Chapter 4: Network Layer
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1 Chapter4:NetworkLayer Chaptergoals: understandprinciplesbehindnetworklayer services: networklayerservicemodels forwardingversusrou?ng howarouterworks rou?ng(pathselec?on) dealingwithscale advancedtopics:ipv6,mobility instan?a?on,implementa?onintheinternet NetworkLayer 4 1
2 Chapter4:NetworkLayer 4.1Introduc?on 4.2Virtualcircuitand datagramnetworks 4.3What sinsidearouter 4.4IP:InternetProtocol Datagramformat IPv4addressing ICMP IPv6 4.5Rou?ngalgorithms Linkstate DistanceVector Hierarchicalrou?ng 4.6Rou?ngintheInternet RIP OSPF BGP 4.7Broadcastandmul?cast rou?ng NetworkLayer 4 2
3 Networklayer transportsegmentfromsendingtoreceivinghost onsendingsideencapsulatessegmentsinto datagrams onrcvingside,deliverssegmentstotransportlayer networklayerprotocolsineveryhost,router routerexaminesheaderfieldsinallipdatagrams passingthroughit applica?on transport network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink network datalink applica?on transport network datalink NetworkLayer 4 3
4 TwoKeyNetwork LayerFunc?ons forwarding:move packetsfromrouter s inputtoappropriate routeroutput rou/ng:determine routetakenby packetsfromsource todest. analogy: rou?ng:processof planningtripfromsource todest forwarding:processof gezngthroughsingle interchange rou/ngalgorithms NetworkLayer 4 4
5 Interplaybetweenrou?ngandforwarding routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link value in arriving packet s header NetworkLayer 4 5
6 Connec?onsetup 3 rd importantfunc?oninsomenetworkarchitectures: ATM,framerelay,X.25 beforedatagramsflow,twoendhostsandintervening routersestablishvirtualconnec?on routersgetinvolved networkvstransportlayerconnec?onservice: network:betweentwohosts(mayalsoinvolve interveningroutersincaseofvcs) transport:betweentwoprocesses NetworkLayer 4 6
7 Networkservicemodel Q:Whatservicemodelfor channel transpor?ng datagramsfromsendertoreceiver? Exampleservicesfor individualdatagrams: guaranteeddelivery guaranteeddeliverywith lessthan40msecdelay Exampleservicesforaflow ofdatagrams: in orderdatagram delivery guaranteedminimum bandwidthtoflow restric?onsonchangesin inter packetspacing NetworkLayer 4 7
8 NetworkLayer 4 8 Networklayerservicemodels: Network Architecture Internet ATM ATM ATM ATM Service Model best effort CBR VBR ABR UBR Bandwidth none constant rate guaranteed rate guaranteed minimum none Loss no yes yes no no Order no yes yes yes yes Timing no yes yes no no Congestion feedback no (inferred via loss) no congestion no congestion yes no Guarantees?
9 Chapter4:NetworkLayer 4.1Introduc?on 4.2Virtualcircuitand datagramnetworks 4.3What sinsidearouter 4.4IP:InternetProtocol Datagramformat IPv4addressing ICMP IPv6 4.5Rou?ngalgorithms Linkstate DistanceVector Hierarchicalrou?ng 4.6Rou?ngintheInternet RIP OSPF BGP 4.7Broadcastandmul?cast rou?ng NetworkLayer 4 9
10 Networklayerconnec?onandconnec?on less service datagramnetworkprovidesnetwork layer connec?onlessservice VCnetworkprovidesnetwork layer connec?onservice analogoustothetransport layerservices,but: service:host to host nochoice:networkprovidesoneortheother implementa?on:innetworkcore NetworkLayer 4 10
11 Virtualcircuits source to destpathbehavesmuchliketelephonecircuit performance wise networkac?onsalongsource to destpath callsetup,teardownforeachcallbeforedatacanflow eachpacketcarriesvciden?fier(notdes?na?onhostaddress) everyrouteronsource destpathmaintains state foreachpassing connec?on link,routerresources(bandwidth,buffers)maybeallocatedtovc (dedicatedresources=predictableservice) NetworkLayer 4 11
12 VCimplementa?on avcconsistsof: 1. pathfromsourcetodes?na?on 2. VCnumbers,onenumberforeachlinkalong path 3. entriesinforwardingtablesinroutersalongpath packetbelongingtovccarriesvcnumber (ratherthandestaddress) VCnumbercanbechangedoneachlink. NewVCnumbercomesfromforwardingtable NetworkLayer 4 12
