GE6161 COMPUTER PRACTICES LABORATORY L T P C

Transcription

1 GE6161 COMPUTER PRACTICES LABORATORY L T P C Search, generate, manipulate data using MS office/ Open Office 2. Presentation and Visualization graphs, charts, 2D, 3D 3. Problem formulation, Problem Solving and Flowcharts 4. C Programming using Simple statements and expressions 5. Scientific problem solving using decision making and looping. 6. Simple programming for one dimensional and two dimensional arrays. 7. Solving problems using String functions 8. Programs with user defined functions Includes Parameter Passing 9. Program using Recursive Function and conversion from given program to flow chart. 10. Program using structures and unions. TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Ex. No Exp. Date Name of the experiment Sub. Date 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 2a 2b 2c 2d 3a 4a 4b 5a 5b 5c 5d 6a 6b 7a 7b 8a 8b 9a 9b 10a 10b MICROSOFT WORD BROCHURE DESIGN TIME TABLE EQUATION MAIL MERGE FLOW CHART MICROSOFT EXCEL CHART CREATION SUBJECT GRADE EMPLOYEE PAYROLL ELECTRICITY BILL MICROSOFT POWERPOINT MY INSTITUTION C PROGRAMMING CIRCLE AREA QUADRATIC EQUATION LEAP YEAR SIMPLE CALCULATOR BINARY TO DECIMAL PRIME NUMBER ARRAY MINIMUM / MAXIMUM MATRIX MULTIPLICATION PALINDROME ALPHABETICAL ORDER SINE SERIES PASS BY VALUE & REFERENCE FACTORIAL RECURSION FIBONACCI RECURSION PAY ROLL APPLICATION UNION USAGE

3 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.1 Ex. No. 1a BROCHURE DESIGN Aim To design brochure for a national conference using formatting options. Procedure Result 1. Click Orientation Landscape in Page Layout tab to have a wide layout. 2. Click Narrow Margins in Page Layout tab to have most of page space for text. 3. Click Columns Three in Page Layout tab to have a three column document 4. Click Page Borders in Page Layout tab to have page borders. a) Select Box setting and a border style in Page Border tab. 5. In the first column type conference title, insert logo and sponsors, etc. 6. To have names in stylish format, click Word Art in Insert tab. a) Choose the desired style and type the text in the Edit dialog. 7. To insert picture & clip art, click Picture/Clip Art in Insert tab. a) Browse in default or other folder and select the desired picture/clip art. 8. Type text, topics, registration, members and other information in 2 nd and 3 rd column. 9. Click on Bullet/List icon in Home tab to highlight concise text. 10. To convert text to hyperlink, select the text and click Hyperlink in Insert tab. a) Type URL in the Address space and click OK. b) For address, select Address in Link to palette and type mail address in the Address space. 11. Manipulate text with alignment options (left/right/center/justify), formatting options (bold/underline/italic), spacing, etc. 12. Save the file and see print preview by clicking office button. Thus a conference brochure was designed neatly using MS-Word. Vijai Anand

4 OMR, Thaiyur Village, Kelambakkam NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING 20TH MARCH 2009 Organized by Dept. of CSE, IT & MCA Supported by OBJECTIVE The main objective of this conference is to bring experts in engineering and technology, academicians, professional engineers, research scholars, consultants and industrialists on a common platform to exchange ideas relating to recent development and trends in computer communication and networking fields. SCOPE The broad topics include but not limited to: Grid Computing Soft Computing Pervasive Computing Distributed Computing Network Security Artificial Intelligence Cloud Computing Wireless Communication INSTRUCTIONS Authors intending to submit a paper should mail their full paper not exceeding 8 pages by Feb 20, 2009 to ncccnc09@gmail.com. Paper must be prepared in IEEE format as word document. The paper submitted must be an original contribution and must not have been published or presented elsewhere earlier. Submitted papers will be assessed by two reviewers. Reviews / suggestions / corrections are binding on authors. For accepted papers, at least one of the authors must present the paper for it to appear in the conference proceedings. IMPORTANT DATES Last date for submission : 20 th Feb Acceptance notification : 25 th Feb Camera ready paper : 4 th Mar Registration deadline : 18 th Mar REGISTRATION FEE Students & Research Scholars : Rs. 300/- Academicians : Rs. 500/- Industry delegates : Rs. 1000/- The registration fee should be paid in the form of Demand Draft drawn in favor of The Principal, SMK Fomra Institute of Technology payable at Chennai. CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Chief Patrons Shri Sundarlal Fomra, Chairman, SMKFIT Shri Natwarlal Fomra, Trustee, SMKFIT Patrons Dr. L. Mahesh Kumar, Principal, SMKFIT Advisory Committee Dr. S. Salivahanan, Principal, SSNCE Dr. V. Vaidehi, Professor, MIT, Anna University Convener Dr. B. Chandramouli, Prof. & Head, Dept of IT Organizing Secretary Mr. R. Ramesh, Head, Dept of CSE Organizing Committee Prof. Sridhar Ranganathan, Prof., CSE Ms. M. Bharathi, Prof. & Head, MCA Dr. T.M. Sridhar, Prof. & Head, BME Ms. S. Chandravadhana, Head, ECE ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE The Organizing Secretary, NCCCN 09, S.M.K. Fomra Institute of Technology, Kelambakkam Ph: /22 ncccn09@gmail.com Website:

5 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.2 Ex. No. 1b TIME TABLE Aim Procedure To create a well formatted class time table. 1. Type table caption and center it. 2. Click Table Insert Table in Insert tab. a) Specify Number of columns as 11 and Number of rows as 6. b) An empty table with rows and columns specified is created. 3. If adjacent periods are the same, then select the periods and click Merge Cells in Layout tab. 4. For Break and Lunch merge the entire column. a) Click Shading in Design tab and choose a color. 5. Format the first row and first column as bold. 6. Select the table and click Layout tab. a) Click Align Center toolbar button. b) Specify Height, say 0.6 (same for all the rows). 7. Enter subject code for the respective periods. 8. Similarly create another table with three columns and enter the subject code, title and staff respectively. 9. To insert a row/column, click Layout tab and select Insert Above/Insert Below for row or Insert Left/Insert Right for column. 10. To delete a row/column/table click Layout tab and select Delete Delete Rows/Delete Columns/Delete Table. Vijai Anand

