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1 Take the Next Step in Your IT Career Save 10% on Exam Vouchers * (up to a $35 value) Get details at sybex.com/go/comptiavoucher *Some restrictions apply. See web page for details.

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4 CompTIA Network+ Review Guide Second Edition

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6 CompTIA Network+ Review Guide Second Edition Bill Ferguson

7 Senior Acquisitions Editor: Jeff Kellum Development Editor: Alexa Murphy Technical Editor: Quentin Docter Production Editor: Eric Charbonneau Copy Editor: Kim Wimpsett Editorial Manager: Pete Gaughan Production Manager: Tim Tate Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley Vice President and Publisher: Neil Edde Media Project Manager 1: Laura Moss-Hollister Media Associate Producer: Doug Kuhn Media Quality Assurance: Shawn Patrick Book Designers: Judy Fung and Bill Gibson Compositor: Craig Woods, Happenstance Type-O-Rama Proofreaders: Troy McMillan and Nancy Bell Indexer: Ted Laux Project Coordinator, Cover: Katherine Crocker Cover Designer: Ryan Sneed Copyright 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: (pbk) ISBN: (ebk) ISBN: (ebk) ISBN: (ebk) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (877) , outside the U.S. at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Not all content that is available in standard print versions of this book may appear or be packaged in all book formats. If you have purchased a version of this book that did not include media that is referenced by or accompanies a standard print version, you may request this media by visiting For more information about Wiley products, visit us at Library of Congress Control Number: TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. CompTIA and Network+ are registered trademarks of Computing Technology Industry Association. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book

8 Dear Reader, Thank you for choosing CompTIA Network+ Review Guide, Second Edition. This book is part of a family of premium-quality Sybex books, all of which are written by outstanding authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching. Sybex was founded in More than 30 years later, we re still committed to producing consistently exceptional books. With each of our titles, we re working hard to set a new standard for the industry. From the paper we print on, to the authors we work with, our goal is to bring you the best books available. I hope you see all that reflected in these pages. I d be very interested to hear your comments and get your feedback on how we re doing. Feel free to let me know what you think about this or any other Sybex book by sending me an at nedde@wiley.com. If you think you ve found a technical error in this book, please visit Customer feedback is critical to our efforts at Sybex. Best regards, Neil Edde Vice President and Publisher Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley

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10 To my father, who in the 1980s told me to learn as much about computers as I could and to buy and hold Microsoft stock. Unfortunately, I took only part of his good advice. Seriously, his purchase of an IBM PC XT computer in 1983 has made all the difference in my life and in my IT career. Unfortunately, Dad passed away on March 6, 2011, at the tender age of 73. I still think about him every time I use a computer. Thanks, Dad, and may you rest in peace!

11 Acknowledgments First I d like to thank Jeff Kellum for giving me the opportunity to write this important book. Several people have assisted me in many ways, so I d like to acknowledge their contributions and offer my sincere appreciation. Specifically, I d like to thank Quentin Docter, Eric Charbonneau, and Pete Gaughan for technical and developmental editing and support and for keeping me on track throughout the process. My thanks also goes to Alexa Murphy for keeping me on track and helping me put all the final, professional touches on the book. To the many people involved in this effort with whom I never worked with one-on-one thanks! It takes a great team to put together a great book. Finally, I d like to acknowledge the encouragement and prayers of my family and friends and the students in my technical classes and Sunday school classes. In Him, all things are possible!

12 About the Author Bill Ferguson MCT, MCSE, MCP+I, CCSI, CCNA, A+, Network+, Server+, Security+, VCP4, VCI4 has been in the computer industry for more than 20 years. Originally in technical sales and sales management with Sprint, Bill made his transition to Certified Technical Trainer in 1997 with ExecuTrain. Bill now runs his own company (Parallel Connections) as an independent contractor/author in Birmingham, Alabama, teaching classes for most of the national training companies and some regional training companies as well as international classes and virtual (online) classes. In addition, Bill writes and produces technical training videos for Quickcert, VTC, and Palaestra Training Company. He has written video titles including A+, Network+, Windows 2000 Management, Windows XP Management, Windows MCDST, and Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices. In addition, he wrote the Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician (MCDST) Study Guide, the previous Network+ Review Guide, and the Network+ Fastpass books for Sybex/Wiley Press. Bill says, My job is to understand the material so well that I can make it easier for my students to learn than it was for me to learn.

