Workshop: A Simple Introduction to L A TEX

Transcription

1 Workshop: A Simple Introduction to L A TEX Michael P. Fix Susanne Schorpp Georgia State University 142 October 2012

2 Outline 1 Introduction 2 The Basics 3 Typesetting Text 4 Typesetting Math 5 Tables and Figures 6 Bibliography 7 Closing Statements

3 What is L A TEX? L A TEX is an alternative to WYSIWYG word processors for creating documents.

4 What is L A TEX? L A TEX is an alternative to WYSIWYG word processors for creating documents. L A TEX allows you to focus on writing your document without spending hours formatting.

5 What is L A TEX? L A TEX is an alternative to WYSIWYG word processors for creating documents. L A TEX allows you to focus on writing your document without spending hours formatting. You simply provide a few logical commands to define the structure of your document, and let L A TEX design and TEX typeset your work.

6 Why You Should Use L A TEX Your documents look professionally printed.

7 Why You Should Use L A TEX Your documents look professionally printed. While it requires a bit of time investment upfront to learn, it will save you many wasted hours later.

8 Why You Should Use L A TEX Your documents look professionally printed. While it requires a bit of time investment upfront to learn, it will save you many wasted hours later. You can typeset elegant mathematical formulae with simple commands.

9 Why You Should Use L A TEX Your documents look professionally printed. While it requires a bit of time investment upfront to learn, it will save you many wasted hours later. You can typeset elegant mathematical formulae with simple commands. Everything is free!

10 Basic Structure of the Input File For a file to be correctly processed by L A TEX there are a few essential components that must be in the file. 1 Defining the document class 2 Loading Packages 3 Beginning and ending the document

11 Document Class Definition The Document Class specifies the type of document you intent to write. For example, most stuff can be done with the article class, the book class is for longer documents, and the beamer class is used for presentations (like this one).

12 Document Class Every file must begin by specifying the document class with the following command: \documentclass[options]{class}

13 Document Class Every file must begin by specifying the document class with the following command: \documentclass[options]{class} This can be as simple as defining the class: \documentclass{article}

14 Document Class Every file must begin by specifying the document class with the following command: \documentclass[options]{class} This can be as simple as defining the class: \documentclass{article} Or can be used to specify font size, paper type, and title page, among other options. For example: \documentclass[11pt, letter]{article} Would specify that you wanted to write an article in 11 point font using letter paper. (Note: This is what I usually use.)

15 Packages Definition Basic L A TEX often does not include everything you need to include in a document. For example, if you wish to include graphics, most mathematical symbols, colored text or various other things, you will have to use Packages. Packages allow you to expand the functionality of L A TEX.

16 Packages To activate a package, the following command is used: \usepackage[options]{package}

17 Packages To activate a package, the following command is used: \usepackage[options]{package} For example, in order to typeset many mathematical symbols and formulae you need to load the follow two packages: \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} Note: options are rarely used with packages.

18 Identifying Information The last items generally included in the preamble to your file are the identifying information.

19 Identifying Information The last items generally included in the preamble to your file are the identifying information. This is done with the following three commands: \title{the Title} \author{your Name} \date{the Date} or \date{\today}

20 The Body of the Document With the preamble to your input file complete, you are now ready to begin writing the body of the document. It is important to tell L A TEX when to begin the document with the following command: \begin{document}

21 The Body of the Document With the preamble to your input file complete, you are now ready to begin writing the body of the document. It is important to tell L A TEX when to begin the document with the following command: \begin{document}... and when to end the document with this command: \end{document}

22 The Body of the Document To put the title information at the top of your document, you need only insert a simple command at the top of your document.

23 The Body of the Document To put the title information at the top of your document, you need only insert a simple command at the top of your document. Simply insert the following command at the beginning of your document: \maketitle Note: You have to insert the \maketitle command after \begin{document} or your title and name will not appear.

24 Cover Pages Alternatively, you may desire to create a cover page for your document rather than simply having the title information at the top of the first page.

25 Cover Pages Alternatively, you may desire to create a cover page for your document rather than simply having the title information at the top of the first page. This is very simple and requires only that you enter the following series of commands: \begin{titlepage} \maketitle \thispagestyle{empty} %To avoid page number on cover page \end{titlepage}

26 A Simple Document Now that we ve got the basics down, we can put it all together to create a simple document. Try this: \documentclass{article} \title{a Short Paper} \author{me} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle This is a very short paper! I should get an A for being concise. \end{document}

27 A Simple Document If you were successful your document should appear like this: A Short Paper Me July 14, 2009 This is a very short paper! I should get an A for being concise.

28 A Technical Note File Types Each time you create a new document, several files will be created. The most important of these is your input file (i.e. the file you create in your text editor).