6 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.3 Output I BME Time Table :15 AM 9:05 AM 09:05AM 09:55 AM 10:05 AM 10:55 AM 10:55 AM 11:45 AM 11:45 AM 12:25 PM 1:05 PM 1:50 PM 1:50 PM 2:35 PM 2:35 PM 3:20 PM MON MA6151 CY6151 GE6151 PH6151 MA6151 GE6161 B L TUE PH6151 GE6151 HS6151 MA6151 HS6151 PH6151 MA6151 R U E N A C WED CY6151 GE6162 GE6162 PH6151 HS6151 GE6151 CY6151 K H THU HS6151 GE6163 GE6163 CY6151 HS6151 GE6152 FRI GE6151 PH6151 CY6151 MA6151 GE6151 GE6152 Subject Code Course Title Staff Name HS6151 Technical English - I Dr. Baburajan MA6151 Mathematics - I Ms. Elavarasi PH6151 Engineering Physics - I Dr. M. Prabu CY6151 Engineering Chemistry - I Ms. ShaliniAnbazhagan GE6151 Computer Programming Mrs. Jeyalaximi GE6152 Engineering Graphics Mr.Vijaybaskar GE6161 GE6162 GE6163 Computer Practices Laboratory Engineering Practices Laboratory Physics and Chemistry Laboratory - I Mr. Senthil Kumar/ Mr. S.K. / Ms. Jeyanthi Mr.Vijaybaskar/ Mr. Manoj Kumar Ms.Sandhya/ Mr. C. Saravanan Result Thus class time table was created using table options. Vijai Anand

7 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.4 Ex. No. 1c EQUATION Aim Procedure To type mathematical, chemical or any type of equation in MS-Word. 1. For equations that consist of keyboard characters. a) Type the equation text. b) For subscripted text, select the text and click subscript icon X 2. c) For superscripted text, select the text and click subscript icon X For equations that consist of simple symbols, i.e., non-keyboard characters that have neither subscript nor superscript: a) Click Symbol in Insert tab and select the symbol. b) If symbol is not available, then click More Symbols and choose the symbol in the Symbol dialog. 3. For well-known equation click Equation in Insert tab and choose the built-in equation. 4. To create a new equation click on Equation Insert New Equation in Insert tab. a) A new equation holder appears. b) Choose a subtype in Structures collection that resembles the given equation in Design tab and edit it. c) Relevant structure type for a sub-expression can be chosen and edited. Vijai Anand

8 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.5 Output (a 1+ a 2) 2 =a a 1a 2+a 2 2 C 6H 12O 6+6O 2 6CO 2+6H 2O Result Thus complex equations were entered without the need for any third party software. Vijai Anand

9 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.6 Ex. No. 1d MAIL MERGE Aim To report parents about student performance using mail merge. Algorithm 1. Click Header Blank in Insert tab and design letter head in the header part by inserting logo, college name and other details. 2. Draft a letter that reports to parents about their son/daughter performance. a) Click Date & Time in Insert tab and choose a date format to insert date. b) The sender should be class in-charge and leave the recipient blank. c) Information such as student name, register no., marks, attendance is left blank. 3. Click Footer Blank in Insert tab and design footer that includes contact details after a line. 4. To add watermark as page background, a) Click Watermark Custom Watermark in Design tab. b) Choose Picture watermark or Text watermark and specify the filename/text. 5. Click Start Mail Merge Letter in Mailings tab. 6. Click Select Recipients Type New List in Mailings tab. a) Click Customize Columns to modify the default database. b) The fields should be ordered as Register No, Student name, Theory subject codes, Attendance, Parent name, Address, Area, City and Zip code. c) Enter data sets, click OK and save the database. 7. Place cursor below the To line and click Address Block in Mailings tab. a) If preview shown in Insert Address dialog is correct then click OK. b) Otherwise click Match Fields and choose the missing fields in drop down list. 8. Click Insert Merge Field required field to insert fields such as subject marks, student name, register no., attendance at relevant position. 9. Click Preview Results in Mailings tab to view database merged with letter. 10. Click Finish & Merge Print Documents in Mailings tab to complete the process. 11. To print address as labels: a) In a new document, click Start Mail Merge Labels in Mailings tab. b) Choose Compulabel for Label vendors and Address label for Product number in Label Options dialog window. c) Insert recipient address as in step7. d) Click Update labels in Mailings tab. e) Preview and print the labels. Result Thus the Mail Merge and Letter Preparation is created using Microsoft word and output is executed successfully. Vijai Anand

10 SHREE MOTILAL KANHAIYALAL FOMRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (An NBA Accredited and ISO Certified Institution) From The Class Coordinator, [I Year BME], SMKFIT. Date:7-Nov-13 To «AddressBlock» Sub: Internal Assessment-I Performance Reg. This is to inform you that «Student_Name» (Reg. No: «RegisterNo») has scored the following marks in Internal Examination-I and his attendance as given below: Subject Name Technical English I Mathematics I Engineering Physics I Engineering Chemistry I Computer Programming Engineering Graphics Attendance (in %) Marks (100) «HS6151» «MA6151» «PH6151» «CY6151» «GE6151» «GE6152» «Attendance» without fail. It is mandatory for parents to come and meet the class coordinator on 16-Nov-2013 Yours truly, (Class Coordinator) Old Mahabalipuram Road, Thaiyur Village, Kelambakkam , : /22.

