Cloud Computing. Summary
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1 Cloud Computing Lectures 2 and 3 Definition of Cloud Computing, Grid Architectures Summary Definition of Cloud Computing (more complete). Grid Computing: Conceptual Architecture. Condor. 1
2 Cloud computing as an Utility Computing as an utility (water, electricity, internet): Illusion of infinite resources on demand: 1 CPU x 100 h = 100 CPU x 1h Removal of an a priori commitment: No (or very low) initial costs. Small granularity payments: Computing paid by CPU hour, web request, storage or bandwidth. CC as an Extension of Web Hosting (1) Shared hosting: One server with multiple websites. Virtual dedicated server: Resource sharing among different websites on the same machine (possibly proportional to payment). Managed dedicated hosting: One server per website with partial admin rights (for good QoS). 2
3 CC as an Extension of Web Hosting (2) Dedicated hosting: One server per client (simple and flexible). Collocated hosting: Client owns the machine (Provider guarantees network QoS). Cluster hosting: Multiple rented machines (for scalability). Grid hosting: Multiple geographically distributed and replicated machines (scalability, speed, fault tolerance). The Cloud for the End-User Utility computing: I just want to rent CPU cycles. Example: Amazon EC2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Give me an API and I ll handle the implementation. Example: Google App Engine. Software as a Service(SaaS): I want a finished application available off-site. Example: Gmail. 3
4 3 Visions of CC: Who Will Win? Amazon Web Services Microsoft Azure Google App Engine Computing x86 CLR (VM) Applicational Framework (Python, Java) Storage (initial approach) Disk blocks SQL Server BigTable API Network IP address ranges Declarative but automatic 3 level app hosting The Successes of Cloud Computing Scalability, grow as you go along: Grow the company: Start-ups with no HW risk. Grow the application, e.g. Google indexes an evergrowing set of data formats. Utility aspects: No system administrators. Low granularity payments. Varied development paradigms (VM, web app, etc ) 4
5 The Failures of Cloud Computing 1. Availability 2. Lock-In 3. Privacy and Auditing 4. Cost of data transfer 5. Performance reliability 6. Scalable storage 7. Large scale bugs 8. Scale-up time 9. Reputation propagation 10. Compatible licensing (See Above the clouds ) Let s roll back the clock 30 years! Cloud -> Grid -> Clusters 5
6 Before the Grid: the 80s... Parallel computing was quite widespread Separation between machines blurred by technologies like: MPI, Message Passing Interface: MPI_Send, MPI_Recv. PVM, similar. OpenMP, Open Multi-Processing: API for concurrent programming. A Growing Need for Large Scale Computing Computer scientists: Simulation of computational systems (HW, networking). Natural sciences: processing of experimental data. Companies: Data mining, prototyping. Climate and environmental simulations. Teaching: immersive environments. 6
7 Example of a Large Debit Computing Infrastructure ~PBytes/sec online system ~100 MBytes/sec offline cluster ~100 MBytes/sec or air mail ~622 Mbits/sec Level 0 CERN computing center Level 1 Regional Center France Regional Center Germany Regional Center Italy Fermilab ~622 Mbits/sec ~622 Mbits/sec Level 2 Level 2 Center Level 2 Center Level 2 Center Level 2 Center Level 2 Center ~1 TIPS ~1 TIPS ~1 TIPS ~1 TIPS ~1 TIPS Institute Institute ~0.25TIPS Institute Institute Level 3 Local Data Cache ~1 MBytes/sec Personal PCs Level 4 The Beginning of the Grid Initially intended as an aggregation of cluster. but,... It became a much more sophisticated integration mechanism for heterogeneous applications and resources. Resulting in a trans-national inter-organizational Integrated Computing platform. 7
8 The Components Local networks (LAN) and large scale networks (WAN). Computational nodes: PCs, large servers and clusters. Partnerships / Virtual organizations: members from multiple organizations of different types (univ., companies, labs.) Existing service implementations. Other HW and SW. Implications How to share resources: It s always conditional: issues of trust, policies, negotiation, payment, reputation. How to coordinate the participants: Distribute data and computation ensuring coordination, fairness, availability. In a nutshell, how to implement complex policies in virtual organizations: I want to execute program X at site Y using a particular resource consumption policy Z, accessing data at site W with permissions P. In a way that is: User friendly, Does not compromise performance, Ensures security. 8
