Computer I/O. Oliver Schönleben
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1 Computer I/O Oliver Schönleben
2 Topics Computers and Humans Computer Characteristics Input, Processing, Output Limitations HSI (Design) Issues and Usability Basics Paper Issues
3 Focus Usability-relevance Most interesting parts "Eclectic"
4 Computers and Humans The computer is one of the main working tools today for Researchers Teachers and students / scholars Clerks, craftsmen, business people, housewives/husbands Industry (managers, workers) It is also means of entertainment Consumer electronics Games
5 In fact... Actually, computers are everywhere Cell phones In the car At home Buzzwords Ubiquituous computing Embedded systems
6 Questions?
7 HCI Interactive Systems: Allow user-input affecting run-time behaviour (time, state) Problems: What input is expected / must be dealt with? Decisive for how I "sense" my computer (software) as a tool (look and feel) Growing into it Metaphors as utility to the growth-into desktop metaphor
8 Traditional Interfaces Switches and Sliders Car controls Musical Instruments analogue digital CE-Products Tapes, Cassette decks Phono, CD VCR, DVD-Players
9 HCI Definition HCI: HHI Human-computer interaction (HCI) is "concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them." (ACM SIGCHI 1992) Interaction is a process of information transfer. HCI
10 Input Processing Output Output Processing (Memory) Input Input Text input devices Pointing/positioning devices Processing Computing units Memory (different sorts) Output visual: text, image, video auditory: sounds, music, speech
11 User Interface Design UI Design Goals: UI Key Features: Effectiveness Visibility Efficiency Feedback Ease of use Constraints Fun-of use Mapping (intuitive rel. between control and model) Accessibility Buzzword: Usability Consistency Affordance
12 UI Features in Traditional Interfaces Visibility Switches and Sliders Feedback Car controls Constraints Musical Instruments Mapping (intuitive rel. between control and model) analog digital CE-Products Consistency Tapes, Cassette decks Affordance Phono, CD VCR, DVD-Players
13 Questions?
14 Batch Input vs. Interactive Input Batch: Much data is to be input at once data entry programming Jaquard loom Interactive: Data input when prompted considering former output Applications with UI (Office, Games,...) Organs
15 Batch Input vs. Interactive Input Batch: Much data is to be input at once data entry programming Interactive: Data input when prompted considering former output Applications with UI (Office, Games,...)
16 Input Devices Textual input keyboards handwriting recognition Pointing and positioning (also gestures) Mouse, touch pad, tablet, pen, stylus, finger,... Multimedial Camera (pictures, videos) Microphone (sounds, music, speech)
17 Keyboard Layouts German QWERTZ France AZERTY Swiss QWERTZ Belgium AZERTY
18 Alternative Key Layouts Dvorak Layout (1932) Alphabetical Layout (aided by T9) NEO Layout (2004) RISTOME Layout
19 Why Alternative Key Layouts? Health Issues Clinical pictures (symptoms) Fatigue Stress, Pain RSI CPT Tendersynovitis Productivity Issues Efficiency by speed accuracy NEO-Crowd claims: Learning a new layout takes 25h - 100h One can "switch back"
20 Alternate Layouts Paradigms Most frequent words in home row (QWERZ 75, Dvorak 1400, NEO 3600) Bias towards German, English, Programming (NEO) Consider frequencies of characters and combinations (at least digraphs) Most possible alternation of hands (left-right) Heaviest load on strongest fingers Design for right-handed (and left-handed) people Avoid confusion ( Y <> Z, A <> Q ) NOT: Try to reduce learning (adapting) period
21 Measures Zipf: p(n) ~ 1/n finger paths
22 Reformed Keyboards Stardard-Model One character per key-press Different physical layout Alternate key layout Health and Accessibility Left-hand version Mouth stick version
23 Alternative Keyboards
24 Other Keybords Original Underwood Typewriter On-screen keyboards Septambic Keyer (Buzzword: Wearable Computers) Musical keyboards
25 Chord Keyboards Velotype / Veyboard Braille Writer Used for Closed Captioning Twiddler Estenotopia: A trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 225 words p minute at very high accuracy in order to pass the Registered Professional Reporter test
26 Improvements Overview Frog Pad
27 Alternate Text Entry Graphical recognition vs. stroke recognition (stenographic recognition?) Speech recognition Palm DIOTEK for iphone
28 Questions Next: Pointing & Positioning
29 Pointing and Positioning Devices Indirect medium Relative movement 3 Buttons (at least) Direct mapping Ergonomic properties? Wheel with tactile feedback (except MS)
30 Mouse Inventor: Douglas Engelbart (1960s) Indirect medium (cf. touchscreen) Direct mapping (cf. joystick) Ball mice and optical mice Footmouse
31 Other Positioning Devices W A S F
32 Space Positioning
33 Multi-Touch
34 Eyetracking Military developments Heatmap of a web page Eye-tracking
35 Motion Capturing (MOCAP)
36 Questions Next: Output
37 Output Visual / optical Text, image (diagrams, photos), video visual controls (oblique input "devices") Issues: readability, mapping, user-experience Auditory (auditory) (semantic) sounds, music Issues: mapping, accessibility verbal: speech output (speech synthesizer) Tactile / haptic Vibration mechanical General Issues: accessibility, health, usability
38 Output Devices: Monitor Types CRT Random scan display (vector display) Raster Scan Flat-screen vs. Triniton LCD DSTN TFT Plasma monitors E-Paper JumboTron
39 Monitor Issues Usability, Accessibility Readability Health issues Hazardous radiation (CRT) UV and heat radiation, X-rays (rear), EMR -> induction Compromising emission (security)
40 Other Output Devices Optical: Others: Auditory Speakers 3D displays 3D-Specs VR-Goggles Beamers Special applications Headphones Ticker Tactile or haptic Laser show Vibration Illuminated Buttons etc. Force-Feedback Paper Special users Braille
41 Paper Characteristics Disadvantageous: Advantageous: Costs More information possible Static screen: dpi Non-electronic paper: dpi Can be less enjoyable Can be more comfortable: reflected, not direct light handy, portable Buzzword: Paperless office(less-paper-office)
42 Printing and Scanning Types of Printers Types of Scanners Dot-Matrix Hand-held Ink Flat-bed Bubble Applications Laser OCR LED Musical Score Recognition Plotters Braille "Industrial"
43 Questions Next: Processing
44 Processing The computer is the participant in the interaction that runs a program. Processing is the effort the computer makes to do the computational part. Hardware limitations Components needed Computing processors Memory Interfaces to the input/output devices Operating system to drive them all
45 Memory Very-short-term memory Registers (bytes) CPU burst cache (kilo-bytes) Short-term memory RAM (giga-bytes) Long-term memory: totally persistent, slow ROM (WORM, EPROM, Flash-ROM, mega-bytes) HDDs: have own caches (MiB), solid-state hybrids (GiB) Network storage devices Optical discs, SD-Chips etc.
46 Memory Issues Size limitations => compression Speed => sophisticated management (paging etc.) Data integrity => Power supply (UPS) => backups on persistent media
47 Processing Hardware CPU: main general-purpose computing agent Co-processors for special computations FPU for floating point calculations GPU for difficult graphic related (3D) computations (architecture enables diversion for other tasks) Video decoding (and even encoding) Further support of 2D computations Real-time physics calculations Actual physical processors Peripheral hardware: bus, chipset ICs, fans etc.
48 Constraints (Problems) Slow processors (hardware) Targets: desktops, handhelds etc. Symptoms: Cursor tracking, icon wars, Remedy: Hardware engineering, Software Developers' Awareness Problem hardness Targets: non-reactive, algorithmic systems Symptoms: No termination even on fast machines Remedy: Scientific research Functional faults (bugs) Targets: all systems/platforms Symptoms: unexpected, defective, possibly harmful behaviour Remedy: Software Engineering Keyword: usability
49 Implications for HCI-Design Pretty clear by now: keep restrictions in mind. Do not conquer the customer's desktop (e.g. respect standards) Reach for the introduced goals (effect., access.) Utilize simple patterns E.g.: give feedback Still open issues: Other components in the workplace concerning ergonomy Advanced usability (fun-of-use etc.) Concepts & patterns Mapping Modus (context) Feedback & Control
50 Computer I/O
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1. This is part of an advertisement for a computer. OFFICE COMPUTER RETAILING Technical specification includes: 2 GHz CPU 256 MB RAM 200 GB Hard Disk Drive 64 MB Graphics Card DVD-ROM Drive Sound Card