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12 RegisterNStudent Name HS6151 MA6151 PH6151 CY6151 GE6151 GE6152 Attendan Parent Name Address Area City ZIP Code 4108 Hansika Dhanraj No. 18, Flower Saidapet Chennai Rajesh Ganesh 22, III Cross Str Butt Road Chennai Hariharan Logesh Kumar #15, LB Road Adyar Chennai Gopal Rajendran No. 15, TVK Ma Guindy Chennai Vanitha Indira No. 24, E Block, Pudhupakkam Kelambakkam

13 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.7 Ex. No. 1e FLOW CHART Aim Procedure To draw flowchart for the given problem statement. 1. For the given problem, have an algorithm in mind. 2. Click Shapes Flowchart required symbol in Insert tab and place it centered. Manipulate the length and height as desired. 3. The common flowchart symbols are given below: Start / Terminate Input / Output Process Loop (used in for loop) Flow Lines Decision Connector 4. Right click on flowchart symbol and select Add Text to type text into the symbol. 5. Connect the symbols using Flow lines. 6. To add any text (such as Yes/No) adjacent to symbols, a) Select the symbol and click Draw Text Box in Format Tab. b) Select the text box and click Shape Outline No Outline in Format Tab to remove borders of the text box. 7. After finishing the entire flowchart select all the flowchart symbols and arrows, right click and click Grouping. Vijai Anand

14 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab W.8 Output Start Read n rev = 0 n > 0? N Y d = n % 10 rev = rev * 10 + d n = n / 10 Print rev Stop Flow Chart for Reversing Digits of any given number. Result Thus visual representation of problem statement is done using flowchart symbols. Vijai Anand

15 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.1 Exp. No. 2a CHART CREATION Aim To create column/line/pie chart for the given set of data. Procedure 1. Enter data in the Worksheet including header 2. Select cells and choose chart type (Column/Line/Pie etc) in Insert tab. 3. Chart for the data appears. 4. In Layout tab, configure the following: a. Click Chart Title Above Chart and enter title for the chart. b. Click Axis Titles Primary Horizontal Axis Title Title Below Axis to enter X-axis title (for Column/Line chart). c. Click Axis Titles Primary Vertical Axis Title Vertical Title to enter Y-axis title (for Column/Line chart). d. Click Data Labels Outside End to display data on the chart (for Column chart). e. Click Gridlines Primary Horizontal Gridlines None to remove horizontal lines from the chart (for Column/Line chart). 5. In Design Tab, click Switch Row/Column to change x-axis data for column chart. 6. For Line Chart: a. Right click on Y-axis scale and select Format Axis. In Format Axis dialog, specify the minimum and maximum data. b. Right click on X-axis and choose Select Data. In Select Data Source dialog, click Edit and specify data values for X-axis. c. Select a series, and click Data Labels Left for one and Data Labels Right for the other and so on. 7. For Pie Chart: a. Click Data Labels More Data Label Options and check option Percentage and uncheck Values. Vijai Anand

16 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.2 Output Computer Practice Aggregate (in %) Department Assess-1 Assess-2 Assess-3 EEE ECE CIVIL CSE MECH Ind vs Aus Overs India Australia Vijai Anand

17 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.3 First Quarter Sales Product Sales (in Crores) Printers 234 Scanner 90 Fax 109 MFNs 150 Desktops 300 Laptops 270 Servers 100 Accessories 450 Result The respective charts were created for visual inference of data Vijai Anand

18 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.4 Exp. No. 2b SUBJECT GRADE Aim To determine grade obtained by the student in a semester examination. Procedure 1. Select the cells in which internal marks are to be entered and click Conditional Formatting Highlight Cells Rules Less Than in Home tab a) Specify 50 as value with Red Text formatting. 2. Select the cells in which internal marks are to be entered and click Data Validation Data Validation in Data tab a) Choose Allow: Whole number, set Minimum to 0 and Maximum to 100, b) Choose Error alert style to Stop. 3. Enter the subject code and their internal assessment marks. 4. Compute average by clicking AutoSum Average in Home tab. 5. Covert average (Cell E3) to 15 marks by clicking Math & Trig ROUND in Formulas tab. a) Type E3*0.15 in Number b) Type 0 in Num_digits 6. Enter attendance marks in the range (0 5) using data validation. 7. Compute internals for 20 marks as sum of cells Internal Test (15) and Attendance (5). 8. Enter university exam marks. 9. Convert external to 80 marks using ROUND function. 10. Compute Total marks as sum of Internal and External marks. 11. Determine Grade for each subject using nestedif. The formula is IF(K19>90, "S", IF(K19>80, "A", IF(K19>70, "B", IF(K19>60, "C", IF(K19>55, "D", IF(K19>=50, "E", "U")))))) Vijai Anand

19 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.5 Output Subject Grade Subject Code Test1 (100) Test2 (100) Test3 (100) Avg Intern al (15) Att (5) Internal (20) Univ Exam (100) Exter nal (80) Total Mark (100) Grade HS A MA C PH U CY B GE D GE E GE S GE S Result The student s grade in various subjects was obtained using built-in functions in excel. Vijai Anand

20 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.6 Exp. No. 2c EMPLOYEE PAYROLL Aim To compute payroll for employees based on their basic pay and sort the list. Procedure 1. Enter the employee name, department and their basic pay. 2. Compute the allowances and deductions as fixed percentage of basic pay (cell C3). a) HRA = 0.18 * C3 b) DA = 0.15 * C3 c) TA = 0.09 * C3 d) PF = 0.1 * C3 3. Calculate Gross = Basic + HRA + DA + TA 4. Determine IT based on their Gross pay (cell J3) with varying percentage using IF IF(J3*12> , 0.3*J3, IF(J3*12>800000, J3*0.25, IF(J3*12>500000, J3*0.2, IF(J3*12>200000, J3*0.1, 0)))) 5. Compute Net Pay = Gross (PF + IT) 6. Drag to copy the formula for all other rows. 7. The details can also be viewed column wise by selecting Filter in Data tab. a) All column headers now appear with a drop down symbol. b) Click Dept drop down list and select Testing to view Testing department details. 8. Select all data including header and click Sort in Data tab. In Sort dialog: a) Choose Sort by Dept and Order as A to Z for level1. b) Choose Sort by Gross and Order as Largest to Smallest for level2. c) Choose Sort by Name and Order as A to Z for level3. 9. Select sorted data incl. header and click Subtotal in Data tab. In Subtotal dialog: a) Select Dept for At each change in b) Check option Net Pay in Add subtotal to c) Check options Replace current subtotals and Summary below data. Result The employee s pay was computed and sorted department wise. Vijai Anand

