Mobile Network Evolution

Transcription

1 Mobile Network Evolution University of Oulu 9 th October 2017 Matti Keskinen Internal Consultant 1 Nokia 2015

2 Mobile network evolution from 4G to 5G 5G Standardization status and spectrum 5G Radio and Core (comparative between 4G and 5G) Architecture options Cellular IoT (Internet of Things) 2 Nokia 2015

3 Standardization status - 3GPP Timelines 5GTF/KT SIG industry specs TF = Technical Forum KT = Korea Telecom Rel15 (Phase 1) embb, FWA Low Latency Communication (LLC) Apps. Rel16 (Phase 2) Massive IoT Enhanced LLC Apps Rel Rel18 Optimized Standard Full 5G vision > 52GHz Non Standalone With EPC (Option 3) 12/2017: Functional Freeze (L1/2) 03/2018: Protocol (ASN.1) Freeze 09/2018: Protocol (ASN.1) Freeze 06/2018: Functional Freeze, NG Core Non Standalone & Standalone with 5GC (Options 2/4/5/7) Expected NW Deployment Timelines Prestandards 5G start First standardsbased 5G deployments Standardsbased 5G mass rollout ASN = Abstract Syntax Notation 3 Nokia 2016

4 Chipset and device ecosystem timeline FPGA based CPE and antenna Commercial CPE and antenna SOC based solutions Portable devices Pre-standard 5GTF / 5GSIG based 3GPP based SOC based solutions 3GPP R15 FPGA based CPE 3GPP R16 FPGA based CPE Portable devices Nokia 2016 Public

5 5G Spectrum & Bands High data rates up to 20 Gbps require bandwidth up to 1 GHz which is available at higher frequency bands. 5G is the first radio technology that is designed to operate on any frequency bands between 450 MHz and 90 GHz. Stretching Hot Spot data speeds 26 GHz eg 10 Gb/s at railway stations, airports, sporting events, Factories etc Capacity World Radio Conference 2019 Stretching urban mobile data speeds 3.6 GHz eg 1-3 Gb/s over all towns and cities (mobile Gb/s society) RSPG PIONEER BANDS RSPG = Radio Spectrum Policy Group Stretching reliable coverage (rural) 700 MHz eg 100% coverage of roads Coverage 5 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

6 Nokia engaged in all 5G target spectrum 100 GHz 60 GHz WLAN (Wi-Fi) ad High Band 5G mmwave (30-300GHz) Low Rank MIMO, BF Trials in PoC work with 30 GHz 20 GHz 10 GHz 5G cmwave (3-30GHz) Lower Rank MIMO, BF Dominates Korea Olympics and pre-standard US 6 GHz ax NG ac ax 2 GHz LTE 1 GHz Low Band ah 6 Nokia Solutions and Networks G <6GHz High Rank MIMO, BF GHz commercial China, commercial commercial, 2600 Mhz and others

7 Going towards 5G What LTE (4G) is giving to operators 7 Nokia 2015

8 Global LTE subscriber base maximizes benefit of LTE innovations Global subscription evolution per technology Subscriptions [Billions] peak Source: OVUM, February 2017 peak CDMA 2G (GSM) 3G (WCDMA) 8 Nokia Solutions and Networks G (LTE) G Estimations: 5G new radio Massive subscriber take-up expected during 2020s LTE More subscriptions than 2G and 3G combined in 2021 WCDMA Expected to be surpassed by LTE during 2017 GSM Expected to be surpassed by LTE during 2018

9 From Vision to Reality 1 GB per User per Day Nokia vision from GB per user per day in 2020 Mobile data in Finland 1 GB per day by end TB/day (June) with 5.5M population = 0.9 GB/user/day 9 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

10 Global Mobile Data Usage Major Differences Between Markets Mobile data usage per subscription per month Finland Latvia Korea Sweden, Austria USA, Japan UK, Poland France, Germany 10 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

11 Global Mobile Data Correlation between Usage and Speed The countries with the highest mobile data usage Finland, Taiwan and Latvia are just delivering 27 to 33 Mbit/s. To defend Finland, a majority of the Finnish SIMs have unlimited data volumes, but most customers have decided not to pay for full speed 11 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

12 DNA accelerating data usage in Finland DNA Q ELISA Q Telia Finland 12 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 <Change information classification in footer>

