Long Live Data: Opportunities & Challenges of Emerging NVM. Jeff Childress San Jose Research center

Transcription

1 Long Live Data: Opportunities & Challenges of Emerging NVM Jeff Childress San Jose Research center 2015 HGST, INC HGST, INC. 1

2 Outline I. HGST data storage company overview II. III. Storage trends and product evolutions Opportunities & Challenges for Emerging NVM IV. Example: NVM-based low-latency PCIe card demo V. Summary & outlook 2015 HGST, INC. 2

3 About HGST: A Data Storage Company Founded in 2003 through the combination of the hard drive businesses of IBM, the inventor of the hard drive, and Hitachi, Ltd ( Hitachi ) Acquired by Western Digital Corp. in 2012 > 4,200 active worldwide patents Hard Disk Drive Solid State Drive Storage solutions Headquartered in San Jose, California. Worldwide activities. > 40,000 employees worldwide HGST is a global leader in data storage, unlocking potential by helping the world harness the power of data. With a deep understanding of industry needs and a changing technology landscape, HGST is driving data center transformation with innovative, proven, smarter storage solutions that optimize capacity, performance, efficiency and reliability with the lowest TCO. Trusted by the world s largest organizations, HGST S storage solutions are everywhere, touching lives and enabling possibilities for the enterprise, cloud computing and sophisticated infrastructures in healthcare, energy, finance and government HGST, INC. 3

4 Heritage of Data Storage Innovation Magnetics Mechanics Electronics Nanotechnology Software 1956 RAMAC Invented First Hard Drive 1979 Thin Film Heads 1991 MR Heads 1997 GMR Heads 2000 National Medal of Technology 2001 AFC Media 2012 Helium Technology 2007 First 1TB HDD nanometer Patterned-Bit Milestone Will double today s HDD density Today 1962 Hydrodynamic Air Bearing Sliders 1990 PRML Channel 1978 First disk array subsystem patent 1973 Winchester Disk IBM 3340 father of the modern HDD 1994 First 3.5 Enterprise HDD with 1M hr MTBF Microdrive 1997 Ramp Load/Unload PMR HDD for high-volume OEM use 2004 First 5-platter 3.5 design 2010 First 7200 RPM 7mm 2.5 HDD 2011 First 7200 RPM Enterprise HDD with 2M hr MTBF rating 2015 HGST, INC. 4

5 HGST Products At-a-Glance (+Software!) Cloud & Datacenter Mobile Active Archive Performance Enterprise Enterprise SSD PCIe & SAS Computing 9.5mm Object Storage 4.7PB Object Storage System Simplicity at Scale 10K & 15K HDDs FlashMax & Ultrastar Ultrastar 5400 & 7200 RPM HDDs Consumer Electronics 5400 & 7200 RPM HDDs 7mm Travelstar External Storage Creative Professional 7200 RPM & CoolSpin HDDs Capacity Enterprise 9.5mm 7mm CinemaStar Automotive & Industrial 4200 RPM HDDs Consumer G-Technology Ultrastar & 9.5mm MegaScale DC Endurastar Touro 2015 HGST, INC. 5

6 Current HDD s: Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Shingled Magnetic Recording > 800 Gb/in 2 Zone Conventional PMR HDD Data in Discrete Tracks SMR HDD Data in Zones of Overlapped Tracks Data is ALWAYS written to the media sequentially Number and size of zones may vary by vendor or product: Capacity & performance implications While zones are independent, we can t change sectors independently within a zone 2015 HGST, INC. 6

7 Current SSD product overview Uses NAND-Flash memory Longstanding HGST/Intel partnership on SAS SSD PCIe SSD Up to 4.8 TB capacity > 700K IOPS capability SAS SSD Up to 2 TB capacity > 130K IOPS capability SATA SSD Up to 0.5 TB capacity > 22K IOPS capability Performance 2015 HGST, INC. 7

8 AREAL DENSITY GROWTH Magnetic vs. Solid-State: Parallel Growth Rates HAMR/BPM/ TDMR HAMR Shingle/ PMR Areal Density (Mb/mm 2 ) 1000 Conventional PMR HDD Existing Extension Dual FG Invention 3D NVM X-point Array Conventional FG NAND 100 Source: HGST analysis HGST, INC. 8

