Ex. No. 3 C PROGRAMMING

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1 Ex. No. 3 C PROGRAMMING C is a powerful, portable and elegantly structured programming language. It combines features of a high-level language with the elements of an assembler and therefore, suitable for writing both system software and application packages. It is the most widely used generalpurpose language today. C has been used for implementing systems such as operating systems, compilers, linkers, word processors and utility packages. It is a robust language whose rich set of built-in functions and operators can be used to write any complex program. Programs written in C are fast and efficient. Turbo C IDE Turbo C IDE facilitates editing, debugging and execution of applications written in C. C programs are saved with.c extension. Some of the shortcut keys are: Ctrl + F1 F2 F3 Copy Cut Paste Clear Help Save Open Ctrl + Ins Shift + Del Shift + Ins Ctrl + Del Alt + F9 Ctrl + F9 Alt + F5 F7 Alt + F3 Alt + X Compile Execute User Screen Trace Into Close Quit

2 Ex. No. 3.1 AREA OF A CIRCLE Aim Algorithm To write a program to compute the area and circumference of a circle. Step 1 : Step 2 : Define constant pi = 3.14 Step 3 : Read the value of radius Step 4 : Calculate area using formulae pi*radius 2 Step 5 : Step 6 : Step 7 : Calculate circumference using formulae 2*pi*radius Print area and circumference Stop Flowchart pi = 3.14 Read radius area = pi * radius 2 circumference = 2 * pi * radius Print area, circumference Stop

3 Program /* Area and circumference of a circle */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #define pi 3.14 main() int radius; float area, circum; clrscr(); printf("\nenter radius of the circle : "); scanf("%d",&radius); area = pi * radius * radius; circum = 2 * pi * radius; printf("\narea is %.2f and circumference is %.2f\n",area,circum); getch(); Output Enter radius of the circle : 8 Area is and circumference is 50.24

4 Ex. No. 3.2 BIGGEST OF TWO NUMBERS Aim Algorithm To write a program to determine the bigger of two numbers using ternary operator. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Read values of a and b If a = b then print "Both are equal" Step 3.1 : Else if a > b then print "A is big" Step 3.2 : Else print "B is big" Step 4 : Stop Flowchart Read a, b a=b? Y Print "Both are equal" N Print "B is big" N a>b? Y Print "A is big" Stop

5 Program /* Biggest of 2 Nos using Ternary Operator */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int a,b; clrscr(); printf("enter A value : "); scanf("%d",&a); printf("enter B value : "); scanf("%d",&b); (a==b)? printf("\nboth are equal") : a>b? printf("\na is greater") : printf("\nb is greater"); getch(); Output Enter A value : -2 Enter B value : -5 A is greater Enter A value : 4 Enter B value : 7 B is greater Enter A value : 11 Enter B value : 11 Both are equal

6 Ex. No. 3.3 LEAP YEAR Aim Algorithm To write a program to check whether the given year is a leap year. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Read the value of year If year divisible by 400 then print "Leap year" Step 3.1 : Else if year divisible by 4 and not divisible by 100 then print "Leap year" Step 3.2 : Step 4 : Else print "Not a leap year" Stop Flowchart Read year year%400=0? N Y Print "Leap" Print "Not Leap" N year%4 = 0 and year%100 0? Y Print "Leap" Stop

7 Program /* Leap Year */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int year; clrscr(); printf("\nenter the year : "); scanf("%d",&year); if (year%400 == 0) printf("\n%d is a Leap year",year); else if (year%100!= 0 && year%4 == 0) printf("\n%d is a Leap year",year); else printf("\n%d is not a Leap year",year); getch(); Output Enter the year : is a Leap year Enter the year : is not a Leap year Enter the year : is a Leap year

8 Ex. No. 3.4 SIMPLE CALCULATOR Aim Algorithm To write a menu driven calculator program using switch statement. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Display calculator menu options Read the operator symbol and operands n1, n2 If operator = + then calculate result = n1 + n2 Step 4.1 : Else if operator = then calculate result = n1 n2 Step 4.2 : Else if operator = * then calculate result = n1 * n2 Step 4.3 : Else if operator = / then calculate result = n1 / n2 Step 4.4 : Else if operator = % then calculate result = n1 % n2 Step 4.2 : Else print "Invalid operator" and go to step 6 Step 5 : Step 6 : Print result Stop

9 Flowchart Display Calculator menu Read operator, n1, n2 operator? + * / % res=n1+n2 res=n1 n2 res=n1*n2 res=n1/n2 res=n1%n2 Other Print res Operator" Print "Invalid operator" Stop