13 Forwardingtable VCnumber Forwardingtablein northwestrouter: interface number IncominginterfaceIncomingVC#OutgoinginterfaceOutgoingVC# Routersmaintainconnec?onstateinforma?on! NetworkLayer 4 13
14 Virtualcircuits:signalingprotocols usedtosetup,maintainteardownvc usedinatm,frame relay,x.25 notusedintoday sinternet applica?on transport network datalink 5.Dataflowbegins 4.Callconnected 1.Ini?atecall 6.Receivedata 3.Acceptcall 2.incomingcall applica?on transport network datalink NetworkLayer 4 14
15 Datagramnetworks nocallsetupatnetworklayer routers:nostateaboutend to endconnec?ons nonetwork levelconceptof connec?on packetsforwardedusingdes?na?onhostaddress packetsbetweensamesource destpairmaytakedifferentpaths applica?on transport network datalink 1.Senddata 2.Receivedata applica?on transport network datalink NetworkLayer 4 15
16 4billion possibleentries Forwardingtable Destination Address Range Link Interface through through through otherwise 3 NetworkLayer 4 16
17 Longestprefixmatching Prefix Match Link Interface otherwise 3 Examples DA: Whichinterface? DA: Whichinterface? NetworkLayer 4 17
18 DatagramorVCnetwork:why? Internet(datagram) dataexchangeamongcomputers elas?c service,nostrict?mingreq. smart endsystems (computers) canadapt,performcontrol, errorrecovery simpleinsidenetwork, complexityat edge manylinktypes differentcharacteris?cs uniformservicedifficult ATM(VC) evolvedfromtelephony humanconversa?on: strict?ming,reliability requirements needforguaranteed service dumb endsystems telephones complexityinsidenetwork NetworkLayer 4 18
19 Chapter4:NetworkLayer 4.1Introduc?on 4.2Virtualcircuitand datagramnetworks 4.3What sinsidearouter 4.4IP:InternetProtocol Datagramformat IPv4addressing ICMP IPv6 4.5Rou?ngalgorithms Linkstate DistanceVector Hierarchicalrou?ng 4.6Rou?ngintheInternet RIP OSPF BGP 4.7Broadcastandmul?cast rou?ng NetworkLayer 4 19
20 RouterArchitectureOverview Twokeyrouterfunc?ons: runrou?ngalgorithms/protocol(rip,ospf,bgp) forwardingdatagramsfromincomingtooutgoinglink NetworkLayer 4 20
21 InputPortFunc?ons Physicallayer: bit levelrecep?on Datalinklayer: e.g.,ethernet seechapter5 Decentralizedswitching: givendatagramdest.,lookupoutputportusing forwardingtableininputportmemory goal:completeinputportprocessingat line speed queuing:ifdatagramsarrivefasterthan forwardingrateintoswitchfabric NetworkLayer 4 21
22 Threetypesofswitchingfabrics NetworkLayer 4 22
23 SwitchingViaMemory Firstgenera?onrouters: tradi?onalcomputerswithswitchingunderdirectcontrolof CPU packetcopiedtosystem smemory speedlimitedbymemorybandwidth(2buscrossingsper datagram) Input Port Memory Output Port System Bus NetworkLayer 4 23
24 SwitchingViaaBus datagramfrominputportmemory tooutputportmemoryviaasharedbus busconten?on:switchingspeedlimited bybusbandwidth 32Gbpsbus,Cisco5600:sufficient speedforaccessandenterpriserouters NetworkLayer 4 24
25 SwitchingViaAnInterconnec?onNetwork overcomebusbandwidthlimita?ons Banyannetworks,otherinterconnec?onnetsini?ally developedtoconnectprocessorsinmul?processor advanceddesign:fragmen?ngdatagramintofixedlength cells,switchcellsthroughthefabric. Cisco12000:switches60Gbpsthroughthe interconnec?onnetwork NetworkLayer 4 25
26 OutputPorts Bufferingrequiredwhendatagramsarrivefromfabric fasterthanthetransmissionrate Schedulingdisciplinechoosesamongqueueddatagrams fortransmission NetworkLayer 4 26
27 Outputportqueueing bufferingwhenarrivalrateviaswitchexceedsoutputline speed queueing(delay)andlossduetooutputportbuffer overflow! NetworkLayer 4 27
28 Howmuchbuffering? RFC3439ruleofthumb:averagebuffering equalto typical RTT(say250msec)?mes linkcapacityc e.g.,c=10gpslink:2.5gbitbuffer Recentrecommenda?on:withNflows, RTTC. bufferingequalto N NetworkLayer 4 28
29 InputPortQueuing Fabricslowerthaninputportscombined >queueingmay occuratinputqueues Head of the Line(HOL)blocking:queueddatagramatfront ofqueuepreventsothersinqueuefrommovingforward queueingdelayandlossduetoinputbufferoverflow! NetworkLayer 4 29
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