13 LTE Data Rate evolution - More Spectrum Means Higher Data Rates LTE started with 150 Mbps (Cat 4) with contiguous 20 MHz Latest devices support already 600 Mbps with 3 Carrier Aggregation Chip set capability allows 1 Gbps devices by 2017 which requires typically MHz of downlink spectrum Mbps 20 MHz 2x2 MIMO 13 09/10/2017 Nokia Mbps MHz 2x2 MIMO Mbps MHz 2x2 MIMO Mbps 3CA 2x2 MIMO Mbps 3CA 256QAM Gbps 3-5CA MHz or 4x4MIMO xca Carrier Aggregation, x=number of aggregated carriers MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output xqam Qadrature Amplitude Modulation, x= number of modulation combinations

14 5G Evolution Path Gbps / 1 ms G Low latency Beamforming Cloud radio 5G 5G Today 4.5G 4.5G Pro 600 Mbps IoT Public Safety 1 Gbps LTE Unlicensed 14/34 For internal use 2017 Nokia All rights reserved.

15 LTE Spectral Efficiency in Live Networks Large Number of Live Nokia Networks bps/hz/cell Top Top-10% Median HSPA LTE Spectral Efficiency = Datarate (Bits/s) Bandwidth (Hz) We estimate the spectral efficiency during busy hour in the busy areas from >80 live networks from the carried traffic per cell with a few assumptions 20% of BTS makes 50% of traffic Busy hour is 7% of daily traffic Average busy hour load is 70% of the maximum No voice impact considered Average LTE bandwidth 15 MHz 15

16 LTE-Advanced Pro boosts performance to extremes 10x Performance for new services LTE = Releases 8-9 LTE-Advanced = Releases LTE-Advanced Pro = Release 13 and beyond LTE Release Mbps 10 ms latency LTE Advanced Pro 10x data rate (32 CA s) 10x lower latency (2&7 Symb.) 10x larger coverage (NB-IoT) 10x battery life 10x lower IoT cost New service capabilities - Massive IoT - Massive MIMO - Critical communications: public safety, intelligent traffic systems 16 Nokia Solutions and Networks x more network capacity

17 LTE-Advanced Pro Minimizes Latency Below 1 ms One-way Delay and Below 2 ms Round Trip Time Frame size Round trip time 1 ms 0.5 ms 2 symbol TTI 0.14 ms 7 symbol TTI 14 symbol TTI TTI = Transmission Time Interval ms 5-10 ms <2 ms 3GPP Release 8 LTE-Advanced Pro Shorter frame size minimizes latency and enables <2 ms round trip time. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) reduces latency by bringing content to the radio network. MEC is being standardized in ETSI 17 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

18 permission to use the 3GPP 5G logo does not involve or imply any certification by the Partners in 3GPP or the 3GPP community that the products or services of manufacturers or service providers actually comply with the 3GPP specifications. It is intended simply and only to provide a basis of reference for users, network operators and other manufacturers and service providers. 18 Nokia 2015

19 19 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

20 New use case opportunities extremely diverse requirements Devices 1.5 GB/day Billions of sensors connected Smart factories 1 PB/day P = peta = Autonomous driving 1ms latency Capacity Connectivity 1,000,000 devices per km 2 Ultra low cost for massive machine coms. 10 years on battery <10 Gb/s peak data rates 100 Mb/s whenever needed 10,000 x more traffic <1 ms radio latency Ultra reliability <10-5 E2E outage Zero mobility interruption Design and architecture principles: flexible scalable automated cloud native software centric dynamic network slicing Latency Reliability 20 Nokia 2017 Internal

21 5G early market use cases Dedicated use cases Highway use cases Public transport use cases Dense city area use cases Drones Hotspots Home Healthcare Hotspots Truck platooning In-vehicle infotainment 8K video streaming VR/AR Structural 5G deployment area 5G use case Industry Events 21 Nokia 2017 Public

22 Nokia s 5G market view and derived engagement High capacity and coverage (3-6 GHz) Ultra High Capacity (>6 GHz) 5G Fixed Wireless We will build solutions for all 3 Extreme Broadband markets Fixed Wireless Extension of fiber access cm/mmwave e.g. 1GHz BW Line of Sight (LOS) Ultra High Capacity Ultra dense use cases cm/mmwave e.g. 1 GHz BW High Capacity & coverage Megacity capacity densification 3 to 6GHz ~100MHz BW Dense urban grid short range, LOS preferable Machine communication Markets to develop from 2022 need for coverage layer and cheap devices Verticals not expected to be early adopters for 5G (low expertise) 22 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