10 Program /* Simple Calculator */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <conio.h> main() int n1, n2, result; char op; clrscr(); printf("\n Simple Calculator\n"); printf("\n + Summation"); printf("\n - Difference"); printf("\n * Product"); printf("\n / Quotient"); printf("\n % Remainder\n"); printf("\nenter the operator : "); op = getchar(); printf("enter operand1 and operand2 : "); scanf("%d%d",&n1,&n2); switch (op) case '+': result = n1 +n2; break; case '-': result = n1 - n2; break; case '*': result = n1 * n2; break; case '/': result = n1 / n2; break; case '%': result = n1 % n2; break; default: printf("invalid operator"); exit(-1); printf("\n%d %c %d = %d", n1, op, n2, result); getch();

11 Output Simple Calculator + Summation - Difference * Product / Quotient % Remainder Enter the operator : - Enter operand1 and operand2 : = -2 Simple Calculator + Summation - Difference * Product / Quotient % Remainder Enter the operator : * Enter operand1 and operand2 : * 2 = 6 Simple Calculator + Summation - Difference * Product / Quotient % Remainder Enter the operator : % Enter operand1 and operand2 : % 2 = 1

12 Ex. No. 3.5 BINARY TO DECIMAL Aim loop. To write a program to convert binary number to its decimal equivalent using while Algorithm Step 1 : Step 2 : Read the binary value Step 3 : Initialize dec and i to 0 Repeat steps 4 7 until binary > 0 Step 4 : Extract the last digit using modulo 10 Step 5 : Calculate decimal = decimal + digit * 2 i Step 6 : Recompute binary = binary / 10 Step 7 : Increment i by 1 Step 8 : Step 9 : Print decimal Stop

13 Flowchart Read binary decimal = i = 0 binary>0? N Y digit = binary % 10 decimal = decimal + digit * 2 i binary = binary / 10 i = i + 1 Print decimal Stop

14 Program /* Binary to Decimal */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <conio.h> main() int dec=0,i=0, d; long bin; clrscr(); printf("enter a binary number : "); scanf("%ld",&bin); while(bin) d = bin % 10; dec = dec + pow(2,i) * d; bin = bin/10; i = i + 1; printf("\ndecimal Equivalent is %d", dec); getch(); Output Enter a binary number : Decimal Equivalent is 107

15 Ex. No. 3.6 PRIME NUMBER Aim Algorithm To write a program to check the given number is prime or not using for loop. Step 1 : Step 2 : Read the value of n Step 3 : Initialize i to 2 and flg to 0 Repeat steps 4 and 5 until i n/2 Step 4 : If n is divisible by i then assign 1 to flg and go to Step 6 Step 5 : Increment i by 1 Step 6 : If flg = 0 then print "Prime" Step 6.1 : Else print "Not prime" Step 7 : Stop

16 Flowchart Read n i = 2, flg = 0 i n/2? N Y n%i = 0? Y flg = 1 N i = i + 1 Print "Not Prime" N flg = 0? Y Print "Prime" Stop

17 Program /* Prime number */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int i,n,flg=0; clrscr(); printf("\nenter a number : "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=2; i<=n/2; i++) if (n%i == 0) flg = 1; break; if (flg == 0) printf("\nthe given number is prime"); else printf("\nthe given number is not prime"); getch(); Output Enter a number : 27 The given number is not prime Enter a number : 43 The given number is prime

18 Ex. No. 3.7 ARRAY MINIMUM / MAXIMUM Aim Algorithm To write a program to find the largest and smallest of an array Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Read the number of array elements as n Set up a loop and read array elements A i, i = 0,1,2, n 1 Assume the first element A 0 to be min and max Step 5 : Initialize i to 1 Repeat steps 6 8 until i < n Step 6 : Step 7 : If max < A i then max = A i If min > A i then min = A i Step 8 : Increment i by 1 Step 9 : Print max, min Step 10 : Stop

19 Flowchart Read n i = 0 to n 1 Read A i i min = max = A 0 i = 1 to n 1 max < A i? N Y max = A i min > A i? N Y min = A i i Print min, max Stop

20 Program /* Maximum and Minimum of an array */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int a[10]; int i,min,max,n; clrscr(); printf("enter number of elements : "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nenter Array Elements\n"); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); min = max = a[0]; for(i=1; i<n; i++) if (max < a[i]) max = a[i]; if (min > a[i]) min = a[i]; printf("\nmaximum value = %d \n Minimum value = %d",max,min); getch(); Output Enter number of elements : 6 Enter Array Elements Maximum value = 11 Minimum value = -9

