Database Systems. A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management. Database Systems. Thomas Connolly Carolyn Begg

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1 Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization and adaptation from the North American version. SIXth edition Connolly Begg This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. Global edition Global edition Global edition Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management SIXth edition Thomas Connolly Carolyn Begg Pearson Global Edition CONNOLLY_ _mech.indd 1 23/06/14 2:23 pm

2 Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management SIXth Edition Global Edition

3 ase Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation Management, Global Edition - PDF - PDF - PDF Table of Contents Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface Part 1 Background Chapter 1 Introduction to Databases 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Traditional File-Based Systems File-Based Approach Limitations of the File-Based Approach 1.3 Database Approach The Database The Database Management System (DBMS) (Database) Application Programs Components of the DBMS Environment Database Design: The Paradigm Shift 1.4 Roles in the Database Environment Data and Database Administrators Database Designers Application Developers End-Users 1.5 History of Database Management Systems 1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs Chapter 2 Database Environment 2.1 The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture External Level Conceptual Level Internal Level Schemas, Mappings, and Instances Data Independence 2.2 Database Languages The Data Definition Language (DDL) The Data Manipulation Language (DML) Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs) 2.3 Data Models and Conceptual Modeling

4 2.3.1 Object-Based Data Models Record-Based Data Models Physical Data Models Conceptual Modeling 2.4 Functions of a DBMS Chapter 3 Database Architectures and the Web 3.1 Multi-user DBMS Architectures Teleprocessing File-Server Architecture Traditional Two-Tier ClientServer Architecture Three-Tier ClientServer Architecture N-Tier Architectures Middleware Transaction Processing Monitors 3.2 Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures Web Services Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) 3.3 Distributed DBMSs 3.4 Data Warehousing 3.5 Cloud Computing Benefits and Risks of Cloud Computing Cloud-Based Database Solutions 3.6 Components of a DBMS 3.7 Oracle Architecture Oracles Logical Database Structure Oracles Physical Database Structure Part 2 The Relational Model and Languages Chapter 4 The Relational Model 4.1 Brief History of the Relational Model 4.2 Terminology Relational Data Structure Mathematical Relations Database Relations Properties of Relations Relational Keys Representing Relational Database Schemas 4.3 Integrity Constraints Nulls

5 4.3.2 Entity Integrity Referential Integrity General Constraints 4.4 Views Terminology Purpose of Views Updating Views Chapter 5 Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus 5.1 The Relational Algebra Unary Operations Set Operations Join Operations Division Operation Aggregation and Grouping Operations Summary of the Relational Algebra Operations 5.2 The Relational Calculus Tuple Relational Calculus Domain Relational Calculus 5.3 Other Languages Chapter 6 SQL: Data Manipulation 6.1 Introduction to SQL Objectives of SQL History of SQL Importance of SQL Terminology 6.2 Writing SQL Commands 6.3 Data Manipulation Simple Queries Sorting Results (ORDER BY Clause) Using the SQL Aggregate Functions Grouping Results (GROUP BY Clause) Subqueries ANY and ALL Multi-table Queries EXISTS and NOT EXISTS Combining Result Tables (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT) Database Updates

6 Chapter 7 SQL: Data Definition 7.1 The ISO SQL Data Types SQL Identifiers SQL Scalar Data Types 7.2 Integrity Enhancement Feature Required Data Domain Constraints Entity Integrity Referential Integrity General Constraints 7.3 Data Definition Creating a Database Creating a Table (CREATE TABLE) Changing a Table Definition (ALTER TABLE) Removing a Table (DROP TABLE) Creating an Index (CREATE INDEX) Removing an Index (DROP INDEX) 7.4 Views Creating a View (CREATE VIEW) Removing a View (DROP VIEW) View Resolution Restrictions on Views View Updatability WITH CHECK OPTION Advantages and Disadvantages of Views View Materialization 7.5 Transactions Immediate and Deferred Integrity Constraints 7.6 Discretionary Access Control Granting Privileges to Other Users (GRANT) Revoking Privileges from Users (REVOKE) Chapter 8 Advanced SQL 8.1 The SQL Programming Language Declarations Assignments Control Statements Exceptions in PL/SQL Cursors in PL/SQL 8.2 Subprograms, Stored Procedures, Functions, and Packages 8.3 Triggers 8.4 Recursion

