MACMILAN MASTER SBUEI

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1 Mastering JavaO

2 MACMILAN MASTER SBUEI Accounting Advanced English Language Advanced Pure Mathematics Arabic Banking Basic Management Biology British Politics Business Administration Business Communication Business Law C Programming C++ Programming Catering Theory Chemistry COBOL Programming Communication DatabaseS' Economic and Social History Economics Electrical Engineering Electronic and Electrical Calculations Electronics English as a Foreign Language English Grammar English Language English Literature French French 2 German German2 Global Information Systems Human Biology Internet Italian Italian 2 Java Manufacturing Marketing Mathematics Mathematics for Electrical and Electronic Engineering Microsoft Office Modern British History Modern European History Modern World History Pascal and Delphi Programming Philosophy Photography Physics Psychology Science Shakespeare Social Welfare Sociology Spanish Spanish 2 Statistics Study Skills Visual Basic World Religions Macmillan Master Series Series Standing Order ISBN (; ( outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer SeJVices Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 Mastering 0Java William Buchanan, BSc, CEng, PhD Senior Lecturer Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Napier University Edinburgh Series Editor William Buchanan ~ MACMillAN

4 This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife. William Buchanan 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provision of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Microsoft, Windows 95, Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Published 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOl / A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Typeset by W. Buchanan in Great Britain

5 0 Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction to Java Introduction Standalone programs Comments Java reserved words Numbers and representations Data types Characters and strings Declaration of variables Java operators Precedence Data type conversion Exercises 20 2 Java Selection Selection statements Exercises 29 3 Java Loops Loops Exercises 36 4 Java Objects and Classes Introduction Classes Constructors Method overloading Static methods Constants Garbage collection Exercises 51 5 Java Class Libraries and Arrays Package statements Import statements Mathematical operations Arrays Exercises Project 65

6 6 Java Applets Introduction Applettag Creating an applet Applet basics The paint() object Exercises Project 73 7 Java Mouse and Keyboard Methods Introduction Java 1.0 and Java Initialisation and exit methods Mouse events in Java Mouse event handling in Java Mouse selection in Java Keyboard input in Java Keyboard events in Java Exercises Project 89 8 Java Graphics and Sound Introduction Graphics Moving objects with the arrowkeys Sound Exercises Project Java Buttons and Menus Introduction Buttons and events Action with Java Action Listener in Java Checkboxes Item listener in Java Radio buttons Pop-up menu choices Other pop-up menu options Multiple menus Menu bar List box File dialog Exercises Java Text and Date Text input 126 vi Mastering Java

7 10.2 Fonts Date Exercises Project Project Project Project Strings Introduction Exercises Project Project Exceptions Exception handling Typical exceptions Math exceptions Exercises Java Networking Introduction TCPIIP gateways and hosts Functions of the IP protocol Internet datagram TCPIIP internets Domain name system Internet naming structure HTTP protocol Java networking functions Connecting to a WWW site Exercises Project Java Socket Programming Transmission control protocol Socket programming Creating a socket Client/server program Exercises Multithreading Introduction Threads class Simple animation Exercises Project 208 Contents vii

8 A Introduction to HTML 209 A.1 Introduction 209 A.2 Links 211 A.3 Lists 212 A.4 Colours 216 A.5 Background images 218 A.6 Displaying images 218 A.7 Horizontal lines 221 A.8 Exercises 222 B Further HTML 224 B.1 Introduction 224 B.2 Anchors 224 B.3 Tables 226 B.4 CGI scripts 229 B.5 Forms 229 B.6 Multimedia 234 c B.7 Exercises 236 HTML Reference 239 C.1 Introduction 239 C.2 Document structure and block structuring 243 D Java Reference 247 D.1 Package java.applet 247 D.2 Package java.awt 248 D.3 Package java.awt.datatransfer 269 D.4 Package java.awt.event 270 D.5 Package java.awt.image 274 D.6 Packagejava.io 274 D.7 Packagejava.lang 285 D.8 Package java.net 299 D.9 Package java.utils 301 E Microsoft Java J E. I Introduction 306 Index 345 vm Mastering Java

Q Preface Java is one of the fastest growing development languages and has the great advantage that is was developed after the Internet and WWW were created.

9 Q Preface Java is one of the fastest growing development languages and has the great advantage that is was developed after the Internet and WWW were created. It is by no means an easy language to learn, but it is relatively easy to create graphics and windows-based programs. If I were to personally rate the top-ten advantages of Java I would rate them as: 1. Direct WWW/Intemet support. Java contains direct support for most of the Internet, such as HfTP, Socket programming, and so on. 2. Runs in a client/server environment. Where the program is run on a server and sends the results to the client. 3. Produces applets which are platform-independent. This allows applets to be run on a PC, a Mac, a Sun workstation, an HP workstation or any other computer which has a browser which support Java applets. 4. It is event-driven rather than procedural-driven. This means that it supports events, such as keypresses, mouse actions, and so on. These make the program more responsive and easier to design. Many programming languages are procedural-based where the code is run in a sequential manner. 5. It has direct support for windows, buttons, menus, and so on. Many software compilers have non-standard add-ons for the support of these objects, which can lead to compiler dependence. Microsoft Windows, though, now has a standard library called Win32 which gives support to C++, Delphi and Visual Basic. 6. Direct support for bit-mapped graphics. Most languages, such as C++ and Pascal, have graphics support as an add-on to the basic language. This again leads to compiler dependence. Microsoft Windows, though, now has a standard library called Win32 which gives support to C++, Delphi and Visual Basic. 7. It is totally object-oriented. Programs are produced by defining classes which are operated on by methods. An instance of a class is known is an object. 8. It produces either stand-alone programs which are run with an interpreter, or applets which run within browsers. 9. It is based on C and C++, but with many enhancements. It also gets rid of many of the difficult areas of C/C++ programming, such as pointers, strings and the lack of strong data type checking. ix

10 10. It is freely available over the Internet and it is easy to upgrade and to add to. This book is intended as an introduction to Java and is practical in its approach. I feel the best way of learning the language is to use practical examples. Many of the chapters also contain project work which is intended to give readers some practical work which requires a degree of thought, planning and testing. Further information and source code can be found on the WWW page: Help from myself can be sought using the address: w.buchanan@napier.ac.uk I would personally like to thank Suzannah Tipple, Isobel Munday and Christopher Glennie at Macmillan for their hard work and their continued support for the Mastering IT and Computing series. I would also like to thank Olivier Sagner for his excellent researching of Java Sockets. Finally, I would like to thank my family, Julie, Billy, Jamie and David for their love and understanding. I hope that students, tutors and professionals will find Java as stimulating as I found it when writing this book. Related, and forthcoming, books in this series include: Mastering the Internet, Mastering Intranets, Mastering Global Information Systems, Mastering Network Operating Systems (Windows NT, NetWare and UNIX), Mastering Pascal and Delphi, and Mastering C++. Potential, and existing, authors who are interested in writing in this series should contact either myself or one to the Acquisition Editor at Macmillan. Dr William Buchanan. x Preface

Mastering. Pascal and Delphi Programming

Mastering. Pascal and Delphi Programming Mastering Pascal and Delphi Programming MACMILLAN MASTER SERIES Accounting Advanced English Language Advanced Pure Mathematics Arabic Banking Basic Management Biology British Politics Business Administration