21 Ex. No. 3.8 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION Aim Algorithm To write a program to perform matrix multiplication based on their dimensions. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Read the order of matrix A as m and n Read the order of matrix B as p and q If n p then print "Multiplication not possible" and Stop Step 5 : Set up a loop and read matrix A elements A ij, i = 0 to m-1 and j = 0 to n-1 Step 6: Set up a loop and read matrix B elements B ij, i = 0 to p-1 and j = 0 to q-1 Step 7 : Step 8 : Step 9 : Initialize i to zero Initialize j to zero Assign 0 to C ij Step 10 : Initialize k to zero Step 11 : Compute C ij = C ij + A ik * B kj Step 12 : Increment k by 1 Repeat steps 11 and 12 until k < n Step 13 : Increment j by 1 Repeat steps 9 13 until j < q Step 14 : Increment i by 1 Repeat steps 8 14 until i < m Step 15 : Set up a loop and print product matrix C ij, i = 0 to m-1 and j = 0 to q-1 Step 16 : Stop

22 Flow Chart Read m, n Read p, q Y n=p? i = 0 to m 1 N Print min, max X j = 0 to n 1 Read A ij j i i = 0 to p 1 j = 0 to q 1 Read B ij j i 2

23 2 i = 0 to m 1 j = 0 to q 1 C ij = 0 k = 0 to n 1 C ij = C ij + A ik * B kj k j i i = 0 to m 1 j = 0 to q 1 Print C ij j i X Stop

24 Program /* Matrix Multiplication */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() int a[10][10], b[10][10], c[10][10]; int r1, c1, r2, c2; int i, j, k; clrscr(); printf("enter order of matrix A : "); scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1); printf("enter order of matrix B : "); scanf("%d%d", &r2, &c2); if (c1!= r2) printf("\nmatrix multiplication not possible"); getch(); exit(0); printf("\nenter matrix A elements\n"); for(i=0; i<r1; i++) for(j=0; j<c1; j++) scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); printf("\nenter matrix B elements\n"); for(i=0; i<r2; i++) for(j=0; j<c2; j++) scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); for(i=0; i<r1; i++) for(j=0; j<c2; j++) c[i][j] = 0;

25 for(k=0; k<c1; k++) c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j]; printf("\nproduct matrix C\n"); for(i=0; i<r1; i++) for(j=0; j<c2; j++) printf("%-4d",c[i][j]); printf("\n"); getch(); Output Enter order of matrix A : 2 3 Enter order of matrix B : 3 2 Enter matrix A elements Enter matrix B elements Product matrix C Enter order of matrix A : 3 3 Enter order of matrix B : 2 3 Matrix multiplication not possible

26 Ex. No. 3.9 ALPHABETICAL ORDER Aim To write a program to arrange names in their alphabetic order using bubble sort method. Algorithm Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6: Read number of name as n Set up a loop and read the name list in name array Assign 0 to i Assign i+1 to j If name i > name j then swap the strings name i and name j Step 7 : Increment j by 1 Repeat steps 6 and 7 until j < n Step 8 : Increment i by 1 Repeat steps 5 8 until i < n-1 Step 9 : Set up a loop and print the sorted name array Step 10 : Stop

27 Flow Chart Read n i = 0 to n 1 Read name i i i = 0 to n 2 j = i+1 to n 1 name i > name j? N Y Swap strings name i, name j j i i = 0 to n 1 Print name i i Stop

28 Program /* Sorting strings */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h> main() char name[20][15], t[15], srch[15]; int i,j,n,upper,lower,mid; clrscr(); printf("enter number of students : "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nenter student names\n"); for(i=0; i<n; i++) scanf("%s",name[i]); /* Bubble Sort method */ for(i=0; i<n-1; i++) for(j=i+1;j<n;j++) if (strcmp(name[i],name[j]) > 0) strcpy(t, name[i]); strcpy(name[i], name[j]); strcpy(name[j], t); printf("\nalphabetical Order\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("%s\n",name[i]); getch();

29 Output Enter number of students : 10 Enter student names Raghu Praba Gopal Anand Venkat Kumar Saravana Naresh Christo Vasanth Alphabetical Order Anand Christo Gopal Kumar Naresh Praba Raghu Saravana Vasanth Venkat