9 Storage Trends Exabyte Forecast by Application Smart/Feature Phones Tablets Cloud (HDD) Cloud SSD Fast growth of cloud storage (enterprise) Personal CE (HDD) Client PC (HDD) Client SSD Still.. Of the exabytes stored, ~80% in 2020 will be stored on HDDs Source: HGST analysis 2015 HGST, INC. 9

10 HGST: Enterprise Storage Portfolio HGST ENTERPRISE PRODUCT PORTFOLIO PCIe SSDs SAS SSDs Performance Capacity Capacity Scale Cold Storage HOT WARM COLD Databases / OLTP HF Trading High Performance Computing Big Data Analytics Business Intelligence Databases / OLTP Content Serving Databases / OLTP Content Serving Business Intelligence Cloud Gaming High Performance Computing Cloud Storage Virtualized Servers Cloud Computing Storage Arrays Social Networks Long-Tail Content Big Data Storage Long-Tail Content Video on Demand Cloud Storage Big Data Storage Replicas Mail Servers Surveillance Active Archives Regulatory & Compliance Surveillance Medical Records 2015 HGST, INC. 10

11 HGST Active Archive System Leveraging HGST s full portfolio Complete scale-out object storage system for cloud data centers Optimized for active archive workloads Breakthrough Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) 4.7PB raw capacity per rack Scales to Exabytes of Capacity Highest Density Lowest Power per TB with Fast Data Access Improves Data Center Efficiency 588 Helium HDD s + performance SSDs + Servers and Controllers + Amplidata Software (object-based storage) + Drive-Optimized Enclosure HGST, INC. 11

12 Memory Hierarchy Emerging NVM will provide performance/cost in between DRAM and NAND. HDD to NAND ~ 50X read latency NAND to DRAM ~ 1000X read latency Latency (sec) 10-9 CPU (~1 ns) L2 Cache (~5ns) Capacity Performance, Cost Overlap CPU SRAM DRAM MRAM RRAM/PCM NAND HDD DRAM (~50 ns) MRAM (~100 ns) ReRAM/PCM (~1 µs) SSD NAND SSD (~100 µs) HDD (~5 ms) Tape NVM with DRAM-like latency is a game-changer in storage tiering 2015 HGST, INC. 12

13 THE EVOLVING STORAGE ECOSYSTEM New Applications Drive Storage Demand 3 rd Platform drives demand for Hot, Mobile & Cold Data Storage Solid State Storage opportunity $25b+ in 2017 NAND segment forecast $40b+ in &2 Consuming >50% of NAND bits in Hot Data Storage Requirements: More Capacity => In-memory compute Lower Latencies => more performance Lower Power => more IOPS/W Emerging NVM impacts Compute & Storage Low latency NVM-storage tiers emerging New all non-volatile data path architectures 1 Gartner, June 2014 Preliminary Forecast Analysis: NAND Flash, Worldwide 2Q14 Update 2 Gartner, November 2013 Preliminary Refresh of SSA Forecast; Market Trends: Evolving HDD and SSD Storage Landscapes 3 Gartner, June 2014 Forecast: Semiconductor Consumption by Electronic Equipment Type, Worldwide 2Q14 Update 2015 HGST, INC. 13

14 NV-RAM EXPECTED TO ENABLE A NEW ERA OF INSTANT-ON COMPUTE All Non-Volatile Data Path Architectures Valuable data must be preserved if power is lost or turned off NV primary storage reduces hard- & software complexity All-NV data path increases reliability & power efficiency On- and off-chip RAM will convert to NV-RAM over time System Architecture Processor CPU Primary Data Storage Secondary Data Storage Legacy CISC RAM volatile Single Medium HDD Current CISC, RISC RAM volatile Two Media HDD & NAND Future CISC, RISC, ZISC nvram non-volatile Many Media HDD & many NVM CISC: Complex Instruction Set Compute, RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Compute, ZISC: Zero Instruction Set Compute 2015 HGST, INC. 14

15 Data Storage Memory Chip Technology Develop new emerging NVM memory cell technologies and NVM chip/circuit technologies. PCM ReRAM MRAM Sawa et al., Materials Today 11, 28 (2008). Zhuge et al., Carbon, 49, 3796 (2011). Memory Subsystems & SW SSD devices for very high speed NVM (~100X faster than NAND). New Interface protocols needed to optimize NVM advantage Optimized Software stack to reduce latency for high speed NVM storage devices. Opportunities NVM Ecosystem New Compute Models New compute-storage architectures based on high speed NV memory. HW/SW architectures for computation directly in NV memory (no refresh, fewer checkpoints, fast recovery from power saving). Illustration: HP 2015 HGST, INC. 15

