OPERATING SYSTEMS & Network OVERVIEW. 1: OS & Network Overview
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1 OPERATING SYSTEMS & Network OVERVIEW 1: OS & Network Overview 1
2 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM? An interface between users and hardware - an environment "architecture Allows convenient usage; hides the tedious stuff Allows efficient usage; parallel activity, avoids wasted cycles Provides information protection Gives each user a slice of the resources Acts as a control program. 1: OS & Network Overview 2
3 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW The Layers Of A System Humans Program Interface User Programs O.S. Interface O.S. Hardware Interface/ Privileged Instructions Disk/Tape/Memory 1: OS & Network Overview 3
4 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW Components A mechanism for scheduling jobs or processes. Scheduling can be as simple as running the next process, or it can use relatively complex rules to pick a running process. A method for simultaneous CPU execution and IO handling. Processing is going on even as IO is occurring in preparation for future CPU work. Off Line Processing; not only are IO and CPU happening concurrently, but some off-board processing is occurring with the IO. 1: OS & Network Overview 4
5 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW Components The CPU is wasted if a job waits for I/O. This leads to: Multiprogramming ( dynamic switching ). While one job waits for a resource, the CPU can find another job to run. It means that several jobs are ready to run and only need the CPU in order to continue. All of this leads to: memory management resource scheduling deadlock protection 1: OS & Network Overview 5
6 OPERATING SYSTEM Interrupts: OVERVIEW Characteristics Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines. Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction. Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed to prevent a lost interrupt. A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request. An operating system is interrupt driven. 1: OS & Network Overview 6
7 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW Hardware Support These are the devices that make up a typical system. Any of these devices can cause an electrical interrupt that grabs the attention of the CPU. 1: OS & Network Overview 7
8 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW Hardware Support Sequence of events for processing an IO request. Comparing Synchronous and Asynchronous IO Operations 1: OS & Network Overview 8
9 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW Storage Hierarchy Very fast storage is very expensive. So the Operating System manages a hierarchy of storage devices in order to make the best use of resources. In fact, considerable effort goes into this support. Fast and Expensive Slow an Cheap 1: OS & Network Overview 9
10 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW Storage Hierarchy Performance: 1: OS & Network Overview 10
11 OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW Storage Hierarchy Caching: Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer (in hardware, operating system, software) Information in use copied from slower to faster storage temporarily Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if information is there If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast) If not, data copied to cache and used there Cache smaller than storage being cached Cache management important design problem Cache size and replacement policy 1: OS & Network Overview 11
12 Process!= Program 1: OS & Network Overview 12
13 Extensions OS Centralized Version Two Trends System Virtualization: Allow multiple instances of (possibly different) OSes on a single machine Distributed OS: Large scale networked systems/machines 1: OS & Network Overview 13
14 Network Overview 1: OS & Network Overview 14
15 OSI Reference model 1: OS & Network Overview 15
16 OSI vs TCP/IP 1: OS & Network Overview 16
17 IP Related Protocols 1: OS & Network Overview 17
18 IPv4 System Model 1: OS & Network Overview 18
19 IP Datagram Format 1: OS & Network Overview 19
20 Fragmentation and Re-Assembly 1: OS & Network Overview 20
21 Fragmentation Example 1: OS & Network Overview 21
22 Getting a Datagram from Src to Dest 1: OS & Network Overview 22
23 Getting a Datagram from Src to Dst 1: OS & Network Overview 23
24 Getting a Datagram from Src to Dst 1: OS & Network Overview 24
25 Getting a Datagram from Src to Dst 1: OS & Network Overview 25
26 Network Commands 1: OS & Network Overview 26
27 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 1: OS & Network Overview 27
28 Simple Packet Multiplexer (UDP) 1: OS & Network Overview 28
29 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Applications may prefer using UDP: don t need reliable delivery ; do not need connection oriented service or cannot afford the connection setup overhead ; have their own special needs, such as streaming of real-time audio or video ; tftp, RIP, DNS, SNMP, RTP, etc. 1: OS & Network Overview 29
30 TCP Overview 1: OS & Network Overview 30
31 TCP Segment Format 1: OS & Network Overview 31
32 TCP Segment Format (cont d) 1: OS & Network Overview 32
33 TCP Connection Management 1: OS & Network Overview 33
34 3-Way Handshaking 1: OS & Network Overview 34
35 TCP: Initial Sequence Number 1: OS & Network Overview 35
36 Data Transfer 1: OS & Network Overview 36
37 TCP Connections: Close 1: OS & Network Overview 37
38 Application Layer 1: OS & Network Overview 38
39 Questions
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