Information Modeling and Relational Databases

Transcription

1 Information Modeling and Relational Databases Second Edition Terry Halpin Neumont University Tony Morgan Neumont University AMSTERDAM» BOSTON. HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier MORGAN KAUFMANN PUBLISHERS

2 Contents Foreword by John Zachman Foreword by Sjir Nijssen Foreword by Gordon Everest Preface 1 Introduction Information Modeling Modeling Approaches Some Historical Background The Relevant Skills Summary 24 2 Information Levels and Frameworks Four Information Levels The Conceptual Level Database Design Example Development Frameworks Summary 55 VII

3 viii Contents 3 Conceptual Modeling: First Steps Conceptual Modeling Language Criteria Conceptual Schema Design Procedure CSDP Step 1: From Examples to Elementary Facts CSDP Step 2: Draw Fact Types and Populate CSDP Step 3: Trim Schema; Note Basic Derivations Summary Uniqueness Constraints Introduction to CSDP Step Uniqueness Constraints on Unaries and Binaries Uniqueness Constraints on Longer Fact Types External Uniqueness Constraints Key Length Check Projections and Joins Summary Mandatory Roles Introduction to CSDP Step Mandatory and Optional Roles Reference Schemes Case Study: A Compact Disc Retailer Logical Derivation Check Summary Value, Set-Comparison, and Subtype Constraints Introduction to CSDP Step Basic Set Theory Value Constraints and Independent Types Subset, Equality, and Exclusion Constraints Subtyping Generalization of Object Types Summary Other Constraints and Final Checks Introduction to CSDP Step Occurrence Frequencies Ring Constraints Other Constraints and Rules Final Checks Summary 303

4 Contents IX 8 Entity Relationship Modeling Overview of ER Barker notation Information Engineering notation IDEF1X Mapping from ORM to ER Summary Data Modeling in UML Introduction Object-Orientation Attributes Associations Set-Comparison Constraints Subtyping Other Constraints and Derivation Rules Mapping from ORM to UML Summary Advanced Modeling Issues Join Constraints Deontic Rules Temporality Collection Types Nominalization and Objectification Open/Closed World Semantics Higher-Order Types Summary Relational Mapping Implementing a Conceptual Schema Relational Schemas Relational Mapping Procedure Advanced Mapping Aspects Summary Data Manipulation with Relational Languages Relational Algebra Relational Database Systems SQL: Historical and Structural Overview SQL: Identifiers and Data Types SQL: Choosing Columns, Rows, and Order 562

5 X Contents 12.6 SQL: Joins SQL: In, Between, Like, and Null Operators SQL: Union and Simple Subqueries SQL: Scalar Operators and Bag Functions SQL: Grouping SQL: Correlated and Existential Subqueries SQL: Recursive Queries SQL: Updating Table Populations Summary Using Other Database Objects SQL: The Bigger Picture SQL: Defining Tables SQL: Views SQL: Triggers SQL: Routines SQL: More Database Objects Transactions and Concurrency Security and Meta-Data Exploiting XML Summary Schema Transformations Schema Equivalence and Optimization Predicate Specialization and Generalization Nesting, Coreferencing, and Flattening Other Transformations Conceptual Schema Optimization Normalization Denormalization and Low Level Optimization Reengineering Data Migration and Query Transformation Summary Process and State Modeling Introduction Processes and Workflow State Models Foundations for Process Theory Modeling Information Dynamics in UML Business Process Standards Initiatives Standard Process Patterns Summary 832

6 Contents 16 Other Modeling Aspects and Trends Introduction 836 Data Warehousing and OLAP 836 Conceptual Query Languages 843 Schema Abstraction Mechanisms 852 Further Design Aspects 857 Ontologies and the Semantic Web 864 Postrelational Databases 871 Metamodeling 881 Summary 888 ORM glossary 893 ER glossary 903 UML glossary 907 Useful Web Sites 911 Bibliography 913 Index 925