16 INTEL: EMERGING NVM OFFERS ~1000x PERFORMANCE BOOST OVER NAND Areas of Innovation for Emerging NVM Bit Lines Candidate Technologies Phase Change (PCM) Mechanism & Effect Order/disorder Resistance Word Lines Magnetic Tunneling (MRAM) Electrochemical (CBRAM) Spin polarized tunneling Resistance Metallic Cation Bridge Resistance Matrix Isolation Device Memory Emerging NV Memory Stacked Matrix Cell size: 4F2/n (n = number of levels) (After A Huffman, Intel) Binary Oxide Filament (ReRAM) Interface Switching (RRAM) Oxidation Reduction Conducting Filament Resistance Interface barrier modulations- Oxygen vacancies Resistance Neale 2014; used with permission HGST, INC. 16

17 Challenges of emerging NMV NVM cell technologies display a very diverse array of characteristics: - Physical mechanism of resistance switching:» Magnetic / Spintronics» Phase-change» Metallic filament» Oxygen vacancy creation / motion» Metal-insulator transition - Maturity level:» Single-material & well-exercised (PCM)» Simple, but wide materials space & poorly understood (ReRAM)» Well understood but complex (MRAM) - Memory integration challenges:» 2D-crosspoint» Stackable» 3D-compatible Need to focus on scalable, manufacturable, low-cost technologies Need to match NVM detailed characteristics to desired application 2015 HGST, INC. 17

18 Attacking Emerging NVM Ecosystem Requirements TRANSLATING LOW LATENCY INTO MAXIMUM IOPS To fully take advantage of ultra-fast emerging NVM technology, need to address bottlenecks in the HW & SW Stack Storage Interface Software Stack Controller Network 2015 HGST, INC. 18

19 High Speed Emerging NVM Interface Storage Interface 1,000,000 DC Express SSD with PCM 100,000 Queue Depth 1, Random Reads Flash -> Emerging NVM Flash Summit 2014 IOPs 10,000 1,000 NVMe SSD with NAND Flash Latency HDD -> Flash SAS HDD 2.5, 15K RPM us 10 us 100 us 1 ms 10 ms Innovation on host attachment interface architecture and invention of DC express protocol: - Elimination of doorbells - Elimination of IO completions Lean, highly optimized interface for emerging nonvolatile memories 1.4 µs latency for 512B IOs 2015 HGST, INC. 19

20 Software Stack Optimizations Software Stack DC Express Two different paths implement access to the device NVM Express Standard Linux NVMe driver 1.8 us latency for a single process. 99.9% of IOs at full bandwidth have latency < 5 us We have achieved best-of-breed QD=1 latency of 4.3 us - Continuously improving as faster host side chipsets are available 2015 HGST, INC. 20

21 Value proposition data center computer in 2018 DRAM CPUs (16 x 32GB) CPUs DRAM PCM-SSD (512 GB) Footprint, cost/performance, TCO, turn-key, scalable, green 512GB memory = 16 x 32GB DIMM Refresh power: 45W Maximum power: 85 W per 512GB Cost: 4000 USD 512GB PCIe card (HGST) Refresh power: 0 W Maximum power: 25W per PCIe slot Cost: 1000 (ASP, projected) 2015 HGST, INC. 21

22 NVM: A new storage paradigm Summary Data storage remains at the center of the 3 rd computing platform Distributes information between users / mobile devices / cloud / big data analytics HGST is driving data center transformation with a broad portfolio of smarter storage solutions that optimize capacity, performance, efficiency and reliability with the lowest TCO. envm technology (ReRAM/PCM) can deliver much lower latency and higher write speeds compared to Flash-based SSD envm technology (MRAM) can deliver non-volatile DRAM replacement to enable new compute architectures Fundamental envm evaluation and development still required to identify preferred technology solutions Optimization of storage ecosystem needed to take advantage of envm opportunities High-yield manufacturing is essential to meet cost requirements 2015 HGST, INC. 22

23 Thank You! 2015 HGST, INC HGST, INC. 23