract the addresses of variables and instructions.
53 Hexadecimal subtraction When a borrow is required from the digit to the left, add 10h to the current digit's value: 1 C6 75 A E Practice: The address of var1 is The address of the next variable after var1 is A. How many bytes are used by var1?
54 Signed integers The highest bit indicates the sign. 1 = negative, 0 = positive sign bit Negative Positive If the highest digit of a hexadecmal integer is > 7, the value is negative. Examples: 8A, C5, A2, 9D
55 Two's complement notation Steps: Complement (reverse) each bit Add 1 Note that =
56 Binary subtraction When subtracting A B, convert B to its two's complement Add A to ( B) Advantages for 2 s complement: No two 0 s Sign bit Remove the need for separate circuits for add and sub
57 Ranges of signed integers The highest bit is reserved for the sign. This limits the range:
58 Character Character sets Standard ASCII(0 127) Extended ASCII (0 255) ANSI (0 255) Unicode (0 65,535) Null-terminated String Array of characters followed by a null byte Using the ASCII table back inside cover of book
59 Representing Instructions int sum(int x, int y) { return x+y; } For this example, Alpha & Sun use two 4-byte instructions Use differing numbers of instructions in other cases PC uses 7 instructions with lengths 1, 2, and 3 bytes Same for NT and for Linux NT / Linux not fully binary compatible Alpha sum FA 6B Sun sum 81 C3 E PC sum E5 8B 45 0C EC 5D C3 Different machines use totally different instructions and encodings
60 Machine Words Machine Has Word Size Nominal size of integer-valued data Including addresses Most current machines use 32 bits (4 bytes) words Limits addresses to 4GB Becoming too small for memory-intensive applications High-end systems use 64 bits (8 bytes) words Potential address space 1.8 X bytes Machines support multiple data formats Fractions or multiples of word size Always integral number of bytes
61 Word-Oriented Memory Organization Addresses Specify Byte Locations Address of first byte in word Addresses of successive words differ by 4 (32- bit) or 8 (64-bit) 32-bit Words Addr = 0000?? Addr = 0004?? Addr = 0008?? Addr = 0012?? 64-bit Words Addr = 0000?? Addr = 0008?? Bytes Addr
62 Data Representations Sizes of C Objects (in Bytes) C Data Type Alpha (RIP) Typical 32-bit Intel IA32 unsigned int long int char short float double long double 8/ /12 char* Or any other pointer ( : Depends on compiler&os, 128bit FP is done in software)
63 Byte Ordering How should bytes within multi-byte word be ordered in memory? Conventions Sun s, Mac s are Big Endian machines Least significant byte has highest address Alphas, PC s are Little Endian machines Least significant byte has lowest address
64 Byte Ordering Example Big Endian Least significant byte has highest address Little Endian Least significant byte has lowest address Example Variable x has 4-byte representation 0x Address given by &x is 0x100 Big Endian Little Endian 0x100 0x101 0x102 0x x100 0x101 0x102 0x
65 Boolean algebra Boolean expressions created from: NOT, AND, OR
66 NOT Inverts (reverses) a boolean value Truth table for Boolean NOT operator: Digital gate diagram for NOT: NOT
67 AND Truth if both are true Truth table for Boolean AND operator: Digital gate diagram for AND: AND
68 OR True if either is true Truth table for Boolean OR operator: Digital gate diagram for OR: OR
69 Operator precedence NOT > AND > OR Examples showing the order of operations: Use parentheses to avoid ambiguity
70 Implementation of gates Fluid switch (
71 Implementation of gates
72 Implementation of gates
73 Truth Tables (1 of 2) A Boolean function has one or more Boolean inputs, and returns a single Boolean output. A truth table shows all the inputs and outputs of a Boolean function Example: X Y
74 Truth Tables (2 of 2) Example: X Y
Course overview. Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2006/09/18. with slides by Kip Irvine
Course overview Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2006/09/18 with slides by Kip Irvine Logistics Meeting time: 9:10am-12:10pm, Monday Classroom: CSIE Room 102 Instructor: Yung-Yu
More informationAssembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts. Chapter Overview. Welcome to Assembly Language
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Kip R. Irvine Chapter 1: Basic Concepts Slides prepared by Kip R. Irvine Revision date: 09/15/2002 Chapter corrections (Web) Printing a slide show
More informationChapter Overview. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts. Printing this Slide Show