29 A Technical Note File Types Each time you create a new document, several files will be created. The most important of these is your input file (i.e. the file you create in your text editor). This file will look something like: filename.tex

30 A Technical Note File Types Each time you create a new document, several files will be created. The most important of these is your input file (i.e. the file you create in your text editor). This file will look something like: filename.tex Your output file will be saved in the same folder as something like: filename.pdf or filename.ps

31 A Technical Note File Types Each time you create a new document, several files will be created. The most important of these is your input file (i.e. the file you create in your text editor). This file will look something like: filename.tex Your output file will be saved in the same folder as something like: filename.pdf or filename.ps There will also be numerous other files created with extensions like: filename.log, filename.snm, filename.vrb, etc.

32 Writing Text for Your Document For me, one of the greatest things about creating L A TEX is the simplicity of writing your document.

33 Writing Text for Your Document For me, one of the greatest things about creating L A TEX is the simplicity of writing your document. Since you are working with a text editor, you are overwhelmed with the graphical interface of WYSIWYG word processors.

34 Writing Text for Your Document For me, one of the greatest things about creating L A TEX is the simplicity of writing your document. Since you are working with a text editor, you are overwhelmed with the graphical interface of WYSIWYG word processors. It is not necessary to hunt through menu bars to find everything you need to properly typeset your document.

35 Writing Text for Your Document For me, one of the greatest things about creating L A TEX is the simplicity of writing your document. Since you are working with a text editor, you are overwhelmed with the graphical interface of WYSIWYG word processors. It is not necessary to hunt through menu bars to find everything you need to properly typeset your document. All that is required is for you to learn a few simple (and easy to look up) commands to instruct the program and it does all the work for you.

36 Writing Text for Your Document For me, one of the greatest things about creating L A TEX is the simplicity of writing your document. Since you are working with a text editor, you are overwhelmed with the graphical interface of WYSIWYG word processors. It is not necessary to hunt through menu bars to find everything you need to properly typeset your document. All that is required is for you to learn a few simple (and easy to look up) commands to instruct the program and it does all the work for you. That is what is section of the presentation is all about...

37 Spacing Spacing in L A TEX is largely automatic. Like a professionally printed book or journal, it ensures relatively uniform spacing between characters, words, lines, and paragraphs. Thus you do not need to worry about these details. But there are a few things you must keep in mind.

38 The Essentials for Proper Spacing I First, you must note that spacing between words is treat uniformly. This regardless of whether you type: The dog ran fast. or The dog ran fast. or The dog ran fast.

39 The Essentials for Proper Spacing I First, you must note that spacing between words is treat uniformly. This regardless of whether you type: The dog ran fast. or The dog ran fast. or The dog ran fast. The output will be the same: The dog ran fast.

40 The Essentials for Proper Spacing II For paragraphs, L A TEX also automatically intents the first line and provides proper spacing. You simply need to let it know you want to start a new paragraph by leaving a blank line in your input file. For example: This is a paragraph. This is the next paragraph. instead of: This is a paragraph. This is the next paragraph.

41 The Essentials for Proper Spacing III Finally, note that while all of this spacing is automatic, you can tell L A TEX to do specific things when necessary. To create a line break use: \\ or \\* to start a new line without starting a new paragraph.

42 The Essentials for Proper Spacing III Finally, note that while all of this spacing is automatic, you can tell L A TEX to do specific things when necessary. To create a line break use: \\ or \\* to start a new line without starting a new paragraph. For a page break, you need to use: \newpage

43 Emphasizing Text Sometimes it is necessary to italicize or bold face text. To do this you use the following commands: \textit{... } or {\it... } for italicized text.

44 Emphasizing Text Sometimes it is necessary to italicize or bold face text. To do this you use the following commands: \textit{... } or {\it... } for italicized text. Or \textbf{... } or {\bf... } for bold faced text. Or \texttt{... } or {\tt... } for typewriter style text.

45 Special Characters L A TEX has commands for almost any special character that you could ever need. Here are some common examples.

46 Special Characters Quotation Marks For quotation marks you cannot use the " key as you would in a word processor, or you will get a strange output.

47 Special Characters Quotation Marks For quotation marks you cannot use the " key as you would in a word processor, or you will get a strange output. Instead, you should use two characters to open a quotation and two to close a quotation.

48 Special Characters Quotation Marks For quotation marks you cannot use the " key as you would in a word processor, or you will get a strange output. Instead, you should use two characters to open a quotation and two to close a quotation. Similarly, you use a single and for single quotes.

49 Special Characters Hyphens and Dashes Three types of dashes are recognized in L A TEX.

50 Special Characters Hyphens and Dashes Three types of dashes are recognized in L A TEX. A normal hyphen (-) is made simply by typing - as normal

51 Special Characters Hyphens and Dashes Three types of dashes are recognized in L A TEX. A normal hyphen (-) is made simply by typing - as normal An en-dash ( ), is made by typing --.

52 Special Characters Hyphens and Dashes Three types of dashes are recognized in L A TEX. A normal hyphen (-) is made simply by typing - as normal An en-dash ( ), is made by typing --. An em-dash ( ), is made by typing ---.

