Smerovacie algoritmy OSPF a BGP. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
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1 Smerovacie algoritmy OSPF a BGP OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
2 AS, vnútorné a vonkajšie smerovacie protokoly autonómny systém AS skupina sietí a smerovačov, ktorá je pre účely smerovania paketov riadená jedinou administratívnou autoritou vnútorné smerovacie protokoly (interior routing protocols, IGP) vnútri AS vonkajšie smerovacie protokoly (exterior routing protocols, EGP) medzi AS
3 OSPF - The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Internet - súbor AS OSPF: vnútorný smerovací protokol (interior routing protocols, IGP) vnútri AS, používaný od 1990 open (nie proprietárny) podpora rôznych metrík dynamický alg. smerovanie založené na type služby rozloženie záťaže cez viacero liniek podpora hierarchických systémov bezpečnosť podpora pre smerovače pripojené do Internetu tunelmi
4 OSPF - The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol OSPF podporuje 3 typy spojení a sietí: point-to-point linky medzi 2 smerovačmi multiprístupové broadcast siete multiprístupové siete bez broadcastingu
5 OSPF Pojmy: AS chrbtica (backbone) oblasť (area)
6 OSPF 4 typy smerovačov pre OSPF: internal routers area border routers backbone routers AS boundary routers Pozn.: Typy sa môžu prekrývať - všetky area border routers sú backbone routers designated router: susedí so všetkými ostatnými v LAN
7 OSPF 5 typov OSPF správ (posielané v IP paketoch):
8 BGP - Border Gateway Protocol RFC BGP patrí medzi vonkajšie smerovacie protokoly (exterior routing protocols, EGP) medzi AS ohľad na politiku 3 kategórie sietí (z pohľadu tranzitnej prevádzky): koncové - nemôžu sa použiť pre tranzitnú prevádzku prepojené - použiteľné pre tranzit tranzitné - s možnosťou tranzitu
9 BGP BGP smerovače navzájom komunikujú cez TCP spojenia BGP je smerovanie pomocou vektorov vzdialeností ( Distance Vector Routing), ale s odlišnosťami (napr. voči RIP) nepracuje len s nákladmi do každého cieľa možné cesty označí nákladmi cesta porušujúca jeho politiku dostane náklady=nekonečno výber cesty s najnižšími nákladmi
10 IPv6
11 IETF, 1990, hlavné ciele pre vývoj novej verzie IP Hlavné ciele nového protokolu IPv6: Podpora miliárd uzlov Zmenšenie smerovacích tabuliek Zjednodušenie protokolu Vyššia úroveň bezpečnosti Pozornosť typu služby, hlavne pre dáta v reálnom čase Podpora multicastingu Možnosť uzla meniť miesto bez zmeny adresy Umožniť vývoj protokolu v budúcnosti Umožniť mnohoročnú koexistenciu starých a nových protokolov
12 IPv6 všeobecne: IPv6 nekomaptibilný s IPv4 kompatibilný s inými internetovskými protokolmi (TCP, UDP, ICMP, IGMP, OSPF, BGP, DNS) hlavné charakteristiky: 16B adresy (voči 4B pri IPv4) jednoduchšia hlavička (7 polí voči 13 pri IPv4) lepšia podpora možností bezpečnosť kvalita služby
13 Hlavička IPv6
14 Hlavička IPv6 Version: 6 pre IPv6 Traffic Class: rozlíšenie paketov s rôznymi požiadavkami na prenos v reálnom čase Flow Label: spojenie zdroja a cieľa s osobitnými vlastnosťami a požiadavkami Payload Length: počet B nasledujúcich po 40B hlavičke
15 Hlavička IPv6 Next header: aká voliteľná hlavička prípadne nasleduje po povinnej ak je táto hlavička posledná, Next header určí transp. protokol Hop limit: počet prechodov smerovačmi Source address, Destination adress: 16B