30 Ex. No STRING REVERSE Aim Algorithm To write a program to reverse the given string without using library functions. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Read string str Assign 0 to len Step 4 If len th character '\0' then go to step 5 else step 6 Step 5 : Increment len by 1 and go to step 4 Step 6 : Step 7: Assign 0 to i and len-1 to j Swap the i th and j th character Step 8 : Increment i by 1 Step 9 : Decrement j by 1 Repeat steps 7 9 until i < len/2 Step 10 : Print reversed string str Step 10 : Stop

31 Flow Chart Read str len = 0 len th char '\0'? N Y len = len + 1 i = 0 j = len - 1 i < len/2? N Y T = i i = j j = T i = i + 1 j = j 1 Print str Stop

32 Program /* User-defined String reverse */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> main() char *str; int i,j,len=0; char t; clrscr(); printf("enter a String : "); gets(str); /* String Length */ while (str[len]!= '\0') len++; /* String Reverse */ for(i=0, j=len-1; i<len/2; i++, j--) t = str[i]; str[i] = str[j]; str[j] = t; printf("\nreversed String : %s",str); getch(); Output Enter a String : SMK Fomra Institute of Tech Reversed String : hcet fo etutitsni armof KMS

33 Ex. No SINE SERIES Aim function. To write a program to generate sine series sin(x) = x x x x value using 3! 5! 7! Algorithm Step 1 : Step 2 : Read sine degree as deg Step 3 : Convert degree to radians using the formula x = deg * / 180 Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6: Call sinecalc function with parameter x Print computed value of sine series Stop sinecalc Function Step 1 : Assign x to term and sum Repeat steps 3 and 4 until term < Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Compute new term as term = term * x 2 / (2i (2i+1)) Alternatively subtract and add term to sum Return sum

34 Flow Chart Read deg, n x = deg * 3.14 / 180 Call sinevalue = sinecalc(x) Print sinevalue Stop sinecalc (x) sgn = 1 sum = term = x term> N Y sgn = -sgn term = term * x 2 / (2i (2i+1)) sum = sum + sgn * term Return (sum)

35 Program /* Sine series */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #define pi 3.14 float sinecalc(float, int); main() int deg,n; float x,sineval; clrscr(); printf("enter Sine degree : "); scanf("%d",&deg); printf("enter no. of terms : "); scanf("%d",&n); x = deg*pi/180; sineval = sinecalc(x); printf("\ngenerated series value : %.4f", sineval); printf("\nbuilt-in function value : %.4f", sin(x)); printf("\ncomputational error\t : %.4f", sin(x)-sineval); getch(); float sinecalc(float x) int i=1,sgn=1; float sum,term; sum = term = x; while (1) if (term < ) break; printf("\nthe term is %.4lf and sum is %.4lf", term, sum); sgn = -sgn; term *= x*x / (2*i * (2*i+1)); sum += sgn *term; i++; return (sum);

36 Output Enter Sine degree: 73 The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The term is and sum is The value of Generated Sine series is Value using built-in function is Computational error is

37 Ex. No RECURSIVE FUNCTION Aim To write a program to find factorial value of a given number n! = n * (n-1)! using recursion. Algorithm Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5: Read the value of n Call factorial function with parameter n Print factorial value Stop factorial Function Step 1 : If n = 1 then return 1 Step 1.1 : Else return n * factorial(n-1)

38 Flow Chart Read n Call factvalue = factorial(n) Print factvalue Stop factorial(n) Y n = 1? N Return (1) Return (n * factorial(n-1))

39 Program /* Factorial--Recursion */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> long factorial(int); main() int n; long int f; clrscr(); printf("enter a number : "); scanf("%d",&n); f=factorial(n); printf("factorial value : %ld",f); getch(); long factorial(int n) if (n<=1) return(1); else return (n * factorial(n-1)); Output Enter a number : 6 Factorial value : 720 Enter a number : 12 Factorial value :

40 Ex. No PASS BY VALUE & REFERENCE Aim To write a program that demonstrates passing parameters to a function by value and reference. Algorithm Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5 : Step 6 : Step 7 : Step 8 : Assign 10 to a and 20 to b Print a and b Call swapval function with values of a and b Print a and b Call swapref function with address of a and b Print a and b Stop swapval Function Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : t = a a = b b = t Return Step 1 : t = *a Step 2 : *a = *b swapref Function Step 3 : Step 4 : *b = t Return

41 Flow Chart a = 10 b = 20 Print a, b Call swapval(a, b) Print a, b Call swapref(&a, &b) Print a, b Stop swapval (a, b) swapref (*a, *b) t = a a = b b = t t = *a *a = *b *b = t Return Return