23 User #1 User #1 frequency 5G Key Technology Components - Radio #1 New spectrum #2 Massive MIMO #4 Multi-connectivity 90 GHz ~3 mm 30 GHz 1 cm 10 GHz 3 cm 3 GHz 10 cm 300 MHz 1m User #2 User #3 time User #4 User #5 #3 Flexible frame design User #5 User #3 User #2 One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation Dt Df Lean carrier Flexible size, control, TDD, bandwidth etc 5G LTE Wi-Fi #5 Distributed architecture Gateway 23

24 <Change information classification in footer> Key system components of flexible 5G deployment Big Data & analytics SON SON Customer Coordination Experience Cloud Automation Network orchestration Geo trace Sessions Traffic steering VNF Manager & SDN R e a ḻ tim e? Distributed Data Center Capabilities Enable Edge Computing Cloud Orchestration with NFV/SDN Shared Data Layer Radio Core Shared operability data plane Self-Optimizing Networks (SON) code plan deploy build test monitor Flexible X-haul Micro-Services CID / Devops Network and RAN Slicing 24

25 Motivation for 5G New Radio Potential benefit 10x higher data rates 20 Gbps 1000x lower cost <1 EUR/TB 3x better spectral efficiency: 10 bps/cell/hz 5x energy efficiency at low load 10x lower IoT power consumption 10x lower latency <1 ms LTE 1 Gbps Technology Lab demo: Bandwidth 1 GHz mm spectrum GHz Lower cost per bit with more bandwidth and small cells More capacity at low bands Less interference Lean design (Lean Carrier) <1 kwh/tb with small cells Protocol optimization Non-orthogonal uplink New radio design Distributed architecture 100 MHz 1000 MHz 4x4 MIMO 2000 MHz 5G 2x2 MIMO 2 Gbps 4x4 MIMO 20 Gbps 4x4 MIMO 20 Gbps 1 ms 25 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

26 10 20x LTE Capacity with 5G 5x More Spectrum with 2 4x More Efficiency LTE 5G 2.6 GHz 3.5 GHz 20 MHz 100 MHz 2 bps / Hz 4-8 bps / Hz LTE2600 with 2x2 MIMO 40 Mbps cell throughput x Mbps cell throughput 5G 3500 with massive MIMO beamforming 26 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

27 Latency Evolution ms End-to-end latency Transport + core BTS processing UE processing Scheduling Buffering Uplink transmission Downlink transmission HSPA LTE 5G Radio Network part of the latency Strong evolution in latency with new radios HSPA latency 20 ms LTE latency 10 ms 5G latency 1 ms Low 5G latency requires new radio and also new architecture with local content t represents the total latency UE t EPC/ NGC Endpoint Internet 27 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

28 Latency with LTE and 5G Preamble + data Response 4G 4.9G 5G target Connected with uplink resources Connected without uplink resources 10 ms 30 ms 2 ms <10 ms 1 ms 1 ms 5G solutions for low latency Connected inactive state Contention based uplink Idle 100 ms <50 ms 1 ms 28 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

29 5G Coverage Footprint Extreme local capacity with mm waves Match LTE 2 GHz with 3.5 GHz massive MIMO Full coverage with 700 MHz or 900 MHz 5G mmwaves 5G 3500 mmimo LTE1800 Extreme local data rates 10 Gbps High rates with 1800 MHz grid 1 Gbps LTE800 5G 700 / Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 Deep indoor 100 Mbps

30 Downlink Spectral Efficiency with LTE and 5G Spectrum <1 GHz 2 GHz 3.5 GHz Bandwidth Antennas bps/hz/cell LTE 5G 10 MHz 2x2MIMO MHz 4x4MIMO MHz mmimo 64x Massive MIMO, device antennas and 5G solutions 5G solutions for high efficiency Lean carrier Spectral usage Interference cancellation Lean carrier Spectral usage 20 MHz >19 MHz 30 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