53 Special Characters Hyphens and Dashes Three types of dashes are recognized in L A TEX. A normal hyphen (-) is made simply by typing - as normal An en-dash ( ), is made by typing --. An em-dash ( ), is made by typing ---. Additionally, a negative sign is made simply by typing - while in math mode (will discuss this later), or by putting it between two $ marks. For example, typing $-6$ will give you 6.

54 Special Characters Others \& &

55 Special Characters Others \& & \% %

56 Special Characters Others \& & \% % \ldots...

57 Special Characters Others \& & \% % \ldots... The Google is very useful for locating any symbols you might ever need

58 Section Headings L A TEX supports various ways to subdivide your document into sections. The most common of these are: \section{... } or \section*{... } \subsection{... } or \subsection*{... } \subsubsection{... } or \subsubsection*{... }

59 Section Headings L A TEX supports various ways to subdivide your document into sections. The most common of these are: \section{... } or \section*{... } \subsection{... } or \subsection*{... } \subsubsection{... } or \subsubsection*{... } Note: the section, subsection, and subsubsection commands will automatically number the sections. The section*, subsection*, and subsubsection* commands print only the name of the section.

60 Footnotes Inserting footnotes is extremely simple. Simply insert the following command where you would like the footnote to appear. \footnote{... }

61 Footnotes Inserting footnotes is extremely simple. Simply insert the following command where you would like the footnote to appear. \footnote{... }... and simply type the text of the footnote inside the braces.

62 Environments Definition Environments are used in L A TEX for writing special kinds of text. Think of them as creating a special section of your document that follows a different set of rules.

63 Environments Definition Environments are used in L A TEX for writing special kinds of text. Think of them as creating a special section of your document that follows a different set of rules. To use an environment, you use the following commands: \begin{environment} and \end{environment}

64 Environments Definition Environments are used in L A TEX for writing special kinds of text. Think of them as creating a special section of your document that follows a different set of rules. To use an environment, you use the following commands: \begin{environment} and \end{environment}... with the text entered between the two commands.

65 Environments Lists Making lists in L A TEX is very quick and easy.

66 Environments Lists Making lists in L A TEX is very quick and easy. Additionally, you control the nesting of lists, so you never have to deal with the auto-formatting errors in MS Word.

67 Environments Lists Making lists in L A TEX is very quick and easy. Additionally, you control the nesting of lists, so you never have to deal with the auto-formatting errors in MS Word. The two most common types of lists use the enumerate environment (for a numbered list) or the itemize environment (for items where item are identified by a symbol).

68 Environments Lists To make a list simply begin the environment: \begin{itemize}

69 Environments Lists To make a list simply begin the environment: \begin{itemize} Then, note each item with the \item command. For example: \item Item 1 \item Item 2 \item Item 3

70 Environments Lists To make a list simply begin the environment: \begin{itemize} Then, note each item with the \item command. For example: \item Item 1 \item Item 2 \item Item 3 Finally, end the environment: \end{itemize}

71 Environments Lists enumerate works the same as itemize except the list will be numbered.

72 Environments Lists enumerate works the same as itemize except the list will be numbered. Additionally, lists can be easily nested. Simply add another \begin{itemize} command where you would like to begin the nested list.

73 Environments Lists enumerate works the same as itemize except the list will be numbered. Additionally, lists can be easily nested. Simply add another \begin{itemize} command where you would like to begin the nested list. Further, enumerate lists can be nested within itemize lists and vise versa.

74 Environments Lists Try the following example: \documentclass{article} \title{a Simple List} \author{me} \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{enumerate} \item This is the first item. \item This is the second item. \begin{itemize} \item I like the second item. \item {\it It is good}. \end{itemize} \item This is the third --- and last --- item. \end{enumerate} \end{document}

75 Environments Lists You document should look like this: A Simple List Me October 11, This is the first item. 2. This is the second item. I like the second item. It is good. 3. This is the third and last item.

76 Environments Quote The quote environment is useful for long quotes that need to be set off from the rest of the text.

77 Environments Quote The quote environment is useful for long quotes that need to be set off from the rest of the text. \begin{quote}

78 Environments Quote The quote environment is useful for long quotes that need to be set off from the rest of the text. \begin{quote} Enter the text you are quoting.

79 Environments Quote The quote environment is useful for long quotes that need to be set off from the rest of the text. \begin{quote} Enter the text you are quoting. Then, end the quote environment: \end{quote}

80 Environments Abstract The abstract environment is used for making abstracts for scholarly papers.

81 Environments Abstract The abstract environment is used for making abstracts for scholarly papers. It works just like the other environments.

82 Environments Abstract The abstract environment is used for making abstracts for scholarly papers. It works just like the other environments. Simply write the text of your abstract between the commands to begin and end the environment. \begin{abstract} This is an abstract \end{abstract}

83 Environments Others There are many additional environments available

84 Environments Others There are many additional environments available Excluding ones for mathematics (to be discussed in the next section) some of the more common are:

85 Environments Others There are many additional environments available Excluding ones for mathematics (to be discussed in the next section) some of the more common are: flushleft, flushright, and center change the alignment of the text inside the environment.

