Assuring Media Quality in IP Video Networks. Jim Welch IneoQuest Technologies
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1 Assuring Media Quality in IP Video Networks Jim Welch IneoQuest Technologies
2 Agenda The challenge: Viewer satisfaction requires High Program Availability High Availability metric - what about five 9s? Standards? Application of QA Techniques
3 Gigabit Ethernet Feed Transport Stream over UDP/IP/Ethernet no FEC and no retries Ethernet-IP/UDP Packet Inter-Packet Gap Ethernet IP/UDP MPEG2 TS Packet 188 or 204 bytes MPEG2 TS Packet 188 or 204 bytes MPEG2 TS Packet 188 or 204 bytes MPEG2 TS Packet 188 or 204 bytes MPEG2 TS Packet 188 or 204 bytes MPEG2 TS Packet 188 or 204 bytes MPEG2 TS Packet 188 or 204 bytes CRC MPEG Packet Sync Byte 8 Transport Error Indicator 1 Start Indicator 1 Transport Priority 1 PID 13 Scrambling Control 2 Adaptation Field Control 2 Continuity Counter 4 Adaptation Field Payload PID identifies the type of packet Continuity counter enables quantification of lost packets
4 Typical Multimedia over IP -from IQDVx (Digital Video Explorer) Protocol Stack Video over IP protocol analysis view A single IP packet loss might affect video, audio, or the ability of a decoder to make sense of the data being received. Every IP packet is important!
5 What Performance Level is Good Enough? A viewer can perceive many types of single packet loss events and burst packet losses are often perceived as a single event Recommendation: Track the number of errored seconds (seconds with one or more packet losses) in determining per-program availability A common video Service Provider performance goal is: Five nines (99.999%) availability for every video at all locations Less than 316 sec/yr unavailable or less than 1 second per day. Component-level availability must be higher than required end-toend availability
6 What Performance Level is Good Enough? Transport Stream bit rate (Mbps) Loss Distance Availability Goal SD/MPEG Mb/s HD/MPEG Mb/s < 24 errored Seconds / day % < 6 errored Seconds / day % Must Measure to Know if Performance Targets are Being Met SD/MPEG Mb/s < 24 errored Seconds / day % HD/MPEG Mb/s From ANSI/SCTE < 6 errored Seconds / day % Derived from DSL Forum Technical Report TR-126 Each provider may have their own internal quality standards
7 Real Time Stream Monitoring in Broadcast Operations
8 Media Delivery Index (MDI) Ethernet Inter- Packet Gap Ethernet Packets The Virtual Buffer Calculation MPEG Packets MPEG Inter- Packet Gap [2] VB Fill rate is determined by the arrival rate of IP datagrams [1] A stream source ideally transmits datagrams at a rate equal to the rate determined by the PCR bit rate. Virtual Buffer (VB) [4] The maximum calculated VB size over a 1 second measurement interval reflects the burstiness (jitter) of the IP delivery network. For zero (ideal) IP jitter and an ideal stream source, the fill rate equals the empty rate and the VB maximum over the measurement interval will be 1 datagram s payload size typically 7 TS packets (1316 Bytes.) [3] VB empty rate is determined by the PCR bit rate
9 Media Delivery Index MDI composed of two metrics: VB:MLR MDI s Virtual Buffer reports the cumulative effects of jitter on video over IP streams. The MDI VB is the only metric available to measure jitter on VBR streams. MDI s MLR reports packet loss events. For more info about MDI, see RFC 4445
10 Distributed Video Operations ANSI/SCTE 168 was created by an SCTE committee of Video over IP engineers to provide recommendations of what and how to measure a system to increase quality and save operating expenses. Some concrete operations performance goals are identified for quality metrics are described in ANSI/SCTE 168:
11 Distributed Video Operations Per Program Targets for acceptable impairments for Latency, Jitter, Loss Distance and Packet Loss Rate Per program errored seconds per day (between 4 and 5 nines availability) From ANSI/SCTE
12 Program & Transport Metrics Program QoS (Quality of Service) Measurements Evaluate video, audio, control streams independently MPEG encapsulation, compression protocols Transport QoS Measurements Evaluate flow of packets whether they carry one or several programs (A flow has the same IP addresses and UDP port numbers or common RF channel frequency) Ethernet, IP, UDP, RTP, TCP Program QoE (Quality of Experience) Measurements Evaluate quality of packet payload content Examples: black screen, freeze frame, Compression-caused Frame Errors, Closed Caption faults, Loudness issues, etc.
13 Right Metrics at the Right Place Key Monitoring locations Ingest Strategic transport locations Edge receiving location Key metrics at those locations Use Metrics to measure characteristics that can be affected by upstream processing between measurement points
14 IP Distribution System End-to-End Program Flow Flow and PID features MPEG analysis (QoS & QoE) Video Management System Collects and reports per program measurements from distributed Monitors Flows, MDI metric Core network probes (QoS) IP, ASI, ABR, Off Air probes Divide and Conquer! Pgm 1 Pgm 2 Pgm N Encoder Origination Network Video Servers IP Core Network Receive Site Station Network STL
15 PBS Interconnection System
16 Adaptive Bit Rate Streaming (ABR) AKA HTTP Streaming HTTP uses TCP transport which guarantees packet delivery (No lost packets!) TCP uses retrys if a packet is corrupted or lost Tradeoff delivery time (latency) for guaranteed delivery Quality metrics change from loss/jitter to latency and client/server handshake integrity
17 Adaptive Bit Rate Streaming (ABR) Equal duration video segments different bitrates Hi Med Index file (sequence) HTTP Live Streaming Protocol - Stream new segments while playing - Play on sequence - Select quality by bitrate available 1 Med, 2 Hi, 3 Lo, 4 Med. Lo Variable bitrate availability GW/Modem MPEG Transport Stream Encoder (Stream Segmenter) Server Content Provider Wired/Wireless Network
18 Adaptive Bit Rate Client Behavior Smooth Streaming Client State Machine [MS-SSTR] Client requests play list for program Server supplies a Manifest file Client successively requests 2-10 second media fragments until program completes
19 ANSI/SCTE 168 Recommendations for Adaptive Bit Rate Streaming caching servers connected devices origin server CDN live content encoder Headend demarcs CDN demarcs Sub Network demarcs Known issues include video ingest quality, MPEG encoding/transcoding artifacts, DPI defects, IP Packet loss, publishing defects, CDN defects, distribution impairments, CPE equipment/environment issues, player impairments, etc.
20 Program & Transport Metrics for ABR Delivery The same classifications of Program QoS, Transport QoS, and Program QoE measurements apply Specific metrics used have evolved Same strategy of measurements at key demarcation locations apply for performance measurement and rapid fault location
21 Summary Compressed Transport Stream protocol stacks Five 9s Program Availability Verification Use QoE metrics at key locations where it makes sense (the right tool for the job) Use QoS metrics for verification and rapid IP-transport fault location ABR considerations
22 Thank you! Jim Welch IneoQuest Technologies Leigh Whitcomb Imagine Communications
23 Achieving Error-Free Media in IP Video Networks Leigh Whitcomb Imagine Communications April 4, 2014
24 Agenda Network Impairments SMPTE ST 2022 Family Techniques for Achieving Error-Free
25 Errors in Coax vs. IP
26 Causes of Network Impairments Bit Errors on Links Congestion at Switches Network Failures
27 Impacts of Network Impairments Random Packet Loss Burst Loss Packet Delay Variation Jitter/Wander Buffer overflow/underflow Signals impact other signals Performance varies over time
28 Impact of a Single Bit Error SDI SMPTE ST SMPTE ST
29 Agenda Network Impairments SMPTE ST 2022 Family Techniques for Achieving Error-Free
30 SMPTE ST 2022 Family SMPTE ST : 2007 Forward Error Correction for Real- Time Video/Audio Transport Over IP Networks SMPTE ST :2007 Unidirectional Transport of Constant Bit Rate MPEG-2 Transport Streams on IP Networks SMPTE ST :2010 Unidirectional transport of variable bit rate MPEG-2 Transport Streams on IP Networks SMPTE ST :2011 Unidirectional Transport of Non- Piecewise Constant Variable Bit Rate MPEG-2 Streams on IP Networks
31 SMPTE ST 2022 Family SMPTE ST :2013 Forward Error Correction for Transport of High Bit Rate Media Signals over IP Networks (HBRMT) SMPTE ST :2012 Transport of High Bit Rate Media Signals over IP Networks (HBRMT) SMPTE ST :2013 Seamless Protection Switching of SMPTE ST 2022 IP Datagrams
32 Encapsulating The Video Data
33 Agenda Network Impairments SMPTE ST 2022 Family Techniques for Achieving Error-Free
34 Design Factors System requirements Acceptable overall error rate? Maximum latency? Network parameters What is the bit error rate of the network? What is the burst error of the network? What are bandwidth costs? Soft Defined Network (SDN)?