7 Chapter 9 Object-Relational DBMSs 9.1 Advanced Database Applications 9.2 Weaknesses of RDBMSs 9.3 Storing Objects in a Relational Database Mapping Classes to Relations Accessing Objects in the Relational Database 9.4 Introduction to Object-Relational Database Systems 9.5 SQL: Row Types User-Defined Types Subtypes and Supertypes User-Defined Routines Polymorphism Reference Types and Object Identity Creating Tables Querying Data Collection Types Typed Views Persistent Stored Modules Triggers Large Objects Recursion 9.6 Object-Oriented Extensions in Oracle User-Defined Data Types Manipulating Object Tables Object Views Privileges Part 3 Database Analysis and Design Chapter 10 Database System Development Lifecycle 10.1 The Information Systems Lifecycle 10.2 The Database System Development Lifecycle 10.3 Database Planning 10.4 System Definition User Views 10.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis Centralized Approach View Integration Approach 10.6 Database Design

8 Approaches to Database Design Data Modeling Phases of Database Design 10.7 DBMS Selection Selecting the DBMS 10.8 Application Design Transaction Design User Interface Design Guidelines 10.9 Prototyping Implementation Data Conversion and Loading Testing Operational Maintenance CASE Tools Chapter 11 Database Analysis and the DreamHome Case Study 11.1 When Are Fact-Finding Techniques Used? 11.2 What Facts Are Collected? 11.3 Fact-Finding Techniques Examining Documentation Interviewing Observing the Enterprise in Operation Research Questionnaires 11.4 Using Fact-Finding Techniques: A The DreamHome Case StudyAn Overview of the Current System The DreamHome Case StudyDatabase Planning The DreamHome Case StudySystem Definition The DreamHome Case StudyRequirements Collection and Analysis The DreamHome Case StudyDatabase Design Chapter 12 EntityRelationship Modeling 12.1 Entity Types 12.2 Relationship Types Degree of Relationship Type Recursive Relationship 12.3 Attributes Simple and Composite Attributes Single-valued and Multi-valued Attributes Derived Attributes

9 Keys 12.4 Strong and Weak Entity Types 12.5 Attributes on Relationships 12.6 Structural Constraints One-to-One (1:1) Relationships One-to-Many (1:*) Relationships Many-to-Many (*:*) Relationships Multiplicity for Complex Relationships Cardinality and Participation Constraints 12.7 Problems with ER Models Fan Traps Chasm Traps Chapter 13 Enhanced EntityRelationship Modeling 13.1 Specialization/Generalization Superclasses and Subclasses Superclass/Subclass Relationships Attribute Inheritance Specialization Process Generalization Process Constraints on Specialization/Generalization Worked Example of using Specialization/Generalization to Model the Branch View of the DreamHome Case Study 13.2 Aggregation 13.3 Composition Chapter 14 Normalization 14.1 The Purpose of Normalization 14.2 How Normalization Supports Database Design 14.3 Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies Insertion Anomalies Deletion Anomalies Modification Anomalies 14.4 Functional Dependencies Characteristics of Functional Dependencies Identifying Functional Dependencies Identifying the Primary Key for a Relation Using Functional Dependencies 14.5 The Process of Normalization 14.6 First Normal Form (1NF) 14.7 Second Normal Form (2NF)

10 14.8 Third Normal Form (3NF) 14.9 General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF Chapter 15 Advanced Normalization 15.1 More on Functional Dependencies Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies 15.2 BoyceCodd Normal Form (BCNF) Definition of BCNF 15.3 Review of Normalization Up to BCNF 15.4 Fourth Normal Form (4NF) Multi-Valued Dependency Definition of Fourth Normal Form 15.5 Fifth Normal Form (5NF) Lossless-Join Dependency Definition of Fifth Normal Form Part 4 Methodology Chapter 16 MethodologyConceptual Database Design 16.1 Introduction to the Database Design Methodology What Is a Design Methodology? Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Database Design Critical Success Factors in Database Design 16.2 Overview of the Database Design Methodology 16.3 Conceptual Database Design Methodology Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model Chapter 17 MethodologyLogical Database Design for the Relational Model 17.1 Logical Database Design Methodology for the Relational Model Step 2: Build Logical Data Model Chapter 18 MethodologyPhysical Database Design for Relational Databases 18.1 Comparison of Logical and Physical Database Design 18.2 Overview of the Physical Database Design Methodology

