Introduction to L A TEX

Transcription

1 Introduction to L A TEX Evan Parker-Stephen September 21, Download and Installation (L A TEX for Windows) (Text Editor) (TEX User Group) 2 Getting Started L A TEX gives you the means to typeset beautiful documents. Using it in tandem with your text editor of choice (we will be using WinEdt), you can control everything from the spacing of your document to the style of your tables to the (automatic) generation of your works cited page. At a minimum, you will need to use the following typesetting commands to begin your document: \documentclass[12pt]{article} \begin{document}... Document body here. \end{document} Lengthier introductory commands, collectively called the preamble, are more often the norm. These commands are calls to packages that affect the document s layout, styles, and so forth. This document, for example, was created using the preamble listed below. At this point these particulars are not nearly as important as the general lesson: you have control over the basic appearance of your documents and much of it is established by the packages you invoke in the preamble. Of course, TEX s typesetting algorithms do the heavy lifting. \documentclass[12pt]{article} \underline{}\usepackage{endnotes} \usepackage{fullpage} \usepackage{setspace} \usepackage{amsfonts, amsmath, amssymb} \usepackage{dcolumn, pstricks, multirow} \usepackage{epsfig, subfigure, subfloat, graphicx, float} \usepackage{anysize, setspace} \usepackage{verbatim, rotating} \usepackage{bib} 1

2 \usepackage[abbr]{harvard} \usepackage{hyperref} \begin{document} \title{{\bfintroduction to \LaTeX}} \author{evan Parker-Stephen} \date{september 21, 2006} \maketitle 2.1 Headings Every article uses headings. Creating headings in TEX is straightforward. To create the Getting Started heading above I used the command listed below. Note that adding an asterisk after the word section gives a non numbered heading. \section{getting Started} or \section*{getting Started} Creating sub headings is also possible, for example: \subsection{headings} or \subsubsection{headings} 3 L A TEX Environments L A TEX offers several paragraph environments, each of which gives TEX specific formatting instructions. First, every environment begins and ends in the same manner: \begin{environment-name}... \end{environment-name} 3.1 Bulleted Lists Creating a bulleted list requires the following environment: \begin{itemize} \item{mccants} \item{felton} \item{williams} \end{itemize} Which gives: McCants Felton Williams 2

3 3.2 Numbered Lists Creating a numbered list requires the following command sequence: \begin{enumerate} \item{mccants} \item{felton} \item{williams} \end{enumerate} Which gives: 1. McCants 2. Felton 3. Williams Note: lists may be embedded within lists to a maximum of four nested levels. 3.3 Description Lists \begin{description} \item[forward] McCants \item[guard] Felton \item[forward] Williams \end{description} Which gives: Forward McCants Guard Felton Forward Williams 4 Creating Tables Tables are one of the more complicated aspects of L A TEX, but the tables you can create are far superior to those constructed using proprietary word processing software. What is perhaps most confusing about L A TEX tables is that you need two commands to create one. The tabular environment is the body of the table itself. It usually sits inside a table environment, which controls captions, labels, and the placement of the table on the page. 1. To begin, create the table environment by selecting (in WinEdt) Insert Environments Table from the WinEdt taskbar: \begin{table} \centering \caption{o}\label{o} [NOTE!...insert tabular environment here] \end{table} 3

4 2. Next, you will need to establish the dimensions of your table. This must be predetermined by you (though one can modify the dimensions with some maneuvering, it s easier to establish it up front). 3. Now, invoke the tabular environment by selecting Insert Environments Tabular from the WinEdt task bar. Let s select a 3 3 table for an example, which gives: \begin{tabular}{ o o o } % after \\: \hline or \cline{col1-col2} \cline{col3-col4}... o & o & o \\ o & o & o \\ o & o & o \\ \end{tabular} 4. The tabular fits inside the table environment exactly where you see the [NOTE!...insert tabular environment here] under (1) above. 5. Also important in the actual WinEdt editor, asterisks will appear instead of o s. These appear wherever TEX expects you to insert something (e.g. parameter estimates), and you will not be able to TEX the document until all of these asterisks have been replaced or deleted. 4.1 An Example Table To see how L A TEX tables work in practice, let s examine the code which produced Table 1: Table 1: Manipulations of Coverage Source and Coverage Content Message Content Message Source Negative Positive FOX News x x CNN x x \begin{table}[h] \centering \caption{manipulations of Coverage Source and Coverage Content}\label{cross} \vspace{.15in} \begin{tabular}{l cc} % after \\: \hline or \cline{col1-col2} \cline{col3-col4}... \hline \hline &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{message Content}}\\ \textbf{message Source} & Negative & Positive \\ \hline FOX News & x & x \\ CNN & x & x \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{table} 4