31 5G Minimizes Signalling and Device Power Consumption Sync + RRC setup Data transmission Inactivity timer RRC release LTE >10 s RRC = Radio Resource Control 5G <0.1 s Major potential in improving IoT device battery life time Major potential for minimizing signalling 31 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

32 Frame structure: Multiple OFDM numerologies (1/3) Scalable numerology: Why? OFDM numerology needs to be selected according to deployment scenario - Adjust the CP length according to the cell type. Low subcarrier spacing allows to minimize the CP overhead - Higher subcarrier spacing is more robust against phase noise (important when operating at high carrier frequencies) Maximum channel BW supported by certain implementation complexity (FFT size) depends on the subcarrier spacing How? Different options discussed in 3GPP: 15 and 75 khz, FFT size power of 2 15*2 N khz, FFT size power of 2 (Nokia preference) 17.5*2 N khz or 17.06*2 N khz, FFT size not power of two 3GPP outcome is based on Nokia proposal Nokia: 15*2 N khz scaling especially important for TD- LTE coexistence and multi-rat implementations reusing deployed fronthauling and potentially existing RRHs Time-frequency scaling of LTE with scaling factor 2 N provides smooth implementation and good coexistence with LTE - part of Nokia concept since early Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

33 Frame structure: Multiple OFDM numerologies (2/3) Numerology options based on sub-carrier spacing of 15*2 N khz Available OFDM numerologies for 5G New Radio, Normal CP length (NR Phase I) Subcarrier spacing [khz] * Symbol duration [us] Nominal Normal CP [us] Min scheduling interval (symbols) Min scheduling interval (slots) Min scheduling interval (ms) 1 0, *Only used for synch-block - 15 khz similar to LTE, good for wide area on traditional cellular bands - 30/60 khz for dense-urban, lower latency and wider carrier BW - 60 khz or higher needed for >10 GHz bands to combat phase noise LTE (15 khz SCS, Normal CP length) is a subset of numerologies supported by NR 33 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

34 Frame structure: Multiple OFDM numerologies (3/3) RAN4 agreements for subcarrier spacing (Rel-15) - below 6 GHz: [15, 30, 60] khz GHz: [60, 120] khz, 240 khz can be considered if clear benefits are shown RAN4 agreements for minimum/maximum channel bandwith (Rel-15) - below 6 GHz: 5 MHz / 100 MHz GHz: 50 MHz / 400 MHz Maximum channel bandwidth with different numerologies & FFT size (Rel-15): Subcarrier spacing [khz] Maximum bandwidth, 2k FFT (MHz) LTE Maximum bandwidth, 4k FFT (MHz) Maximum bandwidth, 8k FFT (MHz) FFT size as such is an implementation issue 4k FFT needed to support a maximum channel BW on particular band Increased subcarrier spacing as well as larger FFT size increase the maximum channel bandwidth from LTE s 20 MHz to NR s 400 MHz (20x) 34 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 FFT size used already in LTE RAN4: Feasible FFT size RAN4: Feasibility of 8k FFT is FFS Combinations with red colour are (most likely) outside of Rel-15

35 Frame structure: Physical Resource Block [PRB] Physical Resource Block (PRB) corresponds to a scheduling unit in time (y) and frequency (z) - Slot is a basic scheduling interval. Slot length is 14 symbols. Freq. 14 symbols (slot) 12 x 15 khz - The number of subcarriers per PRB (z) = 12 The PRB size (y*12) is common for all numerologies - The number of REs equals to 14*12 = 168 (REs) - The duration and bandwidth of one PRB varies according to selected numerology (Time-frequency scaling) PRB = 14 x 12 REs Resource Element (RE), 168 per PRB 12 x 30 khz Scalable PRB enables common Reference- and control signal design for different numerologies. 12 x 60 khz PRB s correlation in frequency domain: 60 khz 30 khz 15 khz RB0 RB1 RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 Freq. 0 0,250 ms 0,5 ms Time 1 ms 35 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 <Change information classification in footer>

36 5G Core and Architecture options and more details of 5G 36 Nokia 2015

37 CP Anchored in NR CP Anchored in LTE/eLTE 5G Architecture options Non Standalone ( Dual Connectivity 4G/5G ) Standalone 4G EPC 5G CN 5G CN LTE enb CP+UP Xx NR gnb elte enb CP+UP Xn NR gnb elte enb Option 3/3a/3x (Difference is UP path) Option 7/7a/7x (Difference is UP path) Option 5 5G CN 5G CN CP+UP NR gnb Xn` elte enb NR gnb Nokia Option 4/4a Confidential (Difference is UP path) Option 2