21 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.7 Output Employee Pay Roll Name Dept Basic HRA DA TA PF IT Gross Net Pay Yamini Testing Sriraman Development Vigneshwaran Testing Naveen Design Sandhiya Admin Manikandan R&D Varun Admin Raj Kumar Development Raja Guru Design Saravanan Testing Sakthi Priyaa R&D Employee Pay Roll (after sort & subtotal) Name Dept Basic HRA DA TA PF IT Gross Net Pay Varun Admin Sandhiya Admin Admin Total Raja Guru Design Naveen Design Design Total Raj Kumar Development Sriraman Development Development Total Manikandan R&D Sakthi Priyaa R&D R&D Total Vigneshwaran Testing Saravanan Testing Yamini Testing Testing Total Grand Total Vijai Anand

22 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.8 Exp. No. 2d ELECTRICITY BILL Aim To design electricity bill format and determining charges by importing data from text file. Procedure 1. Create a text file eb.txt with each line consisting of unit and amount separated by tab up to 500 units. 2. Insert a new worksheet by clicking Insert Insert Sheet in Home tab. Right click on sheet name and Rename the sheet to EBData 3. Click From Text in Data tab. and select eb.txt file. Click Next until Finish in Text Import Wizard to import the text file onto excel. 4. Design the electricity bill format on a worksheet. 5. Insert the EB logo by choosing Clip Art in Insert tab. 6. Insert the system date by clicking Date & Time TODAY in Formulas tab. Right click on cell and click Format Cells and choose the appropriate Time format. 7. Insert the system date by clicking Date & Time NOW in Formulas tab. Right click on cell and click Format Cells and choose the appropriate Date format. 8. Right click on connection number, name, CMR, LMR cells and uncheck the Locked feature in Protection tab in Format Cells menu. 9. Calculate Units = CMR LMR 10. Amount is obtained by clicking Lookup & Reference VLOOKUP in Formulas tab. a) Assign cell address containing units value for Lookup_value b) Select the range of cells in EBData sheet for Table_array c) Enter value 2 for Col_index_num to return amount for the respective unit. d) Type FALSE in Range_lookup to find the exact match. 11. Click Print Area in Page Layout tab to set the section of sheet for printout. 12. Protect the worksheet by clicking Protect Sheet in Review tab and specify a password. Result The electricity bill is printed using import and protection features Vijai Anand

23 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab X.9 Output Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Chennai South Circle Kelambakkam Date : 3-Nov-2013 Time : 21:46 Conn. No : Name : Vijai Anand CMR LMR Units Amount (in Rs.) Authorized Signatory Units Rate/unit Units Rate/unit <= > Vijai Anand

24 GE6161 Computer Practice Lab P1 Ex. No. 3a MY INSTITUTION Aim To create a presentation that highlights the institution facilities. Procedure 1. Design the master slide by clicking Slide Master in View tab with background, Fonts, bullets, borders, footers, etc. 2. Choose the appropriate slide layout by clicking Layout in Home tab and type the text in the corresponding places. 3. To add a slide, click New Slide in Home tab. The master slide design is repainted on the new slide. 4. To insert picture, chart, table, sound or graphic choose the appropriate options from Insert tab. 5. To have animation effects use Custom Animation in Animations tab and choose appropriate animation scheme for the slide elements 6. To have animation effects between slides choose an effect from Transition to This Slide in Animations tab. 7. To display the presentation, click an option From Beginning/From Current Slide/etc in Slide Show tab. 8. To print multiple slides per page select Handouts in Print Dialog and specify the number of slides per page. Presentation Guidelines 1. The first slide should mention the topic clearly and speaker details 2. The second slide should be an outline of the presentation a) Only place main points (titles of other slides) b) Follow the order of outline 3. Write in point form, not complete sentences. a) 4-5 points per slide. Show one point at a time 4. Do not go overboard with animation. Be consistent 5. Use different size fonts for main points and secondary points 6. Use a font color that contrasts with the light background 7. Use graphs and charts rather than words 8. Proof the slides for spelling mistakes 9. Conclusion slide should summarize and suggest future avenues 10. Invite audience to ask questions. Result An effective and elegant presentation about the institution using PowerPoint is created. Vijai Anand

25 SMK FOMRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1 Course Infrastructure Placement Campus Life Contact Info 2 Course B.E. Computer Science Engineering B.Tech. Information Technology B.E. Electronic and Communication B.E. Electrical and Electronic Engineering B.E. Bio Medical Engineering B.E. Mechanical Engineering Master of Computer Application Master of Business Administration Infrastructure An inbuilt area of 2,86,000 sq.m. 24-hour internet facility and wi-fi campus Electric supply supported by 2 generators Safe and cool drinking water Fully air-conditioned conference hall Air-conditioned library block Separate Boys Hostel and Girls Hostel Canteen Temple 3 4

26 Placement Train Students to become employable Establish Industry Institute Interaction Guide Students for taking up higher studies Create awareness about Entrepreneurship Our Alumni are placed in leading corporate Placements Software Placement as on Oct CSE IT ECE Department 1 4 HCL TCS CTS Infosys Accenture 5 6 Campus Life A world, rich in opportunity for personal growth and fulfillment Exciting and dynamic Guest lectures by eminent personalities Industrial visits Training on self-awareness, attitude and moral value programmes Contact Info SMK Fomra Institute of Technology Old Mahabalipuram Road, Thaiyur Village, Kelambakkam Ph: /22 Web: 7 8

27 C.1 Ex. No. 4a CIRCLE AREA Aim Algorithm To compute area and circumference of a circle using value of (constant). Step 1 : Start Step 2 : Define constant pi= 3.14 Step 3 : Read the value of radius Step 4 : Calculate areausing formulae pi*radius 2 Step 5 : Step 6 : Step 7 : Calculate circumference using formulae 2*pi*radius Print area and circumference Stop Flowchart Start pi = 3.14 Read radius area = pi * radius 2 circumference = 2 * pi * radius Print area, circumference Stop

28 C.2 Program /* Area and circumference of a circle */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #define pi 3.14 main() int radius; float area, circum; clrscr(); printf("enter radius of the circle : "); scanf("%d", &radius); area = pi * radius * radius; circum = 2 * pi * radius; printf("area is %.2f and circumference is %.2f", area,circum); getch(); Output Enter radius of the circle : 8 Area is and circumference is Result Thus area and circumference of a circle is computed.