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Kip R. Irvine Chapter 1: Basic Concepts Chapter Overview Welcome to Assembly Language Virtual Machine Concept Data Representation Boolean Operations
More informationCourse Syllabus [1/2]
Course Syllabus [1/2] Instructor 逄愛君, acpang@csie.ntu.edu.tw Office Number: 417, Office Hour: 15:00~17:00 (Thursday) Textbook Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, Kip R. Irvine, Pearson Education,
More informationECOM 2325 Computer Organization and Assembly Language. Instructor: Ruba A.Salamah INTRODUCTION
ECOM 2325 Computer Organization and Assembly Language Instructor: Ruba A.Salamah INTRODUCTION Overview Welcome to ECOM 2325 Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages Assembly Language Programming Tools
More informationCourse overview. Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang. with slides by Nisan & Schocken (www.nand2tetris.org)
Course overview Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang with slides by Nisan & Schocken (www.nand2tetris.org) Logistics Meeting time: 2:20pm-5:20pm, Tuesday Classroom: CSIE Room 104 Instructor: 莊永裕 Yung-Yu
More informationCourse overview. Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang. with slides by Nisan & Schocken (
Course overview Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang with slides by Nisan & Schocken (www.nand2tetris.org) Logistics Meeting time: 2:20pm-5:20pm, Tuesday Classroom: CSIE Room 101 Instructor: 莊永裕 Yung-Yu
More informationHistory of Computing. Ahmed Sallam 11/28/2014 1
History of Computing Ahmed Sallam 11/28/2014 1 Outline Blast from the past Layered Perspective of Computing Why Assembly? Data Representation Base 2, 8, 10, 16 Number systems Boolean operations and algebra
More informationCourse overview. Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang. with slides by Nisan & Schocken (
Course overview Introduction to Computer Yung-Yu Chuang with slides by Nisan & Schocken (www.nand2tetris.org) Logistics Meeting time: 2:20pm-5:20pm, Tuesday Instructor: 莊永裕 Yung-Yu Chuang Webpage: http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cyy/introcs
More informationPage 1. Where Have We Been? Chapter 2 Representing and Manipulating Information. Why Don t Computers Use Base 10?
Where Have We Been? Class Introduction Great Realities of Computing Int s are not Integers, Float s are not Reals You must know assembly Memory Matters Performance! Asymptotic Complexity It s more than
More informationWhy Don t Computers Use Base 10? Lecture 2 Bits and Bytes. Binary Representations. Byte-Oriented Memory Organization. Base 10 Number Representation
Lecture 2 Bits and Bytes Topics! Why bits?! Representing information as bits " Binary/Hexadecimal " Byte representations» numbers» characters and strings» Instructions! Bit-level manipulations " Boolean
More informationdata within a computer system are stored in one of 2 physical states (hence the use of binary digits)
Binary Digits (bits) data within a computer system are stored in one of 2 physical states (hence the use of binary digits) 0V and 5V charge / NO charge on a transistor gate ferrite core magnetised clockwise
More informationBits and Bytes. Why bits? Representing information as bits Binary/Hexadecimal Byte representations» numbers» characters and strings» Instructions
Bits and Bytes Topics Why bits? Representing information as bits Binary/Hexadecimal Byte representations» numbers» characters and strings» Instructions Bit-level manipulations Boolean algebra Expressing
More informationComputer Architecture and System Software Lecture 02: Overview of Computer Systems & Start of Chapter 2
Computer Architecture and System Software Lecture 02: Overview of Computer Systems & Start of Chapter 2 Instructor: Rob Bergen Applied Computer Science University of Winnipeg Announcements Website is up
More informationWhy Don t Computers Use Base 10? Lecture 2 Bits and Bytes. Binary Representations. Byte-Oriented Memory Organization. Base 10 Number Representation
Lecture 2 Bits and Bytes Topics Why bits? Representing information as bits Binary/Hexadecimal Byte representations» numbers» characters and strings» Instructions Bit-level manipulations Boolean algebra
More informationBits and Bytes January 13, 2005
15-213 The Class That Gives CMU Its Zip! Topics Bits and Bytes January 13, 25 Why bits? Representing information as bits Binary / Hexadecimal Byte representations» Numbers» Characters and strings» Instructions
More informationAssembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Kip R. Irvine Chapter 1: Basic Concepts Slides prepared by Kip R. Irvine Revision date: 09/15/2002 Modified by Nikolay Metodiev Sirakov 01.24.2012