86 Environments Others There are many additional environments available Excluding ones for mathematics (to be discussed in the next section) some of the more common are: flushleft, flushright, and center change the alignment of the text inside the environment. tabular is used to create tables. We will discuss this later.

87 Introduction to Typesetting Math in L A TEX As I m sure you are well aware, the ability to typeset mathematical formulae with an elegance unmatched by any other program is the greatest strength of L A TEX.

88 Introduction to Typesetting Math in L A TEX As I m sure you are well aware, the ability to typeset mathematical formulae with an elegance unmatched by any other program is the greatest strength of L A TEX. It would be impossible to show you everything you can possibly do, without spending days waking through example after example.

89 Introduction to Typesetting Math in L A TEX As I m sure you are well aware, the ability to typeset mathematical formulae with an elegance unmatched by any other program is the greatest strength of L A TEX. It would be impossible to show you everything you can possibly do, without spending days waking through example after example. Thus, I am simply going to provide a brief overview to show you how it s done.

90 Introduction to Typesetting Math in L A TEX As I m sure you are well aware, the ability to typeset mathematical formulae with an elegance unmatched by any other program is the greatest strength of L A TEX. It would be impossible to show you everything you can possibly do, without spending days waking through example after example. Thus, I am simply going to provide a brief overview to show you how it s done. Fortunately, there are countless reference sources available for anything you could ever need to do.

91 A Note on Packages Just about any mathematical symbol or formulae you could ever need to created is contained in AMS-L A TEX.

92 A Note on Packages Just about any mathematical symbol or formulae you could ever need to created is contained in AMS-L A TEX. This was created by the American Mathematical Society and is as comprehensive as possible it is also how they create all of their documents.

93 A Note on Packages Just about any mathematical symbol or formulae you could ever need to created is contained in AMS-L A TEX. This was created by the American Mathematical Society and is as comprehensive as possible it is also how they create all of their documents. As it is included in any basic installation of L A TEX, you do not need to install anything extra.

94 A Note on Packages Just about any mathematical symbol or formulae you could ever need to created is contained in AMS-L A TEX. This was created by the American Mathematical Society and is as comprehensive as possible it is also how they create all of their documents. As it is included in any basic installation of L A TEX, you do not need to install anything extra. Just remember to load two package every time you start: \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath}

95 A Note on Environments All mathematical formulae and equations must be written inside special environments to appear correctly in your output file.

96 A Note on Environments All mathematical formulae and equations must be written inside special environments to appear correctly in your output file. The two most common are: equation for numbered equations and equation* for unnumbered ones.

97 A Note on Environments All mathematical formulae and equations must be written inside special environments to appear correctly in your output file. The two most common are: equation for numbered equations and equation* for unnumbered ones. Alternatively, if you wish to include mathematical symbols or formulas in the body of your text, you should use: $... $

98 A Note on Environments These are only a few of the many environments for typesetting mathematical formulae.

99 A Note on Environments These are only a few of the many environments for typesetting mathematical formulae. Many others are available for special purposes, such as: Aligning a series of equations (align)

100 A Note on Environments These are only a few of the many environments for typesetting mathematical formulae. Many others are available for special purposes, such as: Aligning a series of equations (align) Allowing a long equation to be split over multiple lines (multiline)

101 A Note on Environments These are only a few of the many environments for typesetting mathematical formulae. Many others are available for special purposes, such as: Aligning a series of equations (align) Allowing a long equation to be split over multiple lines (multiline)... and many others

102 A Note on Environments These are only a few of the many environments for typesetting mathematical formulae. Many others are available for special purposes, such as: Aligning a series of equations (align) Allowing a long equation to be split over multiple lines (multiline)... and many others The document A Short Math Guide to L A TEX (Downs 2002), provides details on these environments, and an extensive list of commonly used mathematical symbols.

103 Math is Easy as π We now know everything we need to know to typeset simple equations in L A TEX.

104 Math is Easy as π We now know everything we need to know to typeset simple equations in L A TEX. Let s try some examples.

105 Math is Easy as π We now know everything we need to know to typeset simple equations in L A TEX. Let s try some examples. First, open a new document in your text editor and create the preamble: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \title{some Simple Math} \author{me} \begin{document} \maketitle

106 Math is Easy as π Example 1: Let s say we want to include some math in the body of a paragraph: Einstein s most famous equation is $e = mc ^ 2$.\\

107 Math is Easy as π Example 2: Let s say we want to set off an important equation, but we do not want it to be numbered: Another important contribution to scientific knowledge is the Pythagorean Theorem.\\ \begin{equation*} a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \end{equation*}

108 Math is Easy as π Example 3: Finally, let s say we need to use multiple equations and we want to number them. Since we know that: \begin{equation} 3+3=6 \end{equation} and we know that: \begin{equation} 2*3 =6 \end{equation} Then, from (1) and (2), we know that: \begin{equation} 2*3 =3+3 \end{equation}

109 Math is Easy as π Now just remember to end your document: \end{document}

110 Math is Easy as π Now just remember to end your document: \end{document} Now, typeset your document and compare it to the one on the following slide.