5 5 Inserting Figures You can also insert figures into your document. To do so, you will first want to download a free program called Ghostscript from the web. Ghostscript is freeware that translates postscript (and encapsulated postscript) command language for a printer into visible figures on screen. Without it,.ps and.eps formatted figures sometimes do not appear on screen (in the dvi file) and cannot be printed on a non-postscript printer. Ghostscript, which TEX recognizes automatically, resolves these issues. Note that you can create figures that are either.ps or.eps format directly if you use R (we ll get to that later). 5.1 Windows Media Files You may also want to download and configure a program called Wmf2eps, which allows you to cut and paste graphics from MS Excel and other programs that are based on the.wmf graphic format (i.e., Windows Media File ). Wmf2eps converts.wmf files into high quality.eps files. The standard routine is to paste into wmf2eps, edit the graphic to change the size (width=5 inches works well), and then convert to the desired format. IMPORTANT: You should place the.eps file in the same directory as your TEX document. After converting the code to produce the Figure 1 below is: \begin{figure}[hbt] \centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.25in,height=3in]{gdpepi.eps}} \caption{annual Percent Change in U.S. Gross Domestic Product and the Economic Performance Index, 1980 to 2002} \label{gdpepi} \end{figure} 4.65 Annual Percent Change: Gross Domestic Product Economic Performance Index Figure 1: Annual Percent Change in U.S. Gross Domestic Product and the Economic Performance Index, 1980 to

6 6 Citations L A TEX will create a works cited page for you, similar to the Endnotes package in Microsoft Word. To use this feature, you will first need to install a bibtex style folder in the proper directory. You can obtain the APSA style format (apsr.bst) and the bib style file (bib.sty) from Jamie s website. You will need to place these files in a directory that you can remember (i.e., C:\texmf\tex\bibtext\base). Jim Stimson has been kind enough to share his Master.bib file, which contains a mountain of political science references. Jamie has placed this file on his website. (You can save this webpage with the extension.bib ). Once you have the Master.bib file, you should place it in the following directory: \MikTeX\bibtex\bib\my_bibs To invoke the APSA bibtex package, you will need to include the following in your preamble: \usepackage{bib} \usepackage[abbr]{harvard} You ll also need to include the following at the end of your document: \bibliographystyle{apsr} \bibliography{...bibtex filename here...} Bibtex offers three citation options: 1. \cite[213]{zaller:1992} 2. \citeyear[213]{zaller:1992} 3. \nocite{zaller:1992} Which produce, respectively: 1. (Zaller 1992, 213) 2. (1992, 213) 3. no citation, but noted in references The bibtex package generates the cited work automatically at the end of this document (have a look!). A second bibliograhy package that has added functionality is known as natbib. We won t spend time on this here but note that there are several useful online resources that cover the use of the natbib package. See 6

7 7 Additional Useful Commands Footnotes See below\footnote{it works!} See below 1 New page skip to the next page in the document \newpage Italics \emph{italicized text here} italicized text here Boldface \textbf{text in bold here} text in bold here Overhead default font \textsf{overhead default font} overhead default font Normal roman font \textnormal{text in normal roman font} text in normal roman font Reproduce ascii text verbatim \begin{verbatim} \end{verbatim} 1 It works! 7

8 8 Inverse Search You will want to configure your TEX setup so that clicking on a point in the dvi file will get you to the text in the tex file that created it (approximately). To do this using the.dvi previewer, follow these steps: 1. Run texify so that you have a live dvi file 2. Click on DVI (in WinEdt), which will put you in YAP 3. From the View menu, click options 4. Select the Inverse Search tab 5. Under program select WinEdt (or whatever editor you have chosen to use) 6. Click OK and you re done 9 Generating New Commands Sometimes you will find that typing L A TEX commands can be burdensome. For example, if you would like to use the math environment to represent matrix X ij in the text, you will need to use the $ operator to enclose both sides of this matrix every time $\mathbf{x}_{ij}$. The New Command feature allows you to create short commands in the place of longer ones. To get a sense of what you might do, take a look at the new commands that I create in every document. % NEW COMMAND DEFINITION SECTION ******************************* \newcommand{\be}{\begin{enumerate}} \newcommand{\ee}{\end{enumerate}} \newcommand{\bq}{\begin{quote}} \newcommand{\eq}{\end{quote}} \newcommand{\bd}{\begin{description}} \newcommand{\ed}{\end{description}} \newcommand{\bi}{\begin{itemize}} \newcommand{\ei}{\end{itemize}} \newcommand{\mc}{$m_{i}^{(c)}$} \newcommand{\ma}{$m_{i}^{(a)}$} \newcommand{\wa}{$\mathbf{w}^{(a)}_t$} \newcommand{\wp}{$\mathbf{w}^{(p)}_{it}$} \newcolumntype{d}[1]{d{.}{.}{#1}} \newcommand{\r}{\textbf{r }} \def\cplusplus{{\rm C\raise.5ex\hbox{\small ++}}} % ************************************************************** References Zaller, John R The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press. 8