9 Grid: Conceptual Architecture Tools and Applications Aplications Descovery, negotiation, diagnostics & monitoring Secure access to resources Colective Services Communication and Resource Management Protocols Resources: CPU, storage, networking Fabric Fabric: CPU Computational resources: Task scheduling and monitoring. Control the resources attached to each task. Watch hardware and software metrics. 9
10 Storage resources: Fabric: Storage Access mechanisms (open, close, read, write, seek). Resource management (disk quotas and bandwidth) and corresponding reservations. Monitoring tools to assess available resources. Fabric: Connectivity Communication resources: Transfer scheduling and priorities. Monitoring available capabilities: bandwidth and load. 10
11 Communication Management Protocols TCP/IP stack and WS / WSDL / UDDI Wanted properties: Single sign-on. Delegation of permissions. Integration of multiple security solutions and implementations. User centred trust. Resource Management Protocols Information: What resources are available? What is the current/possible configurations? What is the current load? Management: Negotiate and reserve access. Specify operations/tasks. Monitor job progress. 11
12 Colective Services Resource discovery in virtual organizations. Scheduling and negotiation. Task execution monitoring. Data Replication. Authorization and auditing. Payment. Some Current Technologies Schedulers: Condor. Sun Grid Engine. Nimrod-G (parallel/concurrent workflow engine). Core Grid Services: discovery, security, job management, data transfer: Globus. Legion. 12
13 Condor An opportunistic scheduler for local networks. Implemented as a set of daemons spread over a central nodes and a pool of distributed worker nodes. Features Distributed job submission. Job suspension and restart. ClassAds: policy specification/advertising/negotiation among nodes. User priorities. Task priorities. Task dependencies. Flocking: federation of different Condor clusters. 13
14 Condor Daemons Condor local master startd negotiator schedd collector condor_master General coordinator of the system. Defines the master node. Starts all other daemons (the only one started manually) Restarts any daemon that fails or is updated (by checking file dates) and notifies the system administrator. 14
15 condor_master(2) It is the daemon that executes most administrative commands: condor_reconfig, condor_restart, condor_off, condor_on, condor_config_val, etc. condor_startd Represents a computing node. Manages jobs: starting, suspending, restarting, stopping. Applies the machine s policies (see later Class Ads). 15
16 condor_schedd Represents a user. Keeps a persistent job queue. Sends jobs to available nodes. Executes job queue commands: condor_submit,condor_rm, condor_q, condor_hold, condor_release, condor_prio, condor_collector Runs only in the master node. Gathers information from all nodes in the pool: The pool s directory/database. Each pool node periodically sends a ClassAdto the collector. Responds to information requests: From other daemons. From users (condor_status). 16
17 condor_negotiator Runs in the central master node only. Matches jobs to Condor nodes. Asks the collector for the list of free nodes and the list of idle jobs. Tries to match jobs to nodes taking into account the job request and the nodes characteristics and policy. Starting a Job Schedd negotiator (@ master) Startd 5. Starter Shadow Customer Job Submit Condor Syscall Lib 17
18 General Condor Commands condor_status Info on machine state condor_q List request queue condor_submit Submit new jobs condor_rm Remove jobs condor_prio Manage job priority condor_history List job history condor_submit_dag Specify job dependencies condor_checkpoint Execute a job checkpoint Condor: Compiling tasks. Next time Submitting tasks:.sub files. ClassAds, policies: specification and match making. DAGMan. 18
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