42 Program /* Pass by value and reference */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void swapval(int, int); void swapref(int *,int *); main() int a = 10, b = 20; clrscr(); printf("\nvalues before function calls\n"); printf("value of A : %d\n",a); printf("value of B : %d\n",b); swapval(a,b); printf("\nvalues after Pass by Value\n"); printf("value of A : %d\n",a); printf("value of B : %d\n",b); swapref(&a,&b); printf("\nvalues after Pass by Reference\n"); printf("value of A : %d\n",a); printf("value of B : %d",b); getch(); /* Pass by value */ void swapval(int a,int b) int t; t = a; a = b; b = t; /* Pass by Reference*/ void swapref(int *x,int *y) int t; t = *x; *x = *y; *y = t;

43 Output Values before function calls Value of A : 10 Value of B : 20 Values after Pass by Value Value of A : 10 Value of B : 20 Values after Pass by Reference Value of A : 20 Value of B : 10

44 Ex. No PAYROLL APPLICATION Aim Algorithm To write a program to print employee payroll of a concern using structure. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Define employee structure with fields empid, ename, basic, hra, da, it, gross and netpay Read number of employees n Set up a loop and read empid, ename, and basic for n employees in emp array Set up a loop and do steps 5 9 for n employees Step 5 : Step 6 : Step 7 : Step 8 : Step 9 : Step 10: Step 11 hra = 2% of basic da = 1% of basic gross = basic + hra + da it = 5% of basic netpay = gross - it Print company and column header Set up a loop and print empid, ename, basic, hra, da, it, gross and netpay for each employee in emp array Step 12 : Stop

45 Flow Chart Define emp structure Read n i = 0 to n-1 Read emp i.empid, emp i.name, emp i.basic i i = 0 to n-1 emp i.hra = 0.02 * emp i.basic emp i.da = 0.01 * emp i.basic emp i.it = 0.05 * emp i.basic emp i.gross = emp i.basic + emp i.hra + emp i.da emp i.netpay = emp i.gross - emp i.it i i = 0 to n-1 Print emp i.empid, emp i.name, emp i.basic, emp i.hra, emp i.da, emp i.gross, emp i.it, emp i.netpay i Stop

46 Program /* Payroll Generation */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> struct employee int empid; char ename[15]; int basic; float hra; float da; float it; float gross; float netpay; ; main() struct employee emp[50]; int i, j, n; clrscr(); printf("\nenter No. of Employees : "); scanf("%d", &n); for(i=0; i<n ;i++) printf("\nenter Employee Details\n"); printf("enter Employee Id : "); scanf("%d", &emp[i].empid); printf("enter Employee Name : "); scanf("%s", emp[i].ename); printf("enter Basic Salary : "); scanf("%d", &emp[i].basic); for(i=0; i<n; i++) emp[i].hra = 0.02 * emp[i].basic; emp[i].da = 0.01 * emp[i].basic; emp[i].it = 0.05 * emp[i].basic; emp[i].gross = emp[i].basic+emp[i].hra+emp[i].da; emp[i].netpay = emp[i].gross - emp[i].it;

47 printf("\n\n\n\t\t\t\txyz & Co. Payroll\n\n"); for(i=0;i<80;i++) printf("*"); printf("\nempid\tname\t\tbasic\t HRA\t DA\t IT\t Gross\t\tNet Pay\n\n"); for(i=0;i<80;i++) printf("*"); for(i=0; i<n; i++) printf("\n%d\t%-15s\t%d\t%.2f\t%.2f\t%.2f\t %.2f\t%.2f", emp[i].empid, emp[i].ename, emp[i].basic,emp[i].hra,emp[i].da, emp[i].it, emp[i].gross, emp[i].netpay); printf("\n"); for(i=0;i<80;i++) printf("*"); getch(); Output Enter No. of Employees : 2 Enter Employee Details Enter Employee Id : 436 Enter Employee Name : Gopal Enter Basic Salary : Enter Employee Details Enter Employee Id : 463 Enter Employee Name : Rajesh Enter Basic Salary : XYZ & Co. Payroll ******************************************************************************** EmpId Name Basic HRA DA IT Gross Net Pay ******************************************************************************** 436 Gopal Rajesh ********************************************************************************

/* Area and circumference of a circle / /celsius to fahrenheit*/

/* Area and circumference of a circle */ #include #include #define pi 3.14 int radius; float area, circum; printf("\nenter radius of the circle : "); scanf("%d",&radius); area = pi