38 Opt 7A Opt 7X Opt 7X Opt 7A Initial 5G deployment options NG-C NGC NG-U (2) (3/3A/3X) (5) Standalone options gnb NGC NG-C NG-U (4/4A) Non-standalone options EPC S1-C S1-U LTE enb gnb NGC NG-C NG-U (3X) EPC S1-C S1-U Opt 3A Opt3A Opt 3X LTE enb gnb NGC NG-U NG-C S1-U Opt 3X NG-U Most practical early 5G deployment Options are 2 and 3X, their co-existence Is also required 3 requires routing 5G data through enbs, 3A can t support as dynamic switching between LTE and 5G elte enb (7/7A/ 7X) elte enb NGC NG-C NG-U elte enb gnb gnb elte enb NGC NG-C NG-U elte enb gnb gnb NG-U 4/4A requires elte upgrade at the start and robust 5G coverage 7/7A/7X requires elte upgrade at the start Radio network view on 2 vs. 3X 2 allows deployment independent from LTE 3X provides robust coverage also in higher frequencies and aggregated peak bitrate of LTE and 5G for lower frequencies 3X provides near zero interrupt time LTE-5G mobility Core network view on 2 vs. 3X 2 provides benefits of 5G core 3X provides option to keep voice in LTE without using RAT fallback Evolution from both 2 or 3X to either 7,4 is a topic for further study Nokia

39 MCG bearer SCG split bearer Option 3x Overview Dual Connectivity with EPC Functional Overview Used in scenario where LTE coverage reach is superior to that of NR and leverages EPC LTE enb acts as Master and controls which S1-U bearers are handled by each radio( LTE/NR) Based on LTE enb instructions MME informs S-GW where to establish S1-U bearers towards i.e. LTE or NR LTE enb VoLTE Bearer embb Bearer Control Plane EPC CP+UP Xx Option 3x NR gnb HSS S6a MME S1-MME LTE VoLTE S11 S1-U Xx PGW SGW embb S5 Path Switching NR VoLTE EPC PDCP RLC MAC User Plane Overview LTE enb S-GW RLC MAC 2 4 Xx embb NR PDCP NR RLC NR MAC gnb S1 UP Bearer Splitting If NR radio quality becomes suboptimal S1-U bearer towards NR may be either split at NR and sent entirely over Xx to LTE or alternatively a PATH SWITCH may be triggered where all S1- U s go to LTE enb RB1 RB2 RB3 UE 39 09/10/2017 Nokia Confidential 4G LTE 5G

40 Baseline architecture for new 5G core Universal Adaptive Core for 3GPP and non-3gpp accesses 5G UE Common subscriber management Common authentication framework supporting AKA and non AKA based methods AKA = Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol () Common access control procedures Common session management Common user plane function Etc. -> common everything 40 Nokia G-Uu Untrusted non-3gpp access N1 5G RAN Xn Y2 N1 N3IW F N2 N3 EPC 5G Core CP UPF UPF N9 N4 5G core user plane N5 N6 AF IMS Data Networ k AMF Namf Nsmf SMF Shared Data Layer SDL (aka Data Storage Function, DSF) Nnef Nausf AUSF NEF Nsmsf Nudm Npcf SMSF Nnrf UDM NRF PCF AMF Access and Mobility management Function SMF Session Management Function AUSF Authentication Server Function SMSF SMS Function PCF Policy Control Function NEF Network Exposure Function UDM Unified Data Management function DSF Data Storage Function SDL Shared Data Layer NRF Network Repository Function UPF User Plane Function Operational Agility: Shared Data Layer Unified session resiliency and geo-redundancy Unified data exposure (including notifications) Enables stateless NF Service Based Architecture Orthogonal network functions Service based interaction to enable flexible addition and extension of functions i.e. DevOps ready