111 Math is Easy as π Simple Math Me October 11, 2011 Einstein s most famous equation is e = mc 2. Another important contribution to scientific knowledge is the Pythagorean Theorem. Since we know that: and we know that: Then, from (1) and (2), we know that: a 2 + b 2 = c = 6 (1) 2 3 = 6 (2) 2 3 = (3)

112 Some Common Commands There is an almost endless list of mathematical commands that I could show you.

113 Some Common Commands There is an almost endless list of mathematical commands that I could show you. However, the reality is that you will never need to use many of them we re not mathematicians after all!

114 Some Common Commands There is an almost endless list of mathematical commands that I could show you. However, the reality is that you will never need to use many of them we re not mathematicians after all! So, in the next few slides, I will cover some of the one s that I use the most frequently.

115 Some Common Commands There is an almost endless list of mathematical commands that I could show you. However, the reality is that you will never need to use many of them we re not mathematicians after all! So, in the next few slides, I will cover some of the one s that I use the most frequently. And remember, there are a ton of resources for this information, so most people will never find the need to memorize any except those they use with great regularity.

116 Some Common Commands A Note For all the examples that follow, I will use the $... $ format (i.e. for including math within the body of a paragraph). Remember that when using the equation, equation*, or any other math environment, it is unnecessary to include the $ symbols.

117 Some Common Commands Greek Letters Greek letters are commonly used and one of the simplest things to remember.

118 Some Common Commands Greek Letters Greek letters are commonly used and one of the simplest things to remember. Lower case letters are simply their name in all lower case letter preceded by a \

119 Some Common Commands Greek Letters Greek letters are commonly used and one of the simplest things to remember. Lower case letters are simply their name in all lower case letter preceded by a \... for upper cases Greek letters you simply capitalize the first letter of the name. For example: $\alpha \beta \gamma \Pi \Sigma \Delta$

120 Some Common Commands Greek Letters Greek letters are commonly used and one of the simplest things to remember. Lower case letters are simply their name in all lower case letter preceded by a \... for upper cases Greek letters you simply capitalize the first letter of the name. For example: $\alpha \beta \gamma \Pi \Sigma \Delta$ Gives you: αβγπσ

121 Some Common Commands Fractions There are a few ways to make fractions in L A TEX. For simple usually numeric fractions, we may want them typeset as 1/2. We can do this by using: $1/2$

122 Some Common Commands Fractions There are a few ways to make fractions in L A TEX. For simple usually numeric fractions, we may want them typeset as 1/2. We can do this by using: $1/2$ Sometimes we want a more traditional appearance for our fractions, especially when they are more complex like a+b c+d. For this we would use: $\frac{a+b}{c+d}$

123 Some Common Commands Exponents and Subscripts As we saw in the example equations earlier, to typeset exponents we simply enter a ^ prior to the exponent. Thus, to get n k, we simply need to enter: $n^k$

124 Some Common Commands Exponents and Subscripts As we saw in the example equations earlier, to typeset exponents we simply enter a ^ prior to the exponent. Thus, to get n k, we simply need to enter: $n^k$ For subscripts, we simply insert the _ character before the subscript. Thus, to get n k, we simply enter: $n_k$

125 Some Common Commands Grouping Symbols Often in typesetting mathematical expressions we need to use grouping symbols such as parentheses (... ), brackets [... ], braces {... }, and absolute value symbols....

126 Some Common Commands Grouping Symbols Often in typesetting mathematical expressions we need to use grouping symbols such as parentheses (... ), brackets [... ], braces {... }, and absolute value symbols.... Making each these symbols is quite simple: (... ) for parentheses [... ] for brackets \{... \} for braces $\vert$ for absolute values

127 Some Common Commands Grouping Symbols Often in typesetting mathematical expressions we need to use grouping symbols such as parentheses (... ), brackets [... ], braces {... }, and absolute value symbols.... Making each these symbols is quite simple: (... ) for parentheses [... ] for brackets \{... \} for braces $\vert$ for absolute values Note: Only the absolute value symbols require the $, when not in math mode.

128 Some Common Commands Grouping Symbols There are commands that allow you to manually control the size of your grouping symbols: $\big($ $\Big($ $\bigg($ $\Bigg($ or $\big\{$ $\Big\{$ $\bigg\{$ $\Bigg\{$ or $\big\vert$ $\Big\vert$ $\bigg\vert$ $\Bigg\vert$

129 Some Common Commands Grouping Symbols There are commands that allow you to manually control the size of your grouping symbols: $\big($ $\Big($ $\bigg($ $\Bigg($ or $\big\{$ $\Big\{$ $\bigg\{$ $\Bigg\{$ or $\big\vert$ $\Big\vert$ $\bigg\vert$ $\Bigg\vert$... gives you (((( { {{{

130 Typesetting Math Concluding Comments I couldn t possibly go through everything you may ever need to do with respect to typesetting mathematical symbols and formulae.