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14 Contents at a Glance Introduction xxi Chapter 1 Domain 1 Network Technologies 1 Chapter 2 Domain 2 Network Installation and Configuration 57 Chapter 3 Network Media and Topologies 85 Chapter 4 Network Management 135 Chapter 5 Domain 5 Network Security 173 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 213 Appendix B About the Additional Study Tools 221 Index 225

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16 Contents Introduction xxi Chapter 1 Domain 1 Network Technologies Compare the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models 7 OSI model 7 TCP/IP model 8 Exam Essentials Classify how applications, devices, and protocols relate to the OSI model layers 10 MAC addresses 10 IP Addresses 11 EUI Frames 11 Packets 11 Switch 12 Router 13 Multilayer Switch 13 Hub 13 Encryption devices 14 Cable 14 NIC 14 Bridge 15 Exam Essentials Explain the purpose and properties of IP addressing 15 Classes of addresses 16 Classless (CIDR) 18 IPv4 vs. IPv6 (formatting) 19 MAC address format 21 Subnetting 22 Multicast vs. unicast vs. broadcast 26 APIPA 26 Exam Essentials Explain the purpose and properties of routing and switching 27 EIGRP 28 OSPF 28 RIP 28 Link state vs. distance vector vs. hybrid 29 Static vs. dynamic 29 Routing metrics 30

17 xiv Contents Next hop 30 Spanning Tree Protocol 31 VLAN (802.1q) 31 Port mirroring 32 Broadcast domain vs. collision domain 32 IGP vs. EGP 33 Routing tables 33 Convergence (steady state) 34 Exam Essentials Identify common TCP and UDP default ports 35 Exam Essentials Explain the function of common networking protocols 36 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 41 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 41 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 41 TCP/IP suite 42 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 42 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 42 Domain Name System (DNS) 42 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 43 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) 43 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 43 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 44 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 44 Secure Shell (SSH) 44 Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) 44 Network Time Protocol (NTP) 45 Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 (IMAPv4) 45 Telnet 45 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 45 Simple Network Management Protocol 2/3 (SNMP 2/3) 46 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 46 Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) 46 Transport Layer Security (TLS) 47 Exam Essentials Summarize DNS concepts and its components 47 DNS servers 47 DNS records 47 Dynamic DNS 48 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, implement the following network troubleshooting methodology 48 Identify the problem 49 Establish a theory of probable cause 49

18 Contents xv Test the theory to determine cause 50 Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects 50 Implement the solution or escalate as necessary 50 Verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventive measures 51 Document findings, actions, and outcomes 51 Exam Essentials Identify virtual network components 51 Virtual Switches 52 Virtual Desktops 52 Virtual Servers 52 Virtual PBX 53 Onsite vs. Offsite 53 Network as a Service (NaaS) 53 Exam Essentials 54 Review Questions 55 Chapter 2 Domain 2 Network Installation and Configuration Given a scenario, install and configure routers and switches 60 Routing tables 60 NAT 61 PAT 61 VLAN (trunking) 63 Managed vs. unmanaged 63 Interface configurations 63 PoE 65 Traffic filtering 65 Diagnostics 65 VTP configuration 65 QoS 66 Port mirroring 66 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, install and configure a wireless network 67 WAP placement 67 Antenna types 67 Interference 67 Frequencies 68 Channels 68 SSID (enable/disable) 68 Wireless standards and Compatibility 69 Exam Essentials 69

19 xvi Contents 2.3 Explain the purpose and properties of DHCP 70 Static vs. dynamic IP addressing 70 Reservations 71 Scopes 71 Leases 72 Options (DNS servers, suffixes) 72 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless problems 73 Interference 73 Signal strength 73 Configurations 74 Incompatibilities 74 Incorrect channel 74 Latency 74 Encryption type 75 Bounce 75 SSID mismatch 75 Incorrect switch placement 75 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, troubleshoot common router and switch problems 76 Switching loop 76 Bad cables/improper cable types 77 Port configuration 77 VLAN assignment 77 Mismatched MTU/MTU black hole 77 Power failure 78 Bad/missing routes 78 Bad modules (SFPs, GBICs) 78 Wrong subnet mask 78 Wrong gateway 78 Duplicate IP address 79 Wrong DNS 79 Exam Essentials Given a set of requirements plan and implement a basic SOHO network 80 List of requirements 80 Cable length 81 Device types/requirements 81 Environment limitations 81 Equipment limitations 81 Compatibility requirements 82 Exam Essentials 82 Review Questions 83