29 C.3 Ex. No. 4b QUADRATIC EQUATION Aim Algorithm To determine roots of a real type quadratic equationax 2 + bx + c = 0. Step 1 : Step 2 : Start Read co-efficient values of a,band c Step 3 Step 4 : Step 5 : Compute roots r1 = Print r1, r2 Stop and r2 = Flowchart Start Read a, b, c r1 = r2 = Print r1, r2 Stop

30 C.4 Program /* Roots of Quadratic Equations ax^2 + bx + c = 0 */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <math.h> main() int a, b, c, d; float r1, r2; clrscr(); printf("enter co-efficient for x^2 : "); scanf("%d", &a); printf("enter co-efficient for x : "); scanf("%d", &b); printf("enter const co-efficient : "); scanf("%d", &c); d = b*b - 4*a*c; r1 = (-b + sqrt(d)) / (2.0 * a); r2 = (-b - sqrt(d)) / (2.0 * a); printf("real roots are %.2f and %.2f", r1, r2); getch(); Output Enter co-efficient for x^2 : 2 Enter co-efficient for x : 8 Enter const co-efficient : 6 Real roots are and Result Thus roots of a quadratic equation were obtained using math library functions.

31 C.5 Ex. No. 5a LEAP YEAR Aim Algorithm To checkwhether the given year is a leap year or not using if statement. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Start Read the value of year If year divisible by 400 then print "Leap year" Step 3.1 : Else if year divisible by 4 and not divisible by 100 then print "Leap year" Step 3.2 : Step 4 : Else print "Not a leap year" Stop Flowchart Start Read year year%400=0? Y N Print "Not Leap" N year%4 = 0 and year%100 0? Y Print "Leap" Stop

32 C.6 Program /* Leap Year */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int year; clrscr(); printf("enter the year : "); scanf("%d", &year); if (year%400 == 0) printf("%d is a Leap year",year); else if (year%100!= 0 && year%4 == 0) printf("%d is a Leap year",year); else printf("%d is not a Leap year",year); getch(); Output Enter the year : is a Leap year Enter the year : is not a Leap year Enter the year : is a Leap year Result Thus the given year is determined as leap or not using if conditional construct.

33 C.7 Ex. No. 5b SIMPLE CALCULATOR Aim Algorithm To write a menu drivensimple calculator program using switch case. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Start Display calculator menu options Read the operatorsymboland operands n1, n2 If operator = + then calculate result = n1 + n2 Step 4.1 : Else if operator = then calculate result = n1 n2 Step 4.2 : Else if operator = * then calculate result = n1 * n2 Step 4.3 : Else if operator = / then calculate result = n1 / n2 Step 4.4 : Else if operator = % then calculate result = n1 % n2 Step 4.2 : Else print "Invalid operator" and go to step 6 Step 5 : Step 6 : Print result Stop

34 C.8 Flowchart Start Display Calculator menu Read operator, n1, n2 operator? + * / % res=n1+n2 res=n1 n2 res=n1*n2 res=n1/n2 res=n1%n2 Other Print res Operator" Print "Invalid operator" Stop

35 C.9 Program /* Simple Calculator */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <conio.h> main() int n1, n2, result; char op; clrscr(); printf("\n Simple Calculator"); printf("\n + Summation"); printf("\n - Difference"); printf("\n * Product"); printf("\n / Quotient"); printf("\n % Remainder"); printf("\nenter the operator : "); op = getchar(); printf("enter operand1 and operand2 : "); scanf("%d%d",&n1,&n2); switch(op) case '+': result = n1 +n2; break; case '-': result = n1 - n2; break; case '*': result = n1 * n2; break; case '/': result = n1 / n2; break; case '%': result = n1 % n2; break; default: printf("invalid operator"); exit(-1); printf("%d %c %d = %d", n1, op, n2, result); getch();

36 C.10 Output Simple Calculator + Summation - Difference * Product / Quotient % Remainder Enter the operator : - Enter operand1 and operand2 : = -2 Simple Calculator + Summation - Difference * Product / Quotient % Remainder Enter the operator : % Enter operand1 and operand2 : % 2 = 1 Result Thus simple calculator functionality was executed using menu-oriented approach.

37 C.11 Ex. No. 5c BINARY TO DECIMAL Aim Algorithm To convert binary number into its decimal equivalent using while loop. Step 1 : Step 2 : Start Read the binary value Step 3 : Initialize dec and i to 0 Repeat steps 4 7 until binary> 0 Step 4 : Extract the last digit using modulo 10 Step 5 : Calculate decimal = decimal + digit * 2 i Step 6 : Recomputebinary = binary / 10 Step 7 : Increment i by 1 Step 8 : Step 9 : Print decimal Stop

38 C.12 Flowchart Start Read binary decimal = i = 0 binary>0? N Y digit = binary % 10 decimal = decimal + digit * 2 i binary = binary / 10 i = i + 1 Print decimal Stop

39 C.13 Program /* Binary to Decimal */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <conio.h> main() int dec=0,i=0, d; long bin; clrscr(); printf("enter a binary number : "); scanf("%ld", &bin); while(bin) d = bin % 10; dec = dec + pow(2,i) * d; bin = bin/10; i = i + 1; printf("decimal Equivalent is %d", dec); getch(); Output Enter a binary number : Decimal Equivalent is 107 Result Thus decimal to binary conversion is done using while loop.