131 Typesetting Math Concluding Comments I couldn t possibly go through everything you may ever need to do with respect to typesetting mathematical symbols and formulae. However, this introduction should provide you with all the tools you need.

132 Typesetting Math Concluding Comments I couldn t possibly go through everything you may ever need to do with respect to typesetting mathematical symbols and formulae. However, this introduction should provide you with all the tools you need. Regardless of how simple your application: y = X β + ɛ

133 Typesetting Math Concluding Comments I couldn t possibly go through everything you may ever need to do with respect to typesetting mathematical symbols and formulae. However, this introduction should provide you with all the tools you need. Regardless of how simple your application: y = X β + ɛ... or how complex: f nb (y i λ, σ 2 ) = ( ) Γ λ σ y ( i σ ( ) 2 ) 1 y i!γ λ σ 2 y i (σ 2 ) λ σ 2 1 σ 2 1

134 Making Tables in L A TEX Making tables in L A TEX requires a relatively simple series of commands, however it is important that you follow a few simple rules.

135 Making Tables in L A TEX Making tables in L A TEX requires a relatively simple series of commands, however it is important that you follow a few simple rules. Let s start with how to make a very simple 2 x 2 table like the one below: x 1 x 2 y y 2.6.4

136 Making Tables in L A TEX The first thing that we need to keep in mind when making table is that they are made inside the tabular environment. \begin{tabular}{specifications}

137 Making Tables in L A TEX The first thing that we need to keep in mind when making table is that they are made inside the tabular environment. \begin{tabular}{specifications} Unlike many other environments, we must make an additional declaration in in \begin{environment} command. Specifically, we must define the specifications for our table.

138 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications In defining the specifications for our table, we must define three things:

139 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications In defining the specifications for our table, we must define three things: 1 The number of columns.

140 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications In defining the specifications for our table, we must define three things: 1 The number of columns. 2 The alignment of each column.

141 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications In defining the specifications for our table, we must define three things: 1 The number of columns. 2 The alignment of each column. 3 Whether we want vertical lines on the left margin, right margin, and/or between any of the columns.

142 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications We use the following format to declare our table specification: \begin{tabular}{ l c c }

143 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications We use the following format to declare our table specification: \begin{tabular}{ l c c } Each entry represents a column. Thus the above example would be for a table with three columns.

144 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications We use the following format to declare our table specification: \begin{tabular}{ l c c } Each entry represents a column. Thus the above example would be for a table with three columns. The letters tell us how we want each column aligned, and we use: l c r left-aligned column centered column right-aligned column

145 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications We use the following format to declare our table specification: \begin{tabular}{ l c c } Each entry represents a column. Thus the above example would be for a table with three columns. The letters tell us how we want each column aligned, and we use: l c r left-aligned column centered column right-aligned column Thus in the example, the first column is left-aligned, the second is centered, and the last is also centered.

146 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications Finally, we must also declare any vertical lines we would like to have appear in our table.

147 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications Finally, we must also declare any vertical lines we would like to have appear in our table. To do this, we use the following symbols: vertical line double vertical line

148 Making Tables in L A TEX Specifications Finally, we must also declare any vertical lines we would like to have appear in our table. To do this, we use the following symbols: vertical line double vertical line Since our example has a line on each side for the edge of the table and a line between the first and second column, we must declare this in our specifications: \begin{tabular}{ l c c }

149 Making Tables in L A TEX Additional Commands Before we can fill in our table, we need to familiarize ourselves with three more commands.

150 Making Tables in L A TEX Additional Commands Before we can fill in our table, we need to familiarize ourselves with three more commands. First, we need to know how to make the horizontal lines at the top and bottom of our table and after the first row. To do this we use: \hline

151 Making Tables in L A TEX Additional Commands Before we can fill in our table, we need to familiarize ourselves with three more commands. First, we need to know how to make the horizontal lines at the top and bottom of our table and after the first row. To do this we use: \hline Second, we need a symbol to separate the data for each column within a single row. For this we use: &

152 Making Tables in L A TEX Additional Commands Before we can fill in our table, we need to familiarize ourselves with three more commands. First, we need to know how to make the horizontal lines at the top and bottom of our table and after the first row. To do this we use: \hline Second, we need a symbol to separate the data for each column within a single row. For this we use: & Finally, we need a symbol to separate the rows of our table. For this we use: \\

153 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together I Now we know how to make a table in L A TEX.

154 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together I Now we know how to make a table in L A TEX. Let s look at the example again and then we will go through how to put it all together. x 1 x 2 y y 2.6.4

155 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together II The first step is to enter the tabular environment and declare the specifications: \begin{tabular}{ l c c }

156 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together III Next, we declare that we want a horizontal line at the top of our table: \hline

157 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together IV Now we can enter our first line of information. Since the first column is empty we simply leave a blank space, prior to our first column separator ( &).

