Smart Distribution Grid: Status, Goals, Vision and Pathway for Success

Transcription

1 Smart Distribution Grid: Status, Goals, Vision and Pathway for Success S.S. (Mani) Venkata University of Washington, Seattle, WA Contributors: S. Roy, A. Pahwa, G. L. Clark and E. C. Boardman 2010 NSF/ECEDHA Workshop Washington, DC November 1, 2010

2 Prolog State of legacy systems Overview of distribution systems Smart Distribution Grid (SDG) Definitions Why, What and How? Vision, Challenges and opportunities 11/9/2010 2

3 Presentation Objectives Presentation Objectives The main objective is to address how and where intelligence is to be embedded within a SDG at both the primary and secondary distribution levels to achieve desired goals of enhanced reliability and system operational efficiency. Information gathering to support decision and control actions in the SDG will be distributed, requiring new two-way communications infrastructure and associated data management framework. Therefore, making the distribution grid smart would require smart infrastructure, smart planning and design, smart operations and smart customers. 11/9/2010 3

4 Basic Electric Power System Structure Transmission Generation Distribution 11/9/2010 4

5 A Practical Distribution System Overhead Three-phase Feeder Overhead Single-phase Lateral Underground Cable Source: 2007 July IEEE PES P & E Magazine 11/9/2010 5

6 Legacy System Deficiencies Little flexibility and intelligence Outdated network Unacceptable performance measures Consumer cost of service issues Environmental issues Limited information from the electric facilities. The visibility is only provided by SCADA monitoring and control of the distribution substations with little or no telemetry or control of distribution line devices. 11/9/2010 6

7 The Dawn of Smart Grid Power grids have not undergone significant innovation since the invention of electricity more than a century ago, in part due to the regulated nature of the industry. The term Smart Grid in use since late 1990s, gained renewed attention with the publication of a classical paper by Amin and Wollenberg in 2005 entitled "Toward a Smart Grid". 11/9/2010 7

8 Distribution Deserves All the Immediate Attention! To quote Horowitz, Phadke and Renz in the March/April Issue of the PES Magazine: The initial focus has been on the fundamental transformation of distribution system. This in itself a huge technical challenge that will be measured not in years but decades While the changes to distribution will be revolutionary, transmission will change in an evolutionary manner 11/9/2010 8

9 Primary Distribution Systems Characterization Existing Future (Smart) Topology Radial (dendrite) Loop and Meshed Generation Limited but evolving Significant; Green technologies Devices Old and aging New and evolving Operation Slow Near real-time Planning horizon Less than 30 years Less than 10 years Power flow Unidirectional Bi-directional 11/9/2010 9

10 Secondary Distribution Systems Characterization Existing Topology Radial except downtown networks Future (Smart) Loop and Meshed (?) Generation None or sporadic Microgrids; Green technologies Devices Old and aging New and evolving Operation Slow Near real-time Planning Less than 30 years Less than 10 years Power flow Unidirectional Bi-directional 11/9/

11 What makes SDG Different in Future? Smart Distribution Grids (SDG s) will be markedly different from their legacy counterparts due to the infusion of new technologies on multiple fronts. Advanced communications, information and control schemes, distributed energy sources including microgrids and new digital or solid state power electronic equipment are being introduced at an unprecedented pace. New topologies such as looped and network structures are being adopted to provide increased reliability and efficiencies to customers. 11/9/

12 Smart Infrastructure Key Technology Areas The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) identified five foundational Key Technology Areas (KTAs) to characterize and to meet the new challenges and opportunities of the smart distribution grid. Integrated communications Sensing and measurements Advanced components Advanced control schemes Improved interfaced and decision support systems 11/9/

13 Integrated communications The two-way communication infrastructure will form an overlay over the power grid for efficient communication of data and to reduce the data transfer latency. Operate at multiple levels, inter-connecting end-users (customers) to other network elements (distribution transformers, substations, control centers). 11/9/

14 Sensing and Measurements These will include: Massively deployed smart sensors Massively deployed smart meters integrated with Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Low-cost Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). 11/9/

15 Advanced Components These will appear as new technologies: Flexible control devices (solid-state and superconducting) New generation and storage technologies Solid-state, digitally and remotely controlled switching and protective elements Intelligent static transformers to name a few. 11/9/

16 Advanced Control Schemes New robust, digital, closed-loop methods that will respond to control signals for achieving advanced distribution automation. Advanced protection schemes are part of this KTA. Microprocessor-based differential relays Adaptive protection that rely on lowlatency communications. 11/9/

17 Improved Interfaces and Decision Support Systems These comprise of information management systems for key functions such as data gathering, management, fusion, mining, protection and control of SDG. 11/9/

18 Communication Technologies Emerging SDG networks are experimenting and/or deploying the following communications technologies: Wired Fiber Microwave BPL Wireless networks Licensed spectrum Unlicensed spectrum 11/9/

19 Smart Planning and Design Planning should be flexible, elastic and adaptive due to the rapid changes occurring. It will be a more complex and challenging task. The planner needs to incorporate two-way flow due to the integration of DGs and meshed topologies. An additional challenge is the shrinking time horizons for planning periods less than 10 years. 11/9/

20 Smart Planning and Design New load and demand forecasting methodologies are evolving These methods may have to be interpreted and modified to effectively plan SDG. New tools such as GIS will aid to automate the process and to explore multitudes of options quickly and efficiently. The planning engineer is also looking for improved techniques to model the electric distribution system based on real-time demand. 11/9/

21 Smart Operations Integrated Distribution Management System (IDMS) IDMS future operations environment IDMS infrastructure Enterprise GIS Advanced automation applications Application Integration through IDMS facilitates SDG Conceptual IDMS operator console 11/9/

22 Smart Customers Smart grid deployment will empower customers to control the use of electricity wisely, effectively and efficiently. Customers could make smart decisions by actively involving in their own generation as well as in decisions related to energy consumption in their homes. They will not only consume electricity but will have proper opportunities in buying and selling electricity to conserve energy and to reduce their electricity bills. Similarly, ownership of plug-in hybrid/electric vehicles is expected to make a significant life-style change. 11/9/

23 Challenges and Opportunities for Research and Development Development of next generation sustainable energy devices Solar cells, wind generators, bio-based sources, fuel cells, storage devices Development of new power electronic devices and technologies Control devices, smart appliances (loads) Development of next generation smart sensors and meters Electro-optic and micro sensors 11/9/

24 Challenges and Opportunities for Research, Design and Development Development of next generation computercommunication networks Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) issues and solutions Development of new nonlinear device models, methods and analytical tools for 21 st Century grid as new materials and devices emerge 11/9/

25 Challenges and Opportunities for Research, Design and Development Development new automated planning paradigms Development of advanced distribution automation functions and schemes Need new generation of Integrated Distribution Management Systems (IDMS) Need creative advanced protection systems to accommodate distribution generation and new topologies 11/9/

26 Summary The state of global power delivery systems is introduced In module the past, present and future of electric power and energy systems are explored and discussed. The Smart Distribution Grid is introduced and its impact for future is discussed. The impact of new technologies and energy resources are also identified. The following topics are also covered Definitions Why, What and How? Vision, Challenges and opportunities 11/9/

27 Epilog Smart Distribution Grid (SDG) is the essence of the future. The SDG is empowers customers to manage their systems to realize optimal performance In essence the power systems of the future should protect societal energy needs and deliver efficient, safe, reliable and high quality power in a costeffective manner. In this process due attention should also be paid to preserve the environment and ecology. What questions do you have? 11/9/