20 Contents xvii Chapter 3 Network Media and Topologies Categorize standard media types and associated properties 90 Fiber 90 Copper 91 Plenum vs. non-plenum 95 Media converters 96 Distance limitations and speed limitations 97 Broadband over powerline 98 Exam Essentials Categorize standard connector types on network media 99 Fiber 99 Copper 101 Exam Essentials Compare and contrast different wireless standards a/b/g/n standards 106 Exam Essentials Categorize WAN technology types and properties 108 Types 108 Properties 116 Exam Essentials Describe different network topologies 118 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, troubleshoot common physical connectivity problems 124 Exam Essentials Compare and contrast different LAN technologies 126 Exam Essentials Identify components of wiring distribution 130 Exam Essentials 132 Review Questions 133 Chapter 4 Network Management Explain the purpose and features of various network appliances 138 Load balancer 138 Proxy server 139 Content filter 139 VPN Concentrator 140 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, use the appropriate hardware tools to troubleshoot connectivity issues 140 Cable tester 140 Cable certifier 141

21 xviii Contents Crimper 141 Butt set 142 Toner probe 142 Punch down tool 143 Protocol analyzer 144 Loop back plug 144 TDR 144 OTDR 145 Multimeter 145 Environmental monitor 146 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, use the appropriate software tools to troubleshoot connectivity issues 147 Protocol analyzer 147 Throughput testers 147 Connectivity software 148 Ping 148 Tracert/traceroute 148 Dig 150 Ipconfig/ifconfig 150 Nslookup 151 Arp 152 Nbtstat 154 Netstat 155 Route 156 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, use the appropriate network monitoring resource to analyze traffic 158 SNMP 159 SNMPv2 159 SNMPv3 159 Syslog 160 System logs, History logs, and General logs 160 Traffic analysis 160 Network sniffer 161 Exam Essentials Describe the purpose of configuration management documentation 162 Wire schemes 162 Network maps 163 Documentation 163 Cable management 163 Asset management 164

22 Contents xix Baselines 164 Change management 164 Exam Essentials Explain different methods and rationales for network performance optimization 165 Methods 165 Reasons 167 Exam Essentials 169 Review Questions 170 Chapter 5 Domain 5 Network Security Given a scenario, implement appropriate wireless security measures 177 Encryption Protocols 177 MAC address filtering 179 Device placement 179 Signal strength 179 Exam Essentials Explain the methods of network access security 180 ACL 180 Tunneling and encryption 182 Remote Access 184 Exam Essentials Explain the methods of user authentication 188 PKI 188 Kerberos 189 AAA 190 Network access control 191 CHAP 191 MS-CHAP 192 EAP 192 Two-factor authentication 192 Multifactor authentication 193 Single sign-on 193 Exam Essentials Explain common threats, vulnerabilities, and mitigation techniques 194 Wireless 195 Attacks 197 Mitigation techniques 200 Exam Essentials Given a scenario, install and configure a basic firewall 201 Types 202 Port Security 202

23 xx Contents Stateful inspection vs. packet filtering 203 Firewall rules 203 NAT/PAT 204 DMZ 204 Exam Essentials Categorize different types of network security appliances and methods 205 IDS and IPS 206 Vulnerability scanners 207 Methods 208 Exam Essentials 208 Review Questions 210 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 213 Chapter 1: Domain 1 Network Technologies 214 Chapter 2: Domain 2 Network Installation and Configuration 215 Chapter 3: Network Media and Topologies 216 Chapter 4: Network Management 217 Chapter 5: Domain 5 Network Security 219 Appendix B About the Additional Study Tools 221 Additional Study Tools 222 Sybex Test Engine 222 Electronic Flashcards 222 PDF of Glossary of Terms 222 Adobe Reader 222 System Requirements 223 Using the Study Tools 223 Troubleshooting 223 Customer Care 224 Index 225