40 C.14 Ex. No. 5d PRIME NUMBER Aim Algorithm To determine whether the given number is prime using for loop. Step 1 : Step 2 : Start Read the value of n Step 3 : Initialize i to 2 and flg to 0 Repeat steps 4 and 5 until i n/2 Step 4 : If n is divisible by i then assign 1 to flg and go tostep6 Step 5 : Increment i by 1 Step 6 : If flg = 0 then print "Prime" Step 6.1 : Else print "Not prime" Step 7 : Stop

41 C.15 Flowchart Start Read n i = 2, flg = 0 i n/2? N Y n%i = 0? Y flg = 1 N i = i + 1 Print "Not Prime" N flg = 0? Y Print "Prime" Stop

42 C.16 Program /* Prime number */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() inti,n,flg=0; clrscr(); printf("\nenter a number : "); scanf("%d", &n); for(i=2; i<=n/2; i++) if (n%i == 0) flg = 1; break; if (flg == 0) printf("the given number is prime"); else printf("the given number is not prime"); getch(); Output Enter a number : 27 The given number is not prime Enter a number : 43 The given number is prime Result Thus the given number is checked for prime with the help of break statement in looping.

43 C.17 Ex. No. 6a ARRAY MINIMUM / MAXIMUM Aim Algorithm To find the largest and smallest element of the given array Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Start Read the number of array elements as n Set up a loop and read array elements A i, i = 0,1,2, n 1 Assume the first element A 0 to be min and max Step 5 : Initialize i to 1 Repeat steps 6 8 until i<n Step 6 : Step 7 : If max <A i thenmax = A i If min >A i then min = A i Step 8 : Increment i by 1 Step 9 : Print max, min Step 10 : Stop

44 C.18 Flowchart Start Read n i = 0 to n 1 Read A i i min = max = A 0 i = 1 to n 1 max < A i? N Y max = A i min > A i? N Y min = A i i Print min, max Stop

45 C.19 Program /* Maximum and Minimum of an array */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int a[10]; int i, min, max, n; clrscr(); printf("enter number of elements : "); scanf("%d", &n); printf("enter Array Elements\n"); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf("%d", &a[i]); min = max = a[0]; for(i=1; i<n; i++) if (max < a[i]) max = a[i]; if (min > a[i]) min = a[i]; printf("maximum value = %d ", max); printf("\n Minimum value = %d", min); getch(); Output Enter number of elements : 6 Enter Array Elements Maximum value = 11 Minimum value = -9 Result Thus minimum and maximum of an array was obtained using array indexing.

46 C.20 Ex. No. 6b MATRIX MULTIPLICATION Aim Algorithm To compute product of two matricesusing two dimensional array. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Start Read the order of matrix A as m and n Read the order of matrix B as p and q If n p then print "Multiplication not possible" and Stop Step 5 : Set up a loop and read matrix A elements A ij, i = 0 to m-1and j = 0 to n-1 Step 6: Set up a loop and read matrix B elements B ij, i = 0 to p-1and j = 0 to q-1 Step 7 : Step 8 : Step 9 : Initialize i to zero Initialize j to zero Assign 0 toc ij Step 10 : Initialize k to zero Step 11 : Compute C ij = C ij + A ik * B kj Step 12 : Increment kby 1 Repeat steps 11 and 12 untilk<n Step 13 : Increment jby 1 Repeat steps 9 13 untilj<q Step 14 : Increment iby 1 Repeat steps 8 14 untili<m Step 15 : Set up a loop and print product matrix C ij,i = 0 to m-1 and j = 0 to q-1 Step 16 : Stop

47 C.21 Flow Chart Start Read m, n Read p, q Y n=p? i = 0 to m 1 N Print min, max X j = 0 to n 1 Read A ij j i i = 0 to p 1 j = 0 to q 1 Read B ij j i 2

48 C.22 2 i = 0 to m 1 j = 0 to q 1 C ij = 0 k = 0 to n 1 C ij = C ij + A ik * B kj k j i i = 0 to m 1 j = 0 to q 1 Print C ij j i X Stop

49 C.23 Program /* Matrix Multiplication */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int a[10][10], b[10][10], c[10][10]; int r1, c1, r2, c2; inti, j, k; clrscr(); printf("enter order of matrix A : "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("enter order of matrix B : "); scanf("%d%d", &r2, &c2); if (c1!= r2) printf("matrix multiplication not possible"); getch(); exit(0); printf("enter matrix A elements\n"); for(i=0; i<r1; i++) for(j=0; j<c1; j++) scanf("%d", &a[i][j]); printf("enter matrix B elements\n"); for(i=0; i<r2; i++) for(j=0; j<c2; j++) scanf("%d", &b[i][j]); for(i=0; i<r1; i++) for(j=0; j<c2; j++) c[i][j] = 0;

50 C.24 for(k=0; k<c1; k++) c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j]; printf("product matrix C\n"); for(i=0; i<r1; i++) for(j=0; j<c2; j++) printf("%-4d",c[i][j]); printf("\n"); getch(); Output Enter order of matrix A : 2 3 Enter order of matrix B : 3 2 Enter matrix A elements Enter matrix B elements Product matrix C Enter order of matrix A : 3 3 Enter order of matrix B : 2 3 Matrix multiplication not possible Result Thus product of given two matrices was obtained using arrays.

51 C.25 Ex. No. 7a PALINDROME Aim Algorithm To determine whether the input string is palindrome using string handling functions. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6: Step 6.1 Step 6.2: Step 7 : Start Read the string, say str Copy str onto rev usingstrcpy function Reverse rev usingstrrev function Compare str and rev usingstrcmp function If outcome of comparison is zero then Print "Given string is palindrome" Else Print "Given string is not palindrome" Stop

52 C.26 Flow Chart Start Read str strcpy(rev, str) strrev(rev) x = strcmp(rev, str) N x = 0? Y Print "Not Palindrome" Print "Palindrome" Stop

53 C.27 Program /* Palindrome using string functions */ #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() charstr[40],rev[40]; int x; clrscr(); printf("enter the string: "); scanf("%s", str); strcpy(rev, str); strrev(rev); printf("reversed string is: %s\n", rev); x = strcmp(str, rev); if (x==0) printf("the given string is a palindrome"); else printf("the given string is not a palindrome"); getch(); Output Enter the string:malayalam Reversed string is:malayalam The given string is a palindrome Enter the string: Computer Reversed string is:retupmoc The given string is not a palindrome Result Thus the given input string is checked for palindrome using string handling functions.