11 18.3 The Physical Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes Step 5: Design User Views Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms Chapter 19 MethodologyMonitoring and Tuning the Operational System 19.1 Denormalizing and Introducing Controlled Redundancy Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy 19.2 Monitoring the System to Improve Performance Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System Part 5 Selected Database Issues Chapter 20 Security and Administration 20.1 Database Security Threats 20.2 CountermeasuresComputer-Based Controls Authorization Access Controls Views Backup and Recovery Integrity Encryption RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) 20.3 Security in Microsoft Office Access DBMS 20.4 Security in Oracle DBMS 20.5 DBMSs and Web Security Proxy Servers Firewalls Message Digest Algorithms and Digital Signatures Digital Certificates Kerberos Secure Sockets Layer and Secure HTTP Secure Electronic Transactions and Secure Transaction Technology Java Security ActiveX Security 20.6 Data Administration and Database Administration Data Administration Database Administration Comparison of Data and Database Administration

12 Chapter 21 Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Data Management 21.1 Defining Legal and Ethical Issues in IT Defining Ethics in the Context of IT The Difference Between Ethical and Legal Behavior Ethical Behavior in IT 21.2 Legislation and Its Impact on the IT Function Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation National Market System (NMS) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, COBIT, and COSO The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The European Union (EU) Directive on Data Protection of The United Kingdoms Data Protection Act of Access to Information Laws International BankingBasel II Accords 21.3 Establishing a Culture of Legal and Ethical Data Stewardship Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior Professional Organizations and Codes of Ethics Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior for DreamHome 21.4 Intellectual Property Patent Copyright Trademark Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Software Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Data Chapter 22 Transaction Management 22.1 Transaction Support Properties of Transactions Database Architecture 22.2 Concurrency Control The Need for Concurrency Control Serializability and Recoverability Locking Methods Deadlock Timestamping Methods Multiversion Timestamp Ordering Optimistic Techniques Granularity of Data Items 22.3 Database Recovery

13 The Need for Recovery Transactions and Recovery Recovery Facilities Recovery Techniques Recovery in a Distributed DBMS 22.4 Advanced Transaction Models Nested Transaction Model Sagas Multilevel Transaction Model Dynamic Restructuring Workflow Models 22.5 Concurrency Control and Recovery in Oracle Oracles Isolation Levels Multiversion Read Consistency Deadlock Detection Backup and Recovery Chapter 23 Query Processing 23.1 Overview of Query Processing 23.2 Query Decomposition 23.3 Heuristical Approach to Query Optimization Transformation Rules for the Relational Algebra Operations Heuristical Processing Strategies 23.4 Cost Estimation for the Relational Algebra Operations Database Statistics Selection Operation (S = p(r)) Join Operation (T = (R F S)) Projection Operation (S = A1, A2,..., A m(r)) The Relational Algebra Set Operations (T = R S, T = R S, T = R S) 23.5 Enumeration of Alternative Execution Strategies Pipelining Linear Trees Physical Operators and Execution Strategies Reducing the Search Space Enumerating Left-Deep Trees Semantic Query Optimization Alternative Approaches to Query Optimization Distributed Query Optimization 23.6 Query Processing and Optimization New Index Types 23.7 Query Optimization in Oracle Rule-Based and Cost-Based Optimization Histograms

14 Viewing the Execution Plan Part 6 Distributed DBMSs and Replication Chapter 24 Distributed DBMSsConcepts and Design 24.1 Introduction Concepts Advantages and Disadvantages of DDBMSs Homogeneous and Heterogeneous DDBMSs 24.2 Overview of Networking 24.3 Functions and Architectures of a DDBMS Functions of a DDBMS Reference Architecture for a DDBMS Reference Architecture for a Federated MDBS Component Architecture for a DDBMS 24.4 Distributed Relational Database Design Data Allocation Fragmentation 24.5 Transparencies in a DDBMS Distribution Transparency Transaction Transparency Performance Transparency DBMS Transparency Summary of Transparencies in a DDBMS 24.6 Dates Twelve Rules for a DDBMS Chapter 25 Distributed DBMSsAdvanced Concepts 25.1 Distributed Transaction Management 25.2 Distributed Concurrency Control Objectives Distributed Serializability Locking Protocols 25.3 Distributed Deadlock Management 25.4 Distributed Database Recovery Failures in a Distributed Environment How Failures Affect Recovery Two-Phase Commit (2PC) Three-Phase Commit (3PC) Network Partitioning 25.5 The X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing Model 25.6 Distributed Query Optimization