24 Introduction The Computer Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) developed the Network+ certification to provide an industry-wide means of certifying the competency of computer service technicians in the basics of computer networking. The Network+ certification is granted to those individuals who have attained a level of knowledge and networking skills that show a basic competency with the networking needs of both personal and corporate computing environments. CompTIA s exam objectives are periodically updated to keep its exams applicable to the most recent technological developments. The foundational elements, however, remain constant even as higher-end technology advances. The Network+ objectives have recently been changed to a small degree to reflect the very latest changes in technology. At the time of this writing, this book is current for the 2011 (N10-005) objectives as stated by CompTIA ( What Is Network+ Certification? The Network+ certification offers an introductory step into the complex world of IT networking. You need to pass only a single exam to become Network+ certified. This is often the first step toward true networking knowledge and experience. By obtaining Network+ certification, you will be able to obtain more networking experience and gain an interest in networks in order to pursue more complex and in-depth network knowledge and certifications. For the latest pricing on the exam and updates to the registration procedures, go to either or You can register online for the exam. If you have further questions about the scope of the exam or related CompTIA programs, refer to the CompTIA website at Is This Book for You? CompTIA Network+ Review Guide is designed to be a succinct, portable exam review guide that can be used either in conjunction with a more complete study program (such as Sybex s CompTIA Network+ Study Guide, computer-based training courseware, or a classroom/lab environment) or as an exam review for those who don t need more extensive test preparation. It isn t my goal to give the answers away but rather to identify those topics on which you can expect to be tested and to provide sufficient coverage of these topics. Perhaps you ve been working with information technologies for many years. The thought of paying lots of money for a specialized IT exam preparation course probably doesn t sound too appealing. What can they teach you that you don t already know, right? Be careful, though. Many experienced network administrators have walked confidently into the test center only to

25 xxii Introduction walk sheepishly out of it after failing an IT exam. After you ve finished reading this book, you should have a clear idea of how your understanding of networking technologies matches up with the expectations of the Network+ test makers. Perhaps you re relatively new to the world of IT drawn to it by the promise of challenging work at a higher salary? You ve just waded through an 800-page study guide, or you ve taken a class at a local training center. Lots of information to keep in your head, isn t it? Well, by organizing this book according to CompTIA s exam objectives and by breaking up the information into concise, manageable pieces, I ve created what I think is the handiest exam review guide available. Throw it in your laptop bag and carry it to work with you or get a copy of it on Kindle. As you read the book, you ll be able to identify quickly those areas you know best and those that require a more in-depth review. The goal of the Review Guide series is to help Network+ candidates brush up on the subjects on which they can expect to be tested on the Network+ exam. For complete in-depth coverage of the technologies and topics involved, we recommend CompTIA Network+ Study Guide, from Sybex. How Is This Book Organized? This book is organized according to the official objectives list prepared by CompTIA for the Network+ exam. The chapters correspond to the six major domains of objective and topic groupings. In fact, the exam is weighted across these six domains as follows: Domain 1.0 Network Technologies (21 percent) Domain 2.0 Network Installation and Configuration (23 percent) Domain 3.0 Network Media and Topologies (17 percent) Domain 4.0 Network Management (20 percent) Domain 5.0 Network Security (19 percent) Within each chapter, the top-level exam objective from each domain is addressed in turn. This discussion of each objective also contains an Exam Essentials section. Here you are given a short list of topics that you should explore fully before taking the test. Included in the Exam Essentials areas are notations on key pieces of information you should have taken out of CompTIA Network+ Study Guide. At the end of each chapter you ll find the Review Questions section. These questions are designed to help you gauge your mastery of the content in the chapter. Additional Study Tools We ve included several additional study tools available from the book s companion site. These tools will help you retain vital exam content as well as prepare you to sit for the actual exams:

26 Introduction xxiii Readers can get the additional study tools by visiting netplusrg 2e. Here, you will get instructions on how to download the files to your hard drive. Test engine Using this custom test engine, you can identify weak areas up front and then develop a solid studying strategy using each of these robust testing features. Our thorough readme file will walk you through the quick, easy installation process. Electronic flashcards You ll find flashcards for on-the-go review. These are short questions and answers, just like the flashcards you probably used to study in school. You can answer them on your PC or download them onto a portable device for quick and convenient reviewing. Glossary of Terms in PDF The Glossary of Terms in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) format can easily be read on any computer. If you have to travel and brush up on any key terms, you can do so with this useful resource. Tips for Taking the Network+ Exam Here are some general tips for taking your exams successfully: Bring two forms of ID with you. One must be a photo ID, such as a driver s license. The other can be a major credit card or a passport. Both forms must include a signature. Arrive early at the exam center so you can relax and review your study materials, particularly tables and lists of exam-related information. Read the questions carefully. Don t be tempted to jump to an early conclusion. Make sure you know exactly what the question is asking. Don t leave any unanswered questions. Unanswered questions give you no opportunity for guessing correctly and scoring more points. There will be questions with multiple correct responses. When there is more than one correct answer, a message on the screen will prompt you to either Choose two or Choose all that apply. Be sure to read the messages displayed so you know how many correct answers you must choose. Questions needing only a single correct answer will use radio buttons to select an answer, while those needing two or more answers will use checkboxes. When answering multiple-choice questions you re not sure about, use a process of elimination to get rid of the obviously incorrect answers first. Doing so will improve your odds if you need to make an educated guess. On form-based tests (non-adaptive), because the hard questions will eat up the most time, save them for last. You can move forward and backward through the exam. For the latest pricing on the exams and updates to the registration procedures, visit CompTIA s website at