54 C.28 Ex. No. 7b ALPHABETICAL ORDER Aim Algorithm To arrange names in theiralphabetic order using bubble sort method. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6: Start Read number of name as n Set up a loop and read the name list in name array Assign 0 to i Assign i+1 to j If name i >name j then swap the strings name i and name j Step 7 : Increment j by 1 Repeat steps 6 and 7 until j<n Step 8 : Increment i by 1 Repeat steps 5 8 until i<n-1 Step 9 : Set up a loop and print the sorted namearray Step 10 : Stop

55 C.29 Flow Chart Start Read n i = 0 to n 1 Read str i i i = 0 to n 2 j = i+1 to n 1 strcmp(str i str j ) > 0? N Y Swap strings j i i = 0 to n 1 Print str i i Stop

56 C.30 Program /* Sorting strings */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h> main() char name[20][15], t[15]; int i, j,n; clrscr(); printf("enter number of students : "); scanf("%d", &n); printf("enter student names\n"); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf("%s", name[i]); /* Bubble Sort method */ for(i=0; i<n-1; i++) for(j=i+1; j<n; j++) if (strcmp(name[i],name[j]) > 0) strcpy(t, name[i]); strcpy(name[i], name[j]); strcpy(name[j], t); printf("\nalphabetical Order\n"); for(i=0; i<n; i++) printf("%s\n", name[i]); getch();

57 C.31 Output Enter number of students :10 Enter student names Raghu Praba Gopal Anand Venkat Kumar Saravana Naresh Christo Vasanth Alphabetical Order Anand Christo Gopal Kumar Naresh Praba Raghu Saravana Vasanth Venkat Result Thus the given set of names were sorted in alphabetical order using string handling function.

58 C.32 Ex. No. 8a SINE SERIES Aim To generate value of sine series x x x x using function. 3! 5! 7! Algorithm Step 1 : Step 2 : Start Read sine degree as deg Step 3 : Convert degree to radians using the formula x = deg * / 180 Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6: Call sinecalc function with parameter x Print computed value of sine series Stop sinecalc Function Step 1 : Assign x to term and sum Repeat steps 3 and 4 until term< Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Compute new term as term = term * x 2 / (2i (2i+1)) Alternatively subtract and add term to sum Return sum

59 C.33 Flow Chart Start Read deg, n x = deg * 3.14 / 180 Call sinevalue = sinecalc(x) Print sinevalue Stop sinecalc (x) sgn = 1 sum = term = x term> N Y sgn = -sgn term = term * x 2 / (2i (2i+1)) sum = sum + sgn * term Return (sum)

60 C.34 Program /* Sine series */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #define pi 3.14 floatsinecalc(float, int); main() int deg, n; float x, sineval; clrscr(); printf("enter Sine degree : "); scanf("%d", &deg); printf("enter no. of terms : "); scanf("%d", &n); x = deg*pi/180; sineval = sinecalc(x); printf("\ngenerated series value : %.4f", sineval); printf("\nbuilt-in function value : %.4f", sin(x)); printf("\ncomputational error\t : %.4f", sin(x)-sineval); getch(); floatsinecalc(float x) int i=1,sgn=1; float sum,term; sum = term = x; while (1) if (term < ) break; printf("\nthe term is %.4lf and sum is %.4lf", term, sum); sgn = -sgn; term *= x*x / (2*i * (2*i+1)); sum += sgn *term; i++; return (sum);

61 C.35 Output Enter Sine degree: 73 The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The value of Generated Sine series is Value using built-in function is Computational error is Result Thus value of sine series is computed using user-defined function with negligible error factor.

62 C.36 Ex. No. 8b PASS BY VALUE/REFERENCE Aim Algorithm To demonstrate parameters passing to a function, both by value and reference. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6 : Step 7 : Step 8 : Start Assign 10 to a and 20 to b Print a and b Call swapval function with values of a and b Print a and b Call swapref function with address of a and b Print a and b Stop swapval Function Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : t = a a = b b = t Return Step 1 : t = *a Step 2 : *a = *b swapref Function Step 3 : Step 4 : *b = t Return

63 C.37 Flow Chart Start a = 10 b = 20 Print a, b Call swapval(a, b) Print a, b Call swapref(&a, &b) Print a, b Stop swapval (a, b) swapref (*a, *b) t = a a = b b = t t = *a *a = *b *b = t Return Return

64 C.38 Program /* Pass by value and reference */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void swapval(int, int); void swapref(int *,int *); main() int a = 10, b = 20; clrscr(); printf("\nvalues before function calls\n"); printf("value of A : %d\n", a); printf("value of B : %d\n", b); swapval(a,b); printf("\nvalues after Pass by Value\n"); printf("value of A : %d\n", a); printf("value of B : %d\n", b); swapref(&a,&b); printf("\nvalues after Pass by Reference\n"); printf("value of A : %d\n", a); printf("value of B : %d", b); getch(); /* Pass by value */ void swapval(inta,int b) int t; t = a; a = b; b = t; /* Pass by Reference*/ void swapref(int *x,int *y) int t; t = *x; *x = *y; *y = t;

65 C.39 Output Values before function calls Value of A : 10 Value of B : 20 Values after Pass by Value Value of A : 10 Value of B : 20 Values after Pass by Reference Value of A : 20 Value of B : 10 Result Thus two types parameter passing namely pass-by-value and pass-by-reference was done using swapping example.

66 C.40 Ex. No. 9a FACTORIAL RECURSION Aim Algorithm To compute factorial value of a given number n! = n * (n-1)!usingrecursion. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5: Start Read the value of n Call factorial function with parametern Print factorial value Stop factorial Function Step 1 : If n=1 then return 1 Step 1.1 : Else return n*factorial(n-1)

67 C.41 Flow Chart Start Read n Call factvalue = factorial(n) Print factvalue Stop factorial(n) Y n = 1? N Return (1) Return (n * factorial(n-1))

68 C.42 Program /* Factorial--Recursion */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> long factorial(int); main() int n; longint f; clrscr(); printf("enter a number : "); scanf("%d", &n); f = factorial(n); printf("factorial value : %ld", f); getch(); long factorial(int n) if (n<=1) return(1); else return (n * factorial(n-1)); Output Enter a number : 6 Factorial value : 720 Enter a number : 12 Factorial value : Result Thus factorial value of a given number was obtained through recursive function call.