41 From a message to a data centric network architecture a paradigm shift Message centric Data centric Analytics, Customer Experience Management, Shared Data Layer Open export API Subscriber Session Policy Other Multivendor API VNFs HSS AAA EPC TAS CSCF 3 rd Party Exponential growth in complexity over time Adding or changing one component has a cascading effect Stateless = radically simplified Plug & play installation and integration Simplified SW upgrades Endless scalability 41 Nokia 2017

42 Shared Data Layer enables stateless VNF machine architecture Non-breakable, open, ultra-fast, service-logic agnostic, multi-tenant capable States & data registration session subscriber VNF business logic Stateless, scalable, self-organizing Simplified network architecture with stateless VNFs Unmatched robustness Independent scaling of VNF and data storage Fast innovation cycles Support for data analytics Open APIs/ Eco System 42 Nokia 2017 Confidential

43 4G to 5G Networks Expected evolution Access Site Edge Site Central Site 4G Networks LTE RAN EPC Core Apps/ Contents Centralized Architectures VNF/SDN/MANO Adoption NW Slices emerge( IoT) Apps/Contents Distribution/Local 5G Networks Multi Access RAN Functions Centralization Core User Plane Distribution NW Slices 5G Core Apps/ Contents Functional Decomposition RAN/Core/Apps move to Edge VNF/SDN/MANO as a foundation NW Slicing enabling new use cases Multi Access( NR/eLTE, Non 3GPP, Unlicenced, Fixed ) 43 Nokia 2017

44 Radio Site Evolution to cloud optimized radio architectures (D-RAN, C-RAN) On Radio Head Bottom of Tower Edge Office Central Office NRT Legend L3 Upper L2 L2, L2nrt CPRI/OBSAI ecpri Latency Sensitive Enet To Core Network (Backhaul) All-In-One 4G/5G Macro 4G (CPRI) Macro 4G/5G (ecpri) Distributed RAN Architectures RT Lower L2 L2, L2rt Upper L1 L1 Lower L1 L1 RF CPRI/OBSAI Latency tolerant Enet Latency tolerant Enet 5G LTE Flexi Zone Metro (4G) Macro 4G CloudBTS Cloud Enabled RAN Architectures Virtualized ecpri Latency Sensitive Enet Latency Tolerant Enet 5G LTE Macro 4G/5G Roadmap NRT = Non Real Time RT = Real Time Nokia CPRI = Common Public Radio Interface ecpri = evolved CPRI (for 5G) OBSAI = Open BaseStation Architecture Initiative

45 Radio Site 14x9 TCXO 17x17 + CPLD Mgr Power 40x30 Power Conv. Lionfish Core Flash Boot 25x25 FPGA VTT C A VTT A VTT D C A B A B Lionfish D C A B Lionfish A B D VTT VTT B VTT B Backhaul 10G SFP+ CPRI 9.8G SFP+ CPRI 9.8G SFP+ Flash Boot 40x30 Power Conv. Lionfish Core VTT C D C D C D VTT Header Emulator Lionfish Header Emulator Lionfish ck Clo ck Clo Cloud Centralized RAN: Potential Future Architectures Legend On Radio Head Bottom of Tower Edge Office Central Office NRT L3 Upper L2 L2, L2nrt Lower L2 L2, L2rt CPRI/OBSAI Macro 4G (CPRI) RT Upper L1 L1 42.5x x20 1.8V Conv. Power A B 42.5x42.5 C D 25x20 1.2V Conv. Power 25x20 3.3V Conv. Power SFP+ Expansion 10G SFP+ 9.8G CPRI To Core Network (Backhaul) Lower L1 L1 C D A B 25x V Conv. Power RF ecpri over Latency Sensitive Enet Macro 4G (ecpri) Macro 5G (ccpri, tight latency) Virtualized CPRI = Common Public Radio Interface Virtualized or Accelerated ecpri = evolved CPRI (for 5G) NRT = Non Real Time Nokia OBSAI = Open BaseStation Architecture Initiative RT = Real Time

46 Network Slicing With network slicing technology, a single physical network can be partitioned into multiple virtual networks allowing the operator to offer optimal support for different types of services for different types of customer segments. The key benefit of network slicing technology is it enables operators to provide networks on an as-a-service basis, which enhances operational efficiency while reducing time-tomarket for new services. 46 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

47 E2E service delivery platform (incl. Verticals) Nokia SLICE 1 (Latency) Customer Confidential SLICE 2 (Reliability) SLICE 3 (Throughput)

