Cryptosystems. Lecture 34. Robb T. Koether. Hampden-Sydney College. Mon, Nov 24, 2014
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1 Cryptosystems Lecture 34 Robb T. Koether Hampden-Sydney College Mon, Nov 24, 2014 Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
2 1 Assignment 2 Cryptosystems 3 Caesar Ciphers 4 Substitution Codes 5 Runic Codes Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
3 Outline 1 Assignment 2 Cryptosystems 3 Caesar Ciphers 4 Substitution Codes 5 Runic Codes Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
4 Assignment Assignment See handout Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
5 Outline 1 Assignment 2 Cryptosystems 3 Caesar Ciphers 4 Substitution Codes 5 Runic Codes Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
6 Cryptosystems Definition (Cryptosystem) A cryptosystem is a method of encoding and decoding a message in such a way that the encoded message is unintelligible. Traditionally, there are three actors: Alice Communicating with Bob. Bob Communicating with Alice. The Enemy Eavesdropping on the communications between Alice and Bob. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
7 Cryptosystems Bob Plain Msg Alice Bob wants to send a message to Alice Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
8 Cryptosystems Bob Plain Msg The Enemy Alice But the enemy can eavesdrop on the transmission Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
9 Cryptosystems Bob Plain Msg ENCRYPT Alice Bob needs to encrypt the message before sending it Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
10 Cryptosystems Bob Plain Msg ENCRYPT Encrypted Msg The Enemy Alice The enemy can intercept the encrypted message Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
11 Cryptosystems Plain Msg Encrypted Msg The Enemy Decrypted Msg Bob ENCRYPT DECRYPT Alice Alice decodes the message before reading it Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
12 Cryptosystems We need an algorithm to encrypt the plain message. We need a corresponding algorithm to decrypt the encrypted message. The decryption algorithm is, in some sense, a reversal of the encryption algorithm. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
13 Cryptosystems We need an algorithm to encrypt the plain message. We need a corresponding algorithm to decrypt the encrypted message. The decryption algorithm is, in some sense, a reversal of the encryption algorithm. Problem: Bob needs to communicate to Alice how to decrypt the message. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
14 Cryptosystems We need an algorithm to encrypt the plain message. We need a corresponding algorithm to decrypt the encrypted message. The decryption algorithm is, in some sense, a reversal of the encryption algorithm. Problem: Bob needs to communicate to Alice how to decrypt the message. Why is that a problem? Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
15 Outline 1 Assignment 2 Cryptosystems 3 Caesar Ciphers 4 Substitution Codes 5 Runic Codes Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
16 Caesar Ciphers Definition (Caesar Cipher) A Caesar cipher encrypts a message by shifting each letter a certain number of positions through the alphabet. Letters near the end of the alphabet wrap around to the beginning. If the shift is 2, then A C B D C E. X Z Y A Z B Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
17 Caesar Ciphers This is usually indicated by writing the two alphabets in parallel. If the shift is 2, then we write ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAB Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
18 Caesar Ciphers This is usually indicated by writing the two alphabets in parallel. If the shift is 2, then we write ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAB What is the encrypting algorithm? Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
19 Caesar Ciphers This is usually indicated by writing the two alphabets in parallel. If the shift is 2, then we write ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAB What is the encrypting algorithm? What is the decrypting algorithm? Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
20 Caesar Ciphers This is usually indicated by writing the two alphabets in parallel. If the shift is 2, then we write ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAB What is the encrypting algorithm? What is the decrypting algorithm? What is wrong with sending to Alice the decrypting algorithm? Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
21 Caesar Ciphers Suppose that we knew that a Caesar cipher was used, but we did not know the shift. Decrypt the following message. YXMO EZYX K DSWO, DROI VSFON RKZZSVI OFOB KPDOB. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
22 Outline 1 Assignment 2 Cryptosystems 3 Caesar Ciphers 4 Substitution Codes 5 Runic Codes Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
23 Substitution Codes Definition (Substitution Code) In a substitution code, each letter of the alphabet is matched to the corresponding letter in a scrambled copy of the alphabet. For example, we could use the code ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ WNQFVMODXKCZUAESPLRJTIGHYB The message ATTACK AT DAWN would be encrypted as WJJWQC WJ FWGA. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
24 Substitution Codes Given enough text, a substitution code is very easy to break. Decipher the message TFKO DLFOJ SQR DJCJQ AJSOD SIF FKO TSXGJOD POFKIGX TFOXG FQ XGHD LFQXHQJQX, S QJZ QSXHFQ, LFQLJHCJR HQ WHPJOXA, SQR RJRHLSXJR XF XGJ VOFVFDHXHFQ XGSX SWW NJQ SOJ LOJSXJR JMKSW. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
25 Outline 1 Assignment 2 Cryptosystems 3 Caesar Ciphers 4 Substitution Codes 5 Runic Codes Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
26 Runic Codes The runic alphabet was used in northern Europe from the 3rd century up to the 16th century. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
27 Runic Codes The statement I HAVE NOT YET BEGUN TO FIGHT appears as Ihawenotjetbeguntofight Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
28 Runic Codes The Scandinavians devised a code in which to encode their runic writing. Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
29 Runic Codes The key was to write the runic letters in a 3 6 table. The name Maria is encoded as (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (2, 3), (2, 4). Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College) Cryptosystems Mon, Nov 24, / 20
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