69 C.43 Ex. No. 9b FIBONACCI RECURSION Aim Algorithm To generate Fibonacci series using recursion. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Start Read number of terms, say n Loop i from 0 to n and Step 3.1 : Call fibo (i) Step 4: Stop fibo Function Step 1 : If n = 1 then return 1 Step 1.1 : Else if n=0, then return 0 Step 1.2 : Else return fibo (n-1) + fibo (n-2)

70 C.44 Flow Chart Start Read n i = 0 to n Print fibo(i) i Stop fibo(n) n = 1? Y Return (1) N Y n = 0? N Return (0) Return (fibo (n-1) + fibo (n-2))

71 C.45 Program /* Fibonacci series using Recursion */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> int fibo(int); main() int i, n; clrscr(); printf("enter no. of terms : "); scanf("%d",&n); for (i = 0; i< n; i++) printf("%d ", fibo(i)); getch(); int fibo(int num) if (num == 1) return 1; else if (num == 0) return 0; else return fibo(num - 1) + fibo(num - 2); Output Enter no. of terms : Result Thus Fibonacci series was generated using recursive function call.

72 C.46 Ex. No. 10a PAYROLL APPLICATION Aim Algorithm To generate employee payroll for anorganization using structure. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Start Defineemployee structure with fields empid, ename, basic, hra, da, it, gross and netpay Read number of employees n Set up a loop and read empid, ename, and basic for n employees in emp array Set up a loop and do steps 5 9 for n employees Step 5 : Step 6 : Step 7 : Step 8 : Step 9 : Step 10: Step 11 hra = 2% of basic da = 1% of basic gross = basic + hra + da it = 5% of basic netpay = gross - it Print company and column header Set up a loop and print empid, ename, basic, hra, da, it, gross and netpay for each employee in emp array Step 12 : Stop

73 C.47 Flow Chart Start Define emp structure Read n i = 0 to n-1 Read emp i.empid, emp i.name, emp i.basic i i = 0 to n-1 emp i.hra = 0.02 * emp i.basic emp i.da = 0.01 * emp i.basic emp i.it = 0.05 * emp i.basic emp i.gross = emp i.basic +emp i.hra +emp i.da emp i.netpay = emp i.gross - emp i.it i i = 0 to n-1 Print emp i.empid, emp i.name, emp i.basic, emp i.hra, emp i.da, emp i.gross, emp i.it, emp i.netpay i Stop

74 C.48 Program /* Payroll Generation */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> struct employee int empid; char name[15]; int basic; float hra; float da; float it; float gross; float netpay; ; main() struct employee emp[50]; int i, j, n; clrscr(); printf("\nenter No. of Employees : "); scanf("%d", &n); for(i=0; i<n ;i++) printf("\nenter Employee Details\n"); printf("enter Employee Id : "); scanf("%d", &emp[i].empid); printf("enter Employee Name : "); scanf("%s", emp[i].ename); printf("enter Basic Salary : "); scanf("%d", &emp[i].basic); for(i=0; i<n; i++) emp[i].hra = 0.02 * emp[i].basic; emp[i].da = 0.01 * emp[i].basic; emp[i].it = 0.05 * emp[i].basic; emp[i].gross = emp[i].basic+emp[i].hra+emp[i].da; emp[i].netpay = emp[i].gross - emp[i].it;

75 C.49 printf("\n\n\n\t\t\t\txyz& Co. Payroll\n\n"); for(i=0;i<80;i++) printf("*"); printf("empid\tname\t\tbasic\t HRA\t DA\t IT\t Gross\t\tNet Pay\n"); for(i=0;i<80;i++) printf("*"); for(i=0; i<n; i++) printf("\n%d\t%-15s\t%d\t%.2f\t%.2f\t%.2f\t %.2f\t%.2f",emp[i].empid, emp[i].ename, emp[i].basic,emp[i].hra,emp[i].da, emp[i].it, emp[i].gross, emp[i].netpay); printf("\n"); for(i=0;i<80;i++) printf("*"); getch(); Output Enter No. of Employees : 2 Enter Employee Details Enter Employee Id : 436 Enter Employee Name :Gopal Enter Basic Salary : Enter Employee Details Enter Employee Id : 463 Enter Employee Name :Rajesh Enter Basic Salary : XYZ & Co. Payroll ******************************************************************************** EmpId Name Basic HRA DA IT Gross Net Pay ******************************************************************************** 436 Gopal Rajesh ******************************************************************************** Result Thus payroll for employees was generated using structure.

76 C.50 Ex. No. 10b UNION USAGE Aim Algorithm To store multiple data types in a single storage space using structure and union. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6 : Start Define symbolic constants for basic data types such as character, integer and float. Declare a structure with member type and contains a union that has members of different basic types. Store type of data in structure member type and value in corresponding member of union. Call print function and pass structure. Stop print function Step 1: Step 2: Based on type content, print the value using appropriate format specifier. Stop

77 C.52 Program /* Union and Structure */ #include <stdio.h> #define CHARACTER 'C' #define INTEGER 'I' #define FLOAT 'F' struct generic_tag char type; union shared_tag char c; int i; float f; shared; ; void print(struct generic_tag); main() struct generic_tag var; clrscr(); var.type = CHARACTER; var.shared.c = '$'; print(var); var.type = FLOAT; var.shared.f = ; print(var); var.type = 'x'; var.shared.i = 111; print(var); getch(); void print(struct generic_tag generic) printf("\nthe generic value is "); switch(generic.type) case CHARACTER: printf("%c", generic.shared.c); break;

78 C.53 case INTEGER: printf("%d", generic.shared.i); break; case FLOAT: printf("%.2f", generic.shared.f); break; default: printf("an unknown type"); Output The generic value is $ The generic value is The generic value is an unknown type Result Thus different data types were stored in the same area using union and structure.