48 48 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 <Change information classification in footer>

49 Estimation IoT connections 49 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

50 .and how IoT connections are divided by technology Short Range techonologies dominates IoT connections MAN = Metropolitan Area Network 50 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 Cellular IoT

51 Connected Devices estimation made by Ericsson.Coarsely in line with the Machina Research estimation IoT Source: Ericsson Mobility report June Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

52 Estimation: Cellular IoT connections by biggest applications in year Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

53 Many technologies are included in to Internet of Things - ambrella In this the word Internet is abstract with or without connection to real Internet Year 2015: About 60 % of today's cellular IoT devices use second generation mobile communications technologies, e.g. GPRS, CS-DATA and even SMS IoT / M2M umbrella (Just example even more technologies included ) Internet SCADA (real estate) Fixed CS-DATA (Modems) WiFi 2G SMS 3G 4G 5G NB-IoT (LTE) Mobile CS-DATA emtc (LTE-M) CatM1 MulteFire LoRA BlueTooth EC-GSM -IoT(PS) etc 53 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

54 Varying requirements of IoT verticals Connected Safety Connected Health & Home Connected Automotive Connected Utilities Connected Cities Requiring. Connectivity for massive number of IoT devices Millions/billions of IoT devices Thousands of IoT use cases with varying requirements Throughput Use cases with high throughput Use cases with (very) low throughput 54 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 Efficient use of device/network resources Resources (e.g. battery) in IoT devices Resources owned by operators Signalling storms Reduction of signalling traffic Prevention of overload Mobility support Stationary Moving

55 LPWA Low Power Wide Area 3GPP Technologies Definition in nutshell made by 3GPP Due to the diversity of IoT application requirements, a single technology is not capable of addressing all of the LPWA use cases. For this reason the mobile industry has focused on three complementary licensed 3GPP standards: Extended Coverage GSM for the Internet of Things (EC-GSM-IoT) Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M or emtc) (also VoLTE Voice supported) Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT). LPWA technologies in licensed spectrum can be deployed in a simplified manner, without sacrificing key customer requirements, such as battery lifetime and security. 55 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

56 Cellular IoT Technologies (LTE-M) 56 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

57 Just some examples about IoT connections Wireline or Wireless Local Mesh Network Big data analytic and processing For instance Electricity or water company Service Provider Service Buyer Modem function can be also integrated to the node of Mesh network Industry modem Cellular Network (2G or 3G or 4G or 5G) Industry modem Aggregation Intranet Internet Cellular device integrated to each node. Note! Lot of interest to see NB-IoT in this! 57 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

58 58 Nokia 2015 Thank You

59 Benefit of OFDM vs. FDM Example when 7 multicarrier in use: Frequency Band needed for FDM Conventional Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) multicarrier modulation Frequency Frequency Band needed for OFDM Frequency Saving when using OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) multicarrier modulation Frequency 59 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

60 LTE-Downlink OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex ) IGn(f) I 1 Subcarrier Df 1/T s OFDM Benefits: Improved spectral efficiency Reduce ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) effect by multipath Against frequency selective fading fn -D f fn + D f Frequency [f]1/s IGn(f) I LTE example: 12 Subcarriers Df 15kHz IG0(f) I G11(f) I I In LTE the Subcarrier Spacing, D f is 15kHz Symbol length = Period of Subc.Spacing = 1s/15000(1/) = 66,7us 60 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 Frequency [f]1/s

61 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM ) relation to LTE Subframe Q FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) I Modulation based on: - Signal Phase - Signal Amplitude QAM Constellation 16-QAM 4x4 4 bits (Example above) 64-QAM 8x8 6 bits (In use today) 256-QAM 16x16 8 bits (Coming to use) 61 Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 Allocation of physical resource blocks (PRBs) is handled by a scheduling function at the 3GPP base station (enodeb)

62 frequency LTE Physical layer s Resource Grid 62 Nokia Solutions and Networks ms time 0,5ms One frame is 10ms including 10 subframes One subframe is 1ms including 2 slots (see fig.) One slot is 0.5ms N resource elements [ N = 12x7 = 84 in this example] One resource block is 0.5ms and contains 12 subcarriers and 6-7 OFDM Symbols One OFDM symbol is generated from 12 subcarriers 62