35 Achieving Error-Free Detecting packet corruption Detecting packet loss Regenerating lost information
36 Error-Free Techniques Do nothing Forward Error Correction (FEC) Path Diversity Seamless Protection Time Diversity Retransmit missing packets
37 FEC SMPTE ST : 2007 Forward Error Correction for Real-Time Video/Audio Transport Over IP Networks For compressed TS SMPTE ST :2013 Forward Error Correction for Transport of High Bit Rate Media Signals over IP Networks (HBRMT) For uncompressed
38 Math Lesson 7B 5D 38 4C 52 7B 5D 38 4C 52 7B 5D B 5D C 4C
39 FEC (SMPTE ST /5)
40 Error Recover Process
41 FEC Rates Rows Columns Overhead Latency Recovery D L Column only Row and Column 3 Mbps (ms) 30 Mbps (ms) 100 Mbps (ms) Column only % 30% % 30% Matrix size % 20% % 25% % 25% % 33% % 40% % 42% % 42%
42 FEC Summary Trade-offs Additional Overhead Additional Latency Limited Packet Recovery ability Design complexity -> Cost Advantages Works with multi-cast No reverse channel available Deterministic overhead Excellent Interoperability
43 Troubleshooting Tips Don t operate at max length Don t operate links at > 85% of capacity Monitoring corrected packet rate Watch total BW vs. video BW Jitter varies over time IGMP v2 vs. v3
44 Path Diversity Path 1 SMPTE 2022 Transmitter Path 2 Seamless Reconstruction Receiver Reconstructed 2022 Output SMPTE ST :2013 Seamless Protection Switching of SMPTE ST 2022 IP Datagrams Figure from SMPTE ST :2013
45 Seamless Protection Buffer Model SMPTE 2022 Transmitter P1 PT Path 1 Path 2 P2 EA MD Receive Buffer Path 1 Reconstructed SMPTE 2022 Output Receive Buffer Path 2 PD Figure from SMPTE ST :2013
46 Seamless Protection Classes Receiver Classification Class A: Low-Skew Class B: Moderate-Skew Class C: High-Skew Use Case (example) SBR Streams HBR Streams Intra-Facility Links PD <= 10ms PD <= 10ms Short-Haul Links PD <= 50ms PD <= 50ms Long-Haul or special circumstance Links PD <= 450ms PD <= 150ms
47 Path Diversity Summary Trade-offs 2x bandwidth 2x paths Advantages Can correct up to complete loss of 1 path Multi-cast No reverse channel required Deterministic overhead Excellent Interoperability
48 Troubleshooting Tips Are path really diverse? Monitoring buffer depth Measure Network Jitter Jitter varies over time Path to Path latency Dropped Packets statistics
49 Time Diversity Path 1 SMPTE 2022 Transmitter Seamless Reconstruction Receiver Reconstructed 2022 Output SMPTE ST :2013 Seamless Protection Switching of SMPTE ST 2022 IP Datagrams Figure from SMPTE ST :2013
50 Time Diversity Summary Trade-offs 2x bandwidth Higher latency Advantages Multi-cast No reverse channel required Deterministic overhead Excellent Interoperability
51 TCP: Sender: Retransmit Missing Packets FEC: Receiver: Final Output: F 1 4 F 5 8 F 9 12 F 1316 F 1720 Sender: Receiver: Final Output: F 1 4 F 5 8 F 9 12 F
52 Retransmit Missing Packets Advantages Higher error recovery Disadvantages Requires reverse channel Requires Point-to-point connections. No multi-cast Variable overhead High latency Proprietary solutions
53 Summary Error-Free requires system design Techniques FEC using SMPTE ST /5 Path Diversity using SMPTE ST Interoperability SDN New Skills
54 Questions Leigh Whitcomb Imagine Communications
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