27 xxiv Introduction How to Contact the Publisher Sybex welcomes feedback on all of its titles. Visit the Sybex website at for book updates and additional certification information. You ll also find forms you can use to submit comments or suggestions regarding this or any other Sybex title. The Exam Objectives The following are the areas (referred to as domains, according to CompTIA) in which you must be proficient in order to pass the Network+ exam: Domain 1.0 Network Technologies This domain illustrates the OSI model of communication and how all the network devices and network protocols are organized based on this model. I will discuss the functions of common network protocols, ports, addressing technologies, and addressing schemes. In addition, I will discuss routing and routing protocols used primarily with TCP/IP. Finally, I will discuss an emerging technology in regard to computers and switches: virtualization. Domain 2.0 Network Installation and Configuration This domain includes the installation and configuration of routers and switches in a wired network. I will discuss the installation and configuration of wireless networks. I will also discuss troubleshooting wired and wireless networks. Finally, I will identify and discuss an emerging type of network, the SOHO network. Domain 3.0 Network Media and Topologies This domain concerns the categorization of media types such as fiber and copper. It also touches on wireless standard and WAN technologies. In addition I will cover the basics of the logical and physical shapes of various networks and how the topology of the network affects the technologies used in the network. Finally, I will discuss common physical connectivity problems and their solutions. Domain 4.0 Network Management In this domain, I will start by discussing the purpose and features of various network appliances. I will continue by discussing ways to troubleshoot connectivity issues in a network and the common hardware and software tools you can use. In addition, I will discuss methods used to monitor resources and analyze traffic. Finally, I will explain methods and rationales for network performance optimization. Domain 5.0 Network Security This area includes recognizing and defending against common network threats. I will discuss the proper use of firewalls, IDS, VPN concentrators, and other network hardware and software that can help you combat network attacks. I will also discuss common authentication and encryption techniques used by network administrators for wired and wireless networks.

28 Introduction xxv The Network+ Exam Objectives At the beginning of each chapter, I have included a complete listing of the topics that will be covered in that chapter. These topic selections are developed straight from the test objectives listed on CompTIA s website. These are provided for easy reference and to assure you that you are on track with learning the objectives. Note that exam objectives are subject to change at any time without prior notice and at CompTIA s sole discretion. Please visit the Network+ Certification page of CompTIA s website ( for the most current listing of exam objectives. Domain 1.0 Network Technologies 1.1 Compare the layers of the OSI Model and the TCP/IP models. OSI model: Layer 1 Physical Layer 2 Data Link Layer 3 Network Layer 4 Transport Layer 5 Session Layer 6 Presentation Layer 7 Application TCP/IP model: Network Interface layer Internet layer Transport layer Application layer 1.2 Classify how applications, devices, and protocols relate to the OSI model layers. MAC address IP address EUI-64 Frames

29 xxvi Introduction Packets Switch Router Multilayer switch Hub Encryption devices Cable NIC Bridge 1.3 Explain the purpose and properties of IP addressing. Classes of addresses: A, B, C, and D Public vs. private Classless (CIDR) IPv4 vs. IPv6 (formatting) MAC address format Subnetting Multicast vs. unicast vs. broadcast APIPA 1.4 Explain the purpose and properties of routing and switching. EIGRP OSPF RIP Link state vs. distance vector vs. hybrid Static vs. dynamic Routing metrics: Hop counts MTU, bandwidth Costs Latency Next hop Spanning-Tree Protocol VLAN (802.1q)

30 Introduction xxvii Port mirroring Broadcast domain vs. collision domain IGP vs. EGP Routing tables Convergence (steady state) 1.5 Identify common TCP and UDP default ports. SMTP 25 HTTP 80 HTTPS 443 FTP 20, 21 TELNET 23 IMAP 143 RDP 3389 SSH 22 DNS 53 DHCP 67, Explain the function of common networking protocols. TCP FTP UDP TCP/IP suite DHCP TFTP DNS HTTPS HTTP ARP SIP (VoIP) RTP (VoIP) SSH POP3 NTP IMAP4