15 Distributed Joins Global Optimization 25.7 Distribution in Oracle Oracles DDBMS Functionality Chapter 26 Replication and Mobile Databases 26.1 Introduction to Data Replication Applications of Replication Replication Model Functional Model of Replication Protocols Consistency 26.2 Replication Architecture Kernel-Based Replication Middleware-Based Replication Processing of Updates Propagation of Updates Update Location (Data Ownership) Termination Protocols 26.3 Replication Schemes Eager Primary Copy Lazy Primary Copy Eager Update Anywhere Lazy Update Anywhere Update Anywhere with Uniform Total Order Broadcast SI and Uniform Total Order Broadcast Replication 26.4 Introduction to Mobile Databases Mobile DBMSs Issues with Mobile DBMSs 26.5 Oracle Replication Oracles Replication Functionality Part 7 Object DBMSs Chapter 27 Object-Oriented DBMSsConcepts and Design 27.1 Next-Generation Database Systems 27.2 Introduction to OODBMSs Definition of Object-Oriented DBMSs Functional Data Models Persistent Programming Languages Alternative Strategies for Developing an OODBMS 27.3 Persistence in OODBMSs

16 Pointer Swizzling Techniques Accessing an Object Persistence Schemes Orthogonal Persistence 27.4 Issues in OODBMSs Transactions Versions Schema Evolution Architecture Benchmarking 27.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of OODBMSs Advantages Disadvantages 27.6 Comparison of ORDBMS and OODBMS 27.7 Object-Oriented Database Design Comparison of Object-Oriented Data Modeling Relationships and Referential Integrity Behavioral Design 27.8 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with UML UML Diagrams Usage of UML in the Methodology for Database Design Chapter 28 Object-Oriented DBMSsStandards and Systems 28.1 Object Management Group Background The Common Object Request Broker Architecture Other OMG Specifications Model-Driven Architecture 28.2 Object Data Standard ODMG 3.0, Object Data Management Group The Object Model The Object Definition Language The Object Query Language Other Parts of the ODMG Standard Mapping the Conceptual Design to a Logical (Object-Oriented) Design 28.3 ObjectStore Architecture Building an ObjectStore Application Data Definition in ObjectStore Data Manipulation in ObjectStore

17 Part 8 The Web and DBMSs Chapter 29 Web Technology and DBMSs Table of Contents 29.1 Introduction to the Internet and the Web Intranets and Extranets e-commerce and e-business 29.2 The Web HyperText Transfer Protocol HyperText Markup Language Uniform Resource Locators Static and Dynamic Web Pages Web Services Requirements for WebDBMS Integration Advantages and Disadvantages of the WebDBMS Approach Approaches to Integrating the Web and DBMSs 29.3 Scripting Languages JavaScript and JScript VBScript Perl and PHP 29.4 Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Passing Information to a CGI Script Advantages and Disadvantages of CGI 29.5 HTTP Cookies 29.6 Extending the Web Server Comparison of CGI and API 29.7 Java JDBC SQLJ Comparison of JDBC and SQLJ Container-Managed Persistence (CMP) Java Data Objects (JDO) JPA (Java Persistence API) Java Servlets JavaServer Pages Java Web Services 29.8 Microsofts Web Platform Universal Data Access Active Server Pages and ActiveX Data Objects Remote Data Services Comparison of ASP and JSP Microsoft.NET Microsoft Web Services 29.9 Oracle Internet Platform Oracle WebLogic Server Oracle Metadata Repository Oracle Identity Management Oracle Portal

18 Oracle WebCenter Oracle Business Intelligence (BI) Discoverer Oracle SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) Suite Chapter 30 Semistructured Data and XML 30.1 Semistructured Data Object Exchange Model (OEM) Lore and Lorel 30.2 Introduction to XML Overview of XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs) 30.3 XML-Related Technologies DOM and SAX Interfaces Namespaces XSL and XSLT XPath (XML Path Language) XPointer (XML Pointer Language) XLink (XML Linking Language) XHTML Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Universal Discovery, Description, and Integration (UDDI) JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) 30.4 XML Schema Resource Description Framework (RDF) 30.5 XML Query Languages Extending Lore and Lorel to Handle XML XML Query Working Group XQueryA Query Language for XML XML Information Set XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model (XDM) XQuery Update Facility Formal Semantics 30.6 XML and Databases Storing XML in Databases XML and SQL Native XML Databases 30.7 XML in Oracle Part 9 Business Intelligence Chapter 31 Data Warehousing Concepts

