Install and Configure ICT Equipment and Operating Systems Unit 229 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Transcription

1 Install and Configure ICT Equipment and Operating Systems Unit 229 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2 Definition of CPU Alternately referred to as a processor, central processor, or microprocessor, the CPU is the Central Processing Unit of the computer. A computer's CPU handles all instructions it receives from hardware and software running on the computer. The CPU is often referred to as the brain of the computer. However, it is more appropriate to refer to software as the brain and the CPU as a very efficient calculator.

3 Central Processing Unit The picture is an example of what the top and bottom of an Intel Pentium processor look like. The processor is placed and secured into a compatible CPU socket called a ZIF socket found on the motherboard. Processors produce heat so are covered with a heat sink and fan to keep them cool and running smoothly.

4 CPU Socket Short for Zero Insertion Force socket, the ZIF socket was designed by Intel and included a small lever to insert and remove the computer processor. Using the lever allows you to add and remove a computer processor without any tools and requires no force (zero force). All processor sockets from the Socket 2 and higher have been a ZIF socket design.

5 Three CPU Components On a technical level the top three components of a CPU are: Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit Registers

6 Arithmetic Logic Unit The ALU is the part of a CPU that performs all arithmetic computations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The Arithmetic Logic Unit also performs all logical operations. The ALU is a literally the fundamental building block of the CPