CIS 551 / TCOM 401 Computer and Network Security. Spring 2006 Lecture 16
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1 CIS 551 / TCOM 401 Computer and Network Security Spring 2006 Lecture 16
2 Announcements Midterm II March 21st (One week from today) In class Same format as last time Will cover all material since Midterm I Talk: "Analyzing Intrusions Using Operating System Level Information Flow" Sam King, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 2
3 Internet Protocol Interoperability FTP HTTP NV TFTP TCP Overlays (running at hosts) UDP IP Virtual Network Infrastructure (runs globally) Networks (run locally) Ethernet ATM FDDI 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 3
4 Internetworks Router (Gateway) 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 4
5 Internetworks H1 H2 H3 Ethernet Ethernet H7 R3 H8 R1 H4 Point-to-Point Link (e.g., ISDN) FDDI Token Ring R2 H5 H6 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 5
6 IP Encapsulation H1 TCP R1 R2 R3 H8 TCP IP IP IP IP IP ETH ETH FDDI FDDI PPP PPP ETH ETH Example of protocol layers used to transmit from H1 to H8 in network shown on previous slide. 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 6
7 IP Service Model Choose minimal service model All nets can implement Tin cans and a string extremum Features: Best-effort datagram delivery Reliability, etc. as overlays Packet format standardized 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 7
8 IPv4 Packet Format Version Hlen TOS Length Ident Flags Offset TTL Protocol Checksum SourceAddr DestinationAddr Options (variable length) Pad DATA 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 8
9 Fields of IPv4 Header Version Version of IP, example header is IPv4 First field so easy to implement case statement Hlen Header length, in 32-bit words TOS Type of Service (rarely used) Priorities, delay, throughput, reliability Length Length of datagram, in bytes 16 bits, hence max. of 65,536 bytes Fields for fragmentation and reassembly Identifier Flags Offset 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM 551 9
10 Header fields, continued TTL Time to live (in reality, hop count) 64 is the current default (128 also used) Protocol e.g., TCP (6), UDP(17), etc. Checksum Checksum of header (not CRC) If header fails checksum, discard the whole packet SourceAddr, DestinationAddr 32 bit IP addresses - global, IP-defined Options length can be computed using Hlen 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
11 IP Datagram Delivery Every IP packet (datagram) contains the destination IP address The network part of the address uniquely identifies a single network that is part of the larger Internet. All hosts and routers that share the same network part of their address are connected to the same physical network. Routers can exchange packets on any network they re attached to. 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
12 IP addresses Hierarchical, not flat as in Ethernet Network Host A Network Host B Network Host C Written as four decimal numbers separated by dots: /16/06 CIS/TCOM
13 Network Classes Class # of nets # of hosts per net A 126 ~16 million B C ~2 million 254 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
14 IP Forwarding algorithm If (Network # dest == Network # interface) then deliver to destination over interface else if (Network # dest in forwarding table) deliver packet to NextHop router else deliver packet to default router Forwarding tables Contain (Network #, NextHop) pairs Additional information, like Built by routing protocol that learns the network topology, adapts to changes 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
15 Subnetting Problem: IP addressing scheme leads to fragmentation A class B network with only 300 machines on it wastes > 65,000 addresses Need a way to divide up a single network address space into multiple smaller subnetworks. Idea: One IP network number allocated to several physical networks. The multiple physical networks are called subnets Should be close together (why?) Useful when a large company (or university!) has many physical networks. 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
16 Subnet Numbers Solution: Subnetting All nodes are configured with subnet mask Allows definition of a subnet number All hosts on a physical subnetwork share the same subnet number Subnet Mask ( ) Subnetted Address: Network number Subnet ID Host ID 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
17 Example of Subnetting Subnet mask: Subnet #: H R R1 Subnet mask: Subnet #: H H Subnet mask: Subnet #: /16/06 CIS/TCOM
18 Subnets, continued Mask is bitwise-anded with address This is done at routers Router tables in this model: <Subnet #, Subnet Mask, NextHop> Subnetting allows a set of physical networks to look like a single logical network from elsewhere 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
19 Forwarding Algorithm D = destination IP address for each forwarding table entry (SubnetNumber, SubnetMask, NextHop) D1 = SubnetMask & D if D1 = SubnetNumber if NextHop is an interface deliver datagram directly to destination else deliver datagram to NextHop (router) 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
20 ARP - Address Resolution Protocol Problem: Need mapping between IP and link layer addresses. Solution: ARP Every host maintains IP Link layer mapping table (cache) Timeout associated with cached info (15 min.) Sender Broadcasts Who is IP addr X? Broadcast message includes sender s IP & Link Layer address Receivers Any host with sender in cache refreshes time-out Host with IP address X replies IP X is Link Layer Y Target host adds sender (if not already in cache) 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
21 ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol Collection of error & control messages Sent back to the source when Router or Host cannot process packet correctly Error Examples: Destination host unreachable Reassembly process failed TTL reached 0 IP Header Checksum failed Control Example: Redirect tells source about a better route 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
22 Domain Name System System for mapping mnemonic names for computers into IP addresses. zeta.cis.upenn.edu Domain Hierarchy Name Servers Name Resolution 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
23 Domain Name Hierarchy edu com gov mil org net cornell upenn cisco yahoo nasa nsf arpa navy cis seas wharton 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
24 Hierarchy of Name Servers Root Name Server Cornell Name Server Upenn Name Server CIS Name Server SEAS Name Server Wharton Name Server 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
25 Records on Name Servers < Name, Value, Type, Class > Types A Host to address mappings NS Name server address mappings CNAME Aliases MX Mail server mappings Class IN for IP addresses 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
26 Name resolution client zeta.cis.upenn.edu Local Name server zeta.cis.upenn.edu zeta.cis.upenn.edu zeta.cis.upenn.edu Root Name server Upenn Name server CIS Name server 3/16/06 CIS/TCOM
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