158 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together IV Now we can enter our first line of information. Since the first column is empty we simply leave a blank space, prior to our first column separator ( &). Then, we enter the information for our second column, another &, the information for the third column, and a row separator (\\). & $x_1$ & $x_2$ \\

159 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together V Now, since we want a horizontal line after this row, we can enter another: \hline

160 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together V Now, since we want a horizontal line after this row, we can enter another: \hline Next we enter the information we want to appear in the final two rows: $y_1$ &.4 &.6 \\ $y_2$ &.6 &.4 \\

161 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together VI Since we want another horizontal line at the bottom of our table we need one final: \hline

162 Making Tables in L A TEX Putting It Together VI Since we want another horizontal line at the bottom of our table we need one final: \hline Finally, we need to exit the tabular environment: \end{tabular}

163 Making Tables in L A TEX A Note on Spacing While spacing makes little technical difference in the tabular environment, you should carefully align your column separators when making a table with many rows.

164 Making Tables in L A TEX A Note on Spacing While spacing makes little technical difference in the tabular environment, you should carefully align your column separators when making a table with many rows. Consider the following example. Each of the lines below will result in the same output: $y_1$ &.4 &.6 \\ $y_1$ &.4 &.6 \\ $y_1$ &.4 &.6 \\

165 Making Tables in L A TEX A Note on Spacing However, when you have multiple rows of unaligned data: $x_1$ &.24 &.36 &.81 \\ $x_2$ &.44 &.63 &.32 \\ $x_3$ &.23 &.4 &.6 \\ $x_4$ &.64 &.32 & 12 \\

166 Making Tables in L A TEX A Note on Spacing However, when you have multiple rows of unaligned data: $x_1$ &.24 &.36 &.81 \\ $x_2$ &.44 &.63 &.32 \\ $x_3$ &.23 &.4 &.6 \\ $x_4$ &.64 &.32 & 12 \\ It is incredibly difficult to find errors in your input file should one occur, or should you need to go back later and edit your table.

167 Making Tables in L A TEX The table environment You can place your table into the table environment. That will allow you to assign each table a caption. Latex will also create a running counter for your tables to generate a List of Tables

168 Making Tables in L A TEX The table environment You can place your table into the table environment. That will allow you to assign each table a caption. Latex will also create a running counter for your tables to generate a List of Tables \begin{table} \caption{predicted Probabilities} \begin{tabular}... \end{tabular} \end{table}

169 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things This should provide a good grasp on the basics of the tabular environment. There are several resources out there that can provide you with any details you may need.

170 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things This should provide a good grasp on the basics of the tabular environment. There are several resources out there that can provide you with any details you may need.... A good place to start is:

171 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things This should provide a good grasp on the basics of the tabular environment. There are several resources out there that can provide you with any details you may need.... A good place to start is: Remember that you may have to load additional packages in the front end of your document for some features.

172 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things While it may seem a bit complicated to produce tables in L A TEX, they

173 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things While it may seem a bit complicated to produce tables in L A TEX, they 1... look professional

174 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things While it may seem a bit complicated to produce tables in L A TEX, they 1... look professional 2... can save time in the long run

175 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things Both for STATA and R, commands for automated L A TEX output exist.

176 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things Both for STATA and R, commands for automated L A TEX output exist. In other words: You can...

177 Making Tables in L A TEX A Few Other Things Both for STATA and R, commands for automated L A TEX output exist. In other words: You can... Run your model(s) Have the program generate the table for you Copy/paste it into your file

178 Making Tables in L A TEX STATA Using the estout package in STATA:

179 Making Tables in L A TEX STATA Using the estout package in STATA: run model1 estimates store model1

180 Making Tables in L A TEX STATA Using the estout package in STATA: run model1 estimates store model1 run model2 estimates store model2

181 Making Tables in L A TEX STATA Using the estout package in STATA: run model1 estimates store model1 run model2 estimates store model2 estout model1 model2, cells("b(star fmt(3)) se(fmt(3))") stats(n chi2, star(chi2)) style(tex) label

182 Making Tables in L A TEX STATA... would produce the following output in STATA: & model1 & & model2 & & b & se& b & Government Win & & & & Afghanistan/Iraq War& 1.052* & 0.483& 0.940* & Casualties & * & & * & PM Approval & & 0.012& & Rally & & 0.874& & Human Rights Act & & 0.525& & Casualties*Approval & 0.989* & 0.472& 0.663* & Ideology & & 0.372& & _cons & & 0.704& & N & & & & chi2 & * & & * &

183 Making Tables in L A TEX STATA... copy/pasting it into your L A TEX file produces: model1 model2 b se b se Government Win Afghanistan/Iraq War 1.052* * Casualties * * PM Approval Rally Human Rights Act Casualties*Approval 0.989* * Ideology Constant N chi * *

184 Making Tables in L A TEX Concluding Notes The key is to be careful in declaring the specifications for your table, and ensuring that all data gets entered properly and in the correct location.

185 Making Tables in L A TEX Concluding Notes The key is to be careful in declaring the specifications for your table, and ensuring that all data gets entered properly and in the correct location. You can automate much of the tedious process by letting your statistical software do the work for you Many pages on the web are dedicated to helping you draft your table in L A TEX if you ever get stuck

186 A Note on Importing Figures Importing figures into your L A TEX is very simple.

187 A Note on Importing Figures Importing figures into your L A TEX is very simple. Figures are made within the figure environment: \begin{figure}[placement]

188 A Note on Importing Figures Importing figures into your L A TEX is very simple. Figures are made within the figure environment: \begin{figure}[placement] Where the placement option takes the following values: h here (the exact location) t at the top of the page b at the bottom of the page p on a special page for floating bodies

189 A Note on Importing Figures Importing figures into your L A TEX is very simple. Figures are made within the figure environment: \begin{figure}[placement] Where the placement option takes the following values: h here (the exact location) t at the top of the page b at the bottom of the page p on a special page for floating bodies Note: the placement option is often left blank with the default [tbp].

190 A Note on Importing Figures An example should clarify:

191 A Note on Importing Figures An example should clarify: Say we to import a picture into our document. We could use the following commands: \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[scale=.5]{baby.jpg} \caption{cute Kid!} \end{figure}

192 A Note on Importing Figures... to get: Figure: Cute Kid!

193 A Note on Importing Figures Remember to keep in mind that for this to work the file you want to import must be located in the proper folder.

194 A Note on Importing Figures Remember to keep in mind that for this to work the file you want to import must be located in the proper folder. This generally requires that it be stored in the same folder as the.tex file

195 A Note on Importing Figures Remember to keep in mind that for this to work the file you want to import must be located in the proper folder. This generally requires that it be stored in the same folder as the.tex file Finally, note that his only works with certain file types. While not an exhaustive list, some of the most common include pdf, jpg, png, and eps.

196 Introduction to Bibliographies Bibliographies are tedious work. L A TEX will do much of the work for you.

197 Introduction to Bibliographies Bibliographies are tedious work. L A TEX will do much of the work for you. For that you will need a BibTEXfile that contains the bibliographic information on the works you may cite

198 Introduction to Bibliographies Bibliographies are tedious work. L A TEX will do much of the work for you. For that you will need a BibTEXfile that contains the bibliographic information on the works you may cite The entries in the BibTEXfile will look something like title = {Legislative Leviathan}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1993}, author = {Cox, Gary W. and Matthew D. McCubbins}, address = {Berkeley} }

199 Introduction to Bibliographies Bibliographies are tedious work. L A TEX will do much of the work for you. For that you will need a BibTEXfile that contains the bibliographic information on the works you may cite The entries in the BibTEXfile will look something like title = {Legislative Leviathan}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1993}, author = {Cox, Gary W. and Matthew D. McCubbins}, address = {Berkeley} } Where Cox1993 is what we call a Marker

200 Citing with BibTEX You will need to tell L A TEX which citation style to use

201 Citing with BibTEX You will need to tell L A TEX which citation style to use Specifically, we recommend using the natbib package which provides style files consistent with most of the major citation formats (including APSA). To do this you need to add the following lines to your preamble: \usepackage{natbib} \bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{;} \bibliographystyle{name of style file}

202 Citing with BibTEX You will need to tell L A TEX which citation style to use Specifically, we recommend using the natbib package which provides style files consistent with most of the major citation formats (including APSA). To do this you need to add the following lines to your preamble: \usepackage{natbib} \bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{;} \bibliographystyle{name of style file} Note that the apsr style file included in the harvard and natbib packages is NOT fully consistent with the APSA style manual. Michael Fix and Susanne Schorpp provide a corrected version available from the Society of Political Methodology.

203 Citing in L A TEX Back to our example

204 Citing in L A TEX Back to our title = {Legislative Leviathan}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1993}, author = {Cox, Gary W. and Matthew D. McCubbins}, address = {Berkeley} }

205 Citing in L A TEX Back to our title = {Legislative Leviathan}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1993}, author = {Cox, Gary W. and Matthew D. McCubbins}, address = {Berkeley} } Where Cox1993 is what we call a Marker

206 Citing in L A TEX The marker can be used to cite the item within the document as follows:

207 Citing in L A TEX The marker can be used to cite the item within the document as follows: \cite{cox1993}

208 Citing in L A TEX The marker can be used to cite the item within the document as follows: \cite{cox1993}... which will lead to the following output: (Cox and McCubbins 1993)

209 Citing in L A TEX Example: Typing this: According to \citet{cox1993}, as well as other work on the subject \citep{carmines1987,kiewiet1988}, political science is a really important subject. Will give you the following output: According to Cox and McCubbins (1993), as well as other work on the subject (Carmines, McIver, and Stimson 1987; Kiewiet and McCubbins 1988), political science is a really important subject.

210 Citing in L A TEX When using BibTEX you generate a separate file with all your references with the extension.bib

211 Citing in L A TEX When using BibTEX you generate a separate file with all your references with the extension.bib Using a reference manager such as JabRef (or Zotero) simplifies and automates this process

212 Bibliographies with BibTEX Finally, at the end of the document, where you would like your reference pages to appear, you add the following line: \newpage \bibliography{filename.bib}