19 31.1 Introduction to Data Warehousing The Evolution of Data Warehousing Data Warehousing Concepts Benefits of Data Warehousing Comparison of OLTP Systems and Data Warehousing Problems of Data Warehousing Real-Time Data Warehouse 31.2 Data Warehouse Architecture Operational Data Operational Data Store ETL Manager Warehouse Manager Query Manager Detailed Data Lightly and Highly Summarized Data] Archive/Backup Data Metadata End-User Access Tools 31.3 Data Warehousing Tools and Technologies Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL) Data Warehouse DBMS Data Warehouse Metadata Administration and Management Tools 31.4 Data Mart Reasons for Creating a Data Mart 31.5 Data Warehousing and Temporal Databases Temporal Extensions to the SQL Standard 31.6 Data Warehousing Using Oracle Warehouse Features in Oracle 11g Oracle Support for Temporal Data Chapter 32 Data Warehousing Design 32.1 Designing a Data Warehouse Database 32.2 Data Warehouse Development Methodologies 32.3 Kimballs Business Dimensional Lifecycle 32.4 Dimensionality Modeling Comparison of DM and ER models 32.5 The Dimensional Modeling Stage of Kimballs Business Dimensional Lifecycle Create a High-Level Dimensional Model (Phase I) Identify All Dimension Attributes for the Dimensional Model (Phase II) 32.6 Data Warehouse Development Issues 32.7 Data Warehousing Design Using Oracle Oracle Warehouse Builder Components

20 Using Oracle Warehouse Builder Warehouse Builder Features in Oracle 11g Chapter 33 OLAP 33.1 Online Analytical Processing OLAP Benchmarks 33.2 OLAP Applications 33.3 Multidimensional Data Model Alternative Multidimensional Data Representations Dimensional Hierarchy Multidimensional Operations Multidimensional Schemas 33.4 OLAP Tools Codds Rules for OLAP Tools OLAP ServerImplementation Issues Categories of OLAP Servers 33.5 OLAP Extensions to the SQL Standard Extended Grouping Capabilities Elementary OLAP Operators 33.6 Oracle OLAP Oracle OLAP Environment Platform for Business Intelligence Applications Oracle Database Oracle OLAP Performance System Management System Requirements OLAP Features in Oracle 11g Chapter 34 Data Mining 34.1 Data Mining 34.2 Data Mining Techniques Predictive Modeling Database Segmentation Link Analysis Deviation Detection 34.3 The Data Mining Process The CRISP-DM Model 34.4 Data Mining Tools 34.5 Data Mining and Data Warehousing

21 34.6 Oracle Data Mining (ODM) Data Mining Capabilities Enabling Data Mining Applications Predictions and Insights Oracle Data Mining Environment Data Mining Features in Oracle 11g Appendices A Users Requirements Specification for DreamHome Case Study A.1 Branch User Views of DreamHome References A.1.1 Data Requirements A.1.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) A.2 Staff User Views of DreamHome A.2.1 Data Requirements A.2.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) B Other Case Studies B.1 The University Accommodation Office Case Study B.1.1 Data Requirements B.1.2 Query Transactions (Sample) B.2 The EasyDrive School of Motoring Case Study B.2.1 Data Requirements B.2.2 Query Transactions (Sample) B.3 The Wellmeadows Hospital Case Study B.3.1 Data Requirements B.3.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) C Alternative ER Modeling Notations C.1 ER Modeling Using the Chen Notation C.2 ER Modeling Using the Crows Feet Notation D Summary of the Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model Step 2: Build Logical Data Model Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes Step 5: Design User Views Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System E Introduction to Pyrrho: A Lightweight RDBMS E.1 Pyrrho Features E.2 Download and Install Pyrrho E.3 Getting Started E.4 The Connection String E.5 Pyrrhos Security Model E.6 Pyrrho SQL Syntax

22 Further Reading Index