16 IPv6 adresy zápis: 8 skupín 4 hexadecimálnych číslic oddelených dvojbodkami 8000:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF zjednodušenia: > 123 náhrada jednej alebo viac skupín 16 nulových bitov dvojicou dvojbodiek 8000::123:4567:89AB:CDEF IPv4 adresy ::
17 IPv6 adresy počet IPv6 adries ~ 3x x10 23 adries/m 2 (zemeguľa-pevnina aj moria) RFC 3194 aj pri najpesimistickejšom scenári využívania adries stále viac ako 1000 adries/m 2
18 Hlavička IPv4 <-> IPv6 chýba IHL chýba Protocol chýbajú všetky polia súvisiace s fragmentáciou chýba pole Checksum
19 Rozšírenia hlavičky (Extension Headers) voliteľné rozšírenia konšt. dĺžka alebo polia s premenlivou dĺžkou kódované ako (typ 1B, dĺžka 1B, hodnota 0-255B) Extension header Hop-by-hop options Routing Fragmentation Authentication Encrypted payload Destination options Description Miscellaneous information for routers Support for datagrams larger than 64K (jumbograms) Full or partial route to follow Management of datagram fragments Similar to IPv4, but in IPv6 only the sending host can fragment a packet Verification of the sender's identity Information about the encryption Additional information for the destination
20 Rozšírenie hlavičky pre dlhý datagram (jumbogram) a pre smerovanie
21 IPv6 - kontroverzné skutočnosti dĺžka adresy pole Hop limit max. veľkosť paketu odstránenie kontrolného súčtu mobilné uzly bezpečnosť
22 Prepájanie sietí v sieťovej vrstve
23 Spojovanie sietí
24 Odlišnosti sietí 5-43
25 Odlišnosti sietí Item Service offered Protocols Addressing Multicasting Packet size Quality of service Error handling Flow control Congestion control Security Parameters Accounting Some possibilities Connection-oriented versus connectionless IP, IPX, CLNP, AppleTalk, DECnet, etc./ Flat (802) versus hierarchical (IP) Present or absent (also broadcasting) Every network has its own maximum May be present or absent; many different kinds Reliable, ordered or unordered delivery Sliding window, rate control, other or none Leaky bucket, choke packets, etc. Privacy rules, encryption, etc. Different time-outs, flow specifications, etc. By connect time, by packet, by byte, or not at all
26 Prepojenie sietí FYZ: opakovač, hub LINK: most a prepínač SIEŤ: smerovač, multiprotokolový smerovač TRANSP: transportná brána APL: aplikačná brána
27 Prepojenie v linkovej a sieťovej vrstve (a) Siete Ethernet prepojené prepínačom (b) Siete Ethernet prepojené smerovačom
28 Zreťazené virtuálne okruhy
29 Prepájanie sietí bez spojovej orientácie
30 Prepájanie sietí bez spojovej orientácie Prepájanie sietí zreťazením virtuálnych okruhov + zaistenie vyrovnávacích pamätí vopred +zaručené poradie paketov + krátke hlavičky paketov + nie sú duplikátne oneskorené pakety - smerovacie tabuľky v smerovačoch - bez alternatívneho smerovania pri preťažení - problémy pri poruchách smerovačov - nemožnosť implementovať ak jedna z podsietí je datagramová Prepájanie sietí bez spojovej orientácie + odolnosť voči poruchám smerovačov + možnosť prepájať podsiete ktoré nepracujú s virt. okruhmi - + náchylnosť k preťaženiu ale aj ľahké riešenie preťaženia - dlhšie hlavičky
31 Tunelovanie ak zdrojová a cieľová sieť sú rovnakého typu WAN ako tunel medzi 2 multiprotokolovými smerovačmi:
32 Fragmentácia (a) Transparentná fragmentácia (napr. ATM) (b) Netransparentná fragmentácia (napr. IP)
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