Model-Based Development and Evolution of Information Systems

Transcription

1 John Krogstie Model-Based Development and Evolution of Information Systems A Quality Approach Springer

2 \*1мг 11142? 11 ъмэ 1 Introduction Philosophical Backdrop Background on Knowledge Creation in Organisations Use of Modelling in the Development and Evolution of Information Systems Approaches to Model-Based Development and Evolution of Information Systems Outline of the Book Summary 15 Review Questions 16 Problems and Exercises 16 References 17 2 Methodologies for Computerised Information Systems Support in Organisations A Framework for IS Methodologies Goal of the Methodology Coverage in Process Coverage of Product Capabilities for CIS-Portfolio Evolution Stakeholder Participation Organisation of Development and Evolution of Information Systems Location: Where the Work Takes Place A Short History of IS Methodologies The Waterfall Methodology Prototyping Transformational and Operational Development The Spiral Model Object-Oriented Systems Development and the Rational Unified Process Incremental Development and Agile Development Multiview Methodologies for Maintenance and Evolution of IS 53 xiii

3 xiv Contents Enterprise Architecture Complete Methodological Framework Examples of Model-Based Methodologies Traditional Use of Modelling in Analysis, Requirements Specification and Design MDA: Model-Driven Architecture DSM and DSL Business Process Modelling (BPM) and Workflow Modelling Enterprise Modelling Interactive Models and Active Knowledge Modelling Participatory Modelling The Modelling Conference Technique Tasks and Roles in Participatory Modelling Summary 79 Review Questions 80 Problems and Exercises 80 References 81 3 Modelling Languages: Perspectives and Abstraction Mechanisms Abstraction Mechanisms in Modelling Hierarchical Abstraction Standard Hierarchical Abstraction Mechanisms Levels of Models Impact on Philosophical Ontologies on Modelling BWW - Bunge-Wand-Weber Perspectives to Modelling An Overview of Modelling Perspectives The Behavioural Perspective The Functional Perspective The Structural Perspective The Goal and Rule Perspective The Object Perspective The Communication Perspective The Actor and Role Perspective The Topological Perspective Process Modelling According to Different Modelling Perspectives Process Modelling According to the Behavioural Perspective Process Modelling According to the Functional Perspective Process Modelling According to the Structural Perspective 166

4 3.4.4 Process Modelling According to the Goal and Rule Perspective Process Modelling According to the Object Perspective Process Modelling According to the Communicational Perspective Process Modelling According to the Actor and Role Perspective Process Modelling According to the Topological Perspective Summary on Process Modelling Applying Several Modelling Perspectives in Concert Description of UML Description of EEML Description of GEMAL Summary 192 Review Questions 193 Problems and Exercises 193 References 194 Quality of Models SEQUAL: A Framework for Quality of Models Based on Semiotic Theory G, the Goals of the Modelling Task A, the Audience L, the Language Extension M, the Externalised Model D, the Modelling Domain K, the Relevant Explicit Knowledge of the Audience /, the Social Audience Interpretation T, the Technical Audience Interpretation Physical Quality Model Repository Model Interchange Support for Meta-Modelling Empirical Quality Syntactic Quality Semantic and Perceived Semantic Quality Pragmatic Quality Social Quality Deontic Quality Summary 243 Review Questions 244 Problems and Exercises 244 References 245

5 xvi Contents 5 Quality of Modelling Languages Language Quality in SEQUAL Domain Appropriateness Comprehensibility Appropriateness Participant Appropriateness Modeller Appropriateness Tool Appropriateness Organisational Appropriateness Quality of Meta-Models (Language Models) Specialisations of SEQUAL for Language Quality Domain Appropriateness of Enterprise Modelling Languages Comprehensibility Appropriateness of Enterprise Modelling Languages Participant Appropriateness of Enterprise Modelling Languages Modeller Appropriateness of Enterprise Modelling Languages Tool Appropriateness of Enterprise Modelling Languages Organisational Appropriateness of Enterprise Modelling Languages Summary 277 Review Questions 277 Problems and Exercises 277 References Specialisations of SEQUAL Quality of Business Process Models What Is a Good Business Process? How Can Improvement Be Measured? Heuristics for Improving Processes Quality of Process Models According to SEQUAL Quality of Requirement Specification Models Physical Quality of an SRS Empirical Quality of an SRS Syntactic Quality of an SRS Semantic Quality of an SRS Pragmatic Quality of an SRS Social Quality of an SRS Deontic Quality of an SRS Orthogonal Aspects Overall Comparison 297

6 Contents xvii 6.3 Quality of Data Models Physical Quality of a Data Model Empirical Quality of a Data Model Syntactic Quality of a Data Model Semantic Quality of a Data Model Pragmatic Quality of a Data Model Social Quality of a Data Model Deontic Quality of a Data Model Final Remarks Data Quality Quality of Ontologies Quality of Ontologies for Reuse Quality of Interactive Models Quality of Maps Characteristics of Maps MAPQUAL Comparing Quality of Maps and Quality of Models Quality of Integrated Conceptual and Topological Models Summary 321 Review Questions 322 Problems and Exercises 322 References Applications of SEQUAL Process Heuristics for Information Systems Modelling Expansion Heuristics Consolidation Heuristics Heuristics to Guide Method Evolution Evaluating Ontology-Models for Reuse FOAF OpenCyc SUMO GUMO + UbisWorld Ontology Evaluation Summary of Evaluation Evaluating the Quality of Modelling Languages Analytical Evaluation of the Quality of UML Language Quality of UML Quality of the UML Language Model Evaluating Domain Appropriateness of BPMN Evaluating Quality of Enterprise Modelling Languages Quality of Enterprise Modelling Interchange Format 364

7 xviii Contents 7.4 Developing Domain Specific Languages Developing Minor Extension of Existing Languages Supporting Comprehensive Meta-modelling Summary 387 Review Questions 387 Problems and Exercises 387 References Summary and Outlook Future Technological Developments The Support of End-to-End Design and Engineering Process Cross-Organisational Integration Ecosystems of Providers and Prosumers of IT Systems Event-Oriented Systems Utilising the Internet of Things Modelling in Future Technological Development from a Quality Perspective Final Words 405 References 405 Appendix A: Terminology 407 A.l Time 407 A.2 Phenomena 408 A.3 State and Rules 409 A.4 Data, Information and Knowledge 411 A.5 Language and Model 413 A.6 Actors and Activities 415 A.7 Systems 417 A.8 Social Construction 418 A.9 Methodology 419 Appendix B: List of Abbreviations 423 Appendix C: Cases 427 C. 1 Teaching at the University (Both on the Study-Program and Course Level) 427 C.l.l Course Preparation 427 C.1.2 Course Performance 428 C.1.3 Course Evaluation 428 C.2 Arrangement of International Conferences and Events 429 C.2.1 Overall Setting (Basis for Type-Level Model) 429 C.2.2 Basis for Instance-Level Model (Most Information Found on the Web) 431 Index 433