More informationCS 261 Fall Binary Information (convert to hex) Mike Lam, Professor
CS 261 Fall 2018 Mike Lam, Professor 3735928559 (convert to hex) Binary Information Binary information Topics Base conversions (bin/dec/hex) Data sizes Byte ordering Character and program encodings Bitwise
More informationFinal Labs and Tutors
ICT106 Fundamentals of Computer Systems - Topic 2 REPRESENTATION AND STORAGE OF INFORMATION Reading: Linux Assembly Programming Language, Ch 2.4-2.9 and 3.6-3.8 Final Labs and Tutors Venue and time South
More informationRepresentation of Information
Representation of Information CS61, Lecture 2 Prof. Stephen Chong September 6, 2011 Announcements Assignment 1 released Posted on http://cs61.seas.harvard.edu/ Due one week from today, Tuesday 13 Sept
More informationByte Ordering. Jin-Soo Kim Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
Byte Ordering Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu) Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University http://csl.skku.edu Memory Model Physical memory DRAM chips can read/write 4, 8, 16 bits DRAM modules
More informationByte Ordering. Jinkyu Jeong Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
Byte Ordering Jinkyu Jeong (jinkyu@skku.edu) Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University http://csl.skku.edu SSE2030: Introduction to Computer Systems, Spring 2018, Jinkyu Jeong (jinkyu@skku.edu)
More informationVirtual machines. Virtual machines. Abstractions for computers. Abstractions for computers. Virtual machines
1 2 Problems with programming using machine code Difficult to remember instructions Difficult to remember variables Hard to calculate addresses/relocate variables or functions Need to handle instruction
More informationMACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF DATA
MACHINE LEVEL REPRESENTATION OF DATA CHAPTER 2 1 Objectives Understand how integers and fractional numbers are represented in binary Explore the relationship between decimal number system and number systems
More informationBits, Bytes and Integers
Bits, Bytes and Integers Computer Systems Organization (Spring 2016) CSCI-UA 201, Section 2 Instructor: Joanna Klukowska Slides adapted from Randal E. Bryant and David R. O Hallaron (CMU) Mohamed Zahran
More informationBits, Bytes, and Integers Part 2
Bits, Bytes, and Integers Part 2 15-213: Introduction to Computer Systems 3 rd Lecture, Jan. 23, 2018 Instructors: Franz Franchetti, Seth Copen Goldstein, Brian Railing 1 First Assignment: Data Lab Due:
More information17. Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions
17. Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions Chapter 12 Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 1 Introduction Section 12.1, 12.2, and 12.3 pp. 406-418 Computer Designer: Machine instruction set
More informationFew reminders and demos
15-123 Effective Programming in C and Unix Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture, you should be able to Understand how data is represented Understand how integers are represented Understand how
More informationThe type of all data used in a C++ program must be specified
The type of all data used in a C++ program must be specified A data type is a description of the data being represented That is, a set of possible values and a set of operations on those values There are
More informationCHW 261: Logic Design
CHW 261: Logic Design Instructors: Prof. Hala Zayed Dr. Ahmed Shalaby http://www.bu.edu.eg/staff/halazayed14 http://bu.edu.eg/staff/ahmedshalaby14# Slide 1 Slide 2 Slide 3 Digital Fundamentals CHAPTER
More informationBits, Bytes, and Integers
Bits, Bytes, and Integers with contributions from Dr. Bin Ren, College of William & Mary 1 Bits, Bytes, and Integers Representing information as bits Bit-level manipulations Integers Representation: unsigned
More informationThe type of all data used in a C (or C++) program must be specified
The type of all data used in a C (or C++) program must be specified A data type is a description of the data being represented That is, a set of possible values and a set of operations on those values
More informationCourse Schedule. CS 221 Computer Architecture. Week 3: Plan. I. Hexadecimals and Character Representations. Hexadecimal Representation
Course Schedule CS 221 Computer Architecture Week 3: Information Representation (2) Fall 2001 W1 Sep 11- Sep 14 Introduction W2 Sep 18- Sep 21 Information Representation (1) (Chapter 3) W3 Sep 25- Sep
More informationCS 265. Computer Architecture. Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng.
CS 265 Computer Architecture Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng. 1 Part 1: Data Representation Our goal: revisit and re-establish fundamental of mathematics for the computer architecture course Overview: what are bits
More informationElectronic Data and Instructions
Lecture 2 - The information Layer Binary Values and Number Systems, Data Representation. Know the different types of numbers Describe positional notation Convert numbers in other bases to base 10 Convert
More informationHardware: Logical View
Hardware: Logical View CPU Memory Bus Disks Net USB Etc. 1 Hardware: Physical View USB I/O controller Storage connections CPU Memory 2 Hardware: 351 View (version 0) instructions? Memory CPU data CPU executes
More informationECE331: Hardware Organization and Design
ECE331: Hardware Organization and Design Lecture 15: Midterm 1 Review Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, UCB Basics Midterm to cover Book Sections (inclusive) 1.1 1.5
More informationDigital Systems COE 202. Digital Logic Design. Dr. Muhamed Mudawar King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Digital Systems COE 202 Digital Logic Design Dr. Muhamed Mudawar King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Welcome to COE 202 Course Webpage: http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/mudawar/coe202/ Lecture
More informationModule 1: Information Representation I -- Number Systems
Unit 1: Computer Systems, pages 1 of 7 - Department of Computer and Mathematical Sciences CS 1305 Intro to Computer Technology 1 Module 1: Information Representation I -- Number Systems Objectives: Learn
More informationComputer Organization and Assembly Language. Lab Session 01
Objective: Lab Session 01 Introduction to Assembly Language Tools and Familiarization with Emu8086 environment To be able to understand Data Representation and perform conversions from one system to another
More informationIT 1204 Section 2.0. Data Representation and Arithmetic. 2009, University of Colombo School of Computing 1
IT 1204 Section 2.0 Data Representation and Arithmetic 2009, University of Colombo School of Computing 1 What is Analog and Digital The interpretation of an analog signal would correspond to a signal whose
More informationBINARY SYSTEM. Binary system is used in digital systems because it is:
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER CONTENTS 2.1 Binary System 2.2 Binary Arithmetic Operation 2.3 Signed & Unsigned Numbers 2.4 Arithmetic Operations of Signed Numbers 2.5 Hexadecimal Number System 2.6 Octal Number System
More informationEC 413 Computer Organization
EC 413 Computer Organization Review I Prof. Michel A. Kinsy Computing: The Art of Abstraction Application Algorithm Programming Language Operating System/Virtual Machine Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
More informationECE232: Hardware Organization and Design
ECE232: Hardware Organization and Design Lecture 4: MIPS Instructions Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, UCB From Last Time Two values enter from the left (A and B) Need
More informationExperimental Methods I
Experimental Methods I Computing: Data types and binary representation M.P. Vaughan Learning objectives Understanding data types for digital computers binary representation of different data types: Integers
More informationUNCA CSCI 255 Exam 1 Spring February, This is a closed book and closed notes exam. It is to be turned in by 1:45 PM.
UNCA CSCI 255 Exam 1 Spring 2017 27 February, 2017 This is a closed book and closed notes exam. It is to be turned in by 1:45 PM. Communication with anyone other than the instructor is not allowed during
More informationData Representation COE 301. Computer Organization Prof. Muhamed Mudawar
Data Representation COE 30 Computer Organization Prof. Muhamed Mudawar College of Computer Sciences and Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Presentation Outline Positional Number
More informationIntermediate Programming & Design (C++) Notation
Notation Byte = 8 bits (a sequence of 0 s and 1 s) To indicate larger amounts of storage, some prefixes taken from the metric system are used One kilobyte (KB) = 2 10 bytes = 1024 bytes 10 3 bytes One
More informationELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, OAKLAND UNIVERSITY ECE-2700: Digital Logic Design Winter Notes - Unit 4. hundreds.
UNSIGNED INTEGER NUMBERS Notes - Unit 4 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM A decimal digit can take values from to 9: Digit-by-digit representation of a positive integer number (powers of ): DIGIT 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number:
More informationDigital Fundamentals
Digital Fundamentals Tenth Edition Floyd Chapter 2 2009 Pearson Education, Upper 2008 Pearson Saddle River, Education NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved Decimal Numbers The position of each digit in a weighted
More informationEE292: Fundamentals of ECE
EE292: Fundamentals of ECE Fall 2012 TTh 10:00-11:15 SEB 1242 Lecture 22 121115 http://www.ee.unlv.edu/~b1morris/ee292/ 2 Outline Review Binary Number Representation Binary Arithmetic Combinatorial Logic
More informationHarry H. Porter, 2006
The SPARC Computer Architecture Harry Porter Portland State University 1 CS-321 Lexer Parser Type Checking Intermediate Code Generation All semantic error checking finished in this phase IR - Intermediate
More informationCSE351: Memory, Data, & Addressing I
CSE351: Memory, Data, & Addressing I CSE 351 Spring 2017 Instructor: Ruth Anderson Teaching Assistants: Dylan Johnson Kevin Bi Linxing Preston Jiang Cody Ohlsen Yufang Sun Joshua Curtis http://xkcd.com/138/
More information1010 2?= ?= CS 64 Lecture 2 Data Representation. Decimal Numbers: Base 10. Reading: FLD Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
CS 64 Lecture 2 Data Representation Reading: FLD 1.2-1.4 Decimal Numbers: Base 10 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Example: 3271 = (3x10 3 ) + (2x10 2 ) + (7x10 1 ) + (1x10 0 ) 1010 10?= 1010 2?= 1
More informationELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, OAKLAND UNIVERSITY ECE-278: Digital Logic Design Fall Notes - Unit 4. hundreds.
ECE-78: Digital Logic Design Fall 6 UNSIGNED INTEGER NUMBERS Notes - Unit 4 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM A decimal digit can take values from to 9: Digit-by-digit representation of a positive integer number (powers
More informationFoundations of Computer Systems
18-600 Foundations of Computer Systems Lecture 3: Bits, Bytes, and Integers September 6, 2017 Required Reading Assignment: Chapter 2 of CS:APP (3 rd edition) by Randy Bryant & Dave O Hallaron Assignments
More informationDLD VIDYA SAGAR P. potharajuvidyasagar.wordpress.com. Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology UNIT 1 DLD P VIDYA SAGAR
UNIT I Digital Systems: Binary Numbers, Octal, Hexa Decimal and other base numbers, Number base conversions, complements, signed binary numbers, Floating point number representation, binary codes, error
More informationThe x86 Microprocessors. Introduction. The 80x86 Microprocessors. 1.1 Assembly Language
The x86 Microprocessors Introduction 1.1 Assembly Language Numbering and Coding Systems Human beings use the decimal system (base 10) Decimal digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Computer systems use the
More information10.1. Unit 10. Signed Representation Systems Binary Arithmetic
0. Unit 0 Signed Representation Systems Binary Arithmetic 0.2 BINARY REPRESENTATION SYSTEMS REVIEW 0.3 Interpreting Binary Strings Given a string of s and 0 s, you need to know the representation system
More informationLecture 5-6: Bits, Bytes, and Integers
CSCI-UA.0201-003 Computer Systems Organization Lecture 5-6: Bits, Bytes, and Integers Mohamed Zahran (aka Z) mzahran@cs.nyu.edu http://www.mzahran.com Slides adapted from: Jinyang Li Bryant and O Hallaron
More informationICS Instructor: Aleksandar Kuzmanovic TA: Ionut Trestian Recitation 2
ICS 2008 Instructor: Aleksandar Kuzmanovic TA: Ionut Trestian Recitation 2 Data Representations Sizes of C Objects (in Bytes) C Data Type Compaq Alpha Typical 32-bit Intel IA32 int 4 4 4 long int 8 4 4
More informationBinary Arithmetic CS 64: Computer Organization and Design Logic Lecture #2 Fall 2018
Binary Arithmetic CS 64: Computer Organization and Design Logic Lecture #2 Fall 2018 Ziad Matni, Ph.D. Dept. of Computer Science, UCSB Administrative Stuff The class is full I will not be adding more ppl
More informationTopics of this Slideset. CS429: Computer Organization and Architecture. It s Bits All the Way Down. Why Binary? Why Not Decimal?
Topics of this Slideset CS429: Computer Organization and Architecture There are 10 kinds of people in the world: those who understand binary, and those who don t! Dr. Bill Young Department of Computer
More informationCS429: Computer Organization and Architecture
CS429: Computer Organization and Architecture Dr. Bill Young Department of Computer Sciences University of Texas at Austin Last updated: September 11, 2017 at 08:58 CS429 Slideset 2: 1 Topics of this Slideset
More informationComputer Science 324 Computer Architecture Mount Holyoke College Fall Topic Notes: Bits and Bytes and Numbers
Computer Science 324 Computer Architecture Mount Holyoke College Fall 2007 Topic Notes: Bits and Bytes and Numbers Number Systems Much of this is review, given the 221 prerequisite Question: how high can
More informationMoodle WILLINGDON COLLEGE SANGLI. ELECTRONICS (B. Sc.-I) Introduction to Number System
Moodle 1 WILLINGDON COLLEGE SANGLI ELECTRONICS (B. Sc.-I) Introduction to Number System E L E C T R O N I C S Introduction to Number System and Codes Moodle developed By Dr. S. R. Kumbhar Department of
More informationObjectives. Connecting with Computer Science 2
Objectives Learn why numbering systems are important to understand Refresh your knowledge of powers of numbers Learn how numbering systems are used to count Understand the significance of positional value
More informationPractical Malware Analysis
Practical Malware Analysis Ch 4: A Crash Course in x86 Disassembly Revised 1-16-7 Basic Techniques Basic static analysis Looks at malware from the outside Basic dynamic analysis Only shows you how the
More informationAssembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition. Chapter 2: IA-32 Processor Architecture Included elements of the IA-64 bit
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Kip R. Irvine Chapter 2: IA-32 Processor Architecture Included elements of the IA-64 bit Slides prepared by Kip R. Irvine Revision date: 09/25/2002
More informationName: CMSC 313 Fall 2001 Computer Organization & Assembly Language Programming Exam 1. Question Points I. /34 II. /30 III.
CMSC 313 Fall 2001 Computer Organization & Assembly Language Programming Exam 1 Name: Question Points I. /34 II. /30 III. /36 TOTAL: /100 Instructions: 1. This is a closed-book, closed-notes exam. 2. You
More informationInformation Science 1
Week 01 self-preparation assignments I. Why is this course ( Information Science ) taught in English? Write three most important, in your opinion, reasons: 1. Most computer science jobs in any country,
More informationTopics Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely. Computer Organization CS Data Representation
Computer Organization CS 231-01 Data Representation Dr. William H. Robinson November 12, 2004 Topics Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely. Lord Acton British historian, late 19 th
More informationAgenda EE 224: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CIRCUITS & COMPUTER DESIGN. Lecture 1: Introduction. Go over the syllabus 3/31/2010
// EE : INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CIRCUITS & COMPUTER DESIGN Lecture : Introduction /9/ Avinash Kodi, kodi@ohio.edu Agenda Go over the syllabus Introduction ti to Digital it Systems // Why Digital Systems?
More informationCarnegie Mellon. Bryant and O Hallaron, Computer Systems: A Programmer s Perspective, Third Edition
Carnegie Mellon 1 Bits, Bytes and Integers Part 1 15-213/18-213/15-513: Introduction to Computer Systems 2 nd Lecture, Aug. 31, 2017 Today s Instructor: Randy Bryant 2 Announcements Recitations are on
More informationData Representation 1
1 Data Representation Outline Binary Numbers Adding Binary Numbers Negative Integers Other Operations with Binary Numbers Floating Point Numbers Character Representation Image Representation Sound Representation
More informationTopic Notes: Bits and Bytes and Numbers
Computer Science 220 Assembly Language & Comp Architecture Siena College Fall 2010 Topic Notes: Bits and Bytes and Numbers Binary Basics At least some of this will be review, but we will go over it for
More informationLecture 03 Bits, Bytes and Data Types
Lecture 03 Bits, Bytes and Data Types Computer Languages A computer language is a language that is used to communicate with a machine. Like all languages, computer languages have syntax (form) and semantics
More informationChapter 1 Preliminaries
Chapter 1 Preliminaries This chapter discusses the major classes of programming languages and the relationship among them. It also discusses the binary and the hexadecimal number systems which are used
More informationArithmetic and Bitwise Operations on Binary Data
Arithmetic and Bitwise Operations on Binary Data CSCI 2400: Computer Architecture ECE 3217: Computer Architecture and Organization Instructor: David Ferry Slides adapted from Bryant & O Hallaron s slides
More informationTeam 1. Common Questions to all Teams. Team 2. Team 3. CO200-Computer Organization and Architecture - Assignment One
CO200-Computer Organization and Architecture - Assignment One Note: A team may contain not more than 2 members. Format the assignment solutions in a L A TEX document. E-mail the assignment solutions PDF
More informationCS 107 Lecture 2: Bits and Bytes (continued)
CS 107 Lecture 2: Bits and Bytes (continued) Friday, January 12, 2018 Computer Systems Winter 2018 Stanford University Computer Science Department Reading: Reader: Number Formats Used in CS 107 and Bits
More informationECE 2020B Fundamentals of Digital Design Spring problems, 6 pages Exam Two 26 February 2014
Instructions: This is a closed book, closed note exam. Calculators are not permitted. If you have a question, raise your hand and I will come to you. Please work the exam in pencil and do not separate
More information9/3/2015. Data Representation II. 2.4 Signed Integer Representation. 2.4 Signed Integer Representation
Data Representation II CMSC 313 Sections 01, 02 The conversions we have so far presented have involved only unsigned numbers. To represent signed integers, computer systems allocate the high-order bit
More informationCOMP2121: Microprocessors and Interfacing. Number Systems
COMP2121: Microprocessors and Interfacing Number Systems http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs2121 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session 2, 2017 1 1 Overview Positional notation Decimal, hexadecimal, octal and binary Converting
More informationCOMP Overview of Tutorial #2
COMP 1402 Winter 2008 Tutorial #2 Overview of Tutorial #2 Number representation basics Binary conversions Octal conversions Hexadecimal conversions Signed numbers (signed magnitude, one s and two s complement,
More informationMemory, Data, & Addressing I
Memory, Data, & Addressing I CSE 351 Autumn 2017 Instructor: Justin Hsia Teaching Assistants: Lucas Wotton Michael Zhang Parker DeWilde Ryan Wong Sam Gehman Sam Wolfson Savanna Yee Vinny Palaniappan http://xkcd.com/953/
More informationComputer Sc. & IT. Digital Logic. Computer Sciencee & Information Technology. 20 Rank under AIR 100. Postal Correspondence
GATE Postal Correspondence Computer Sc. & IT 1 Digital Logic Computer Sciencee & Information Technology (CS) 20 Rank under AIR 100 Postal Correspondence Examination Oriented Theory, Practice Set Key concepts,
More informationRui Wang, Assistant professor Dept. of Information and Communication Tongji University.
Data Representation ti and Arithmetic for Computers Rui Wang, Assistant professor Dept. of Information and Communication Tongji University it Email: ruiwang@tongji.edu.cn Questions What do you know about
More informationSurvey. Motivation 29.5 / 40 class is required
Survey Motivation 29.5 / 40 class is required Concerns 6 / 40 not good at examination That s why we have 3 examinations 6 / 40 this class sounds difficult 8 / 40 understand the instructor Want class to
More informationNumber Systems for Computers. Outline of Introduction. Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal numbers. Issues for Binary Representation of Numbers
Outline of Introduction Administrivia What is computer architecture? What do computers do? Representing high level things in binary Data objects: integers, decimals, characters, etc. Memory locations (We
More informationEECE 321: Computer Organization
EECE 321: Computer Organization Mohammad M. Mansour Dept. of Electrical and Compute Engineering American University of Beirut Lecture 1: Introduction Administrative Instructor Dr. Mohammad M. Mansour,
More informationHexadecimal Numbers. Journal: If you were to extend our numbering system to more digits, what digits would you use? Why those?
9/10/18 1 Binary and Journal: If you were to extend our numbering system to more digits, what digits would you use? Why those? Hexadecimal Numbers Check Homework 3 Binary Numbers A binary (base-two) number
More informationIntroduction to C. Why C? Difference between Python and C C compiler stages Basic syntax in C
Final Review CS304 Introduction to C Why C? Difference between Python and C C compiler stages Basic syntax in C Pointers What is a pointer? declaration, &, dereference... Pointer & dynamic memory allocation
More informationInf2C - Computer Systems Lecture 2 Data Representation
Inf2C - Computer Systems Lecture 2 Data Representation Boris Grot School of Informatics University of Edinburgh Last lecture Moore s law Types of computer systems Computer components Computer system stack
More informationComputer Systems CEN591(502) Fall 2011
Computer Systems CEN591(502) Fall 2011 Sandeep K. S. Gupta Arizona State University 4 th lecture Data representation in computer systems (Slides adapted from CSAPP book) Announcements Programming assignment
More informationBinary Arithmetic CS 64: Computer Organization and Design Logic Lecture #2
Binary Arithmetic CS 64: Computer Organization and Design Logic Lecture #2 Ziad Matni Dept. of Computer Science, UCSB Adding this Class The class is full I will not be adding more ppl L Even if others
More informationModesto Junior College Course Outline of Record CMPSC 241
Modesto Junior College Course Outline of Record CMPSC 241 I. OVERVIEW The following information will appear in the 2010-2011 catalog CMPSC 241 Assembly Language Programming Prerequisite: Satisfactory completion
More informationNumber System. Introduction. Decimal Numbers
Number System Introduction Number systems provide the basis for all operations in information processing systems. In a number system the information is divided into a group of symbols; for example, 26
More informationChapter 2A Instructions: Language of the Computer
Chapter 2A Instructions: Language of the Computer Copyright 2009 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Instruction Set The repertoire of instructions of a computer Different computers have different instruction
More informationMemory Addressing, Binary, and Hexadecimal Review
C++ By A EXAMPLE Memory Addressing, Binary, and Hexadecimal Review You do not have to understand the concepts in this appendix to become well-versed in C++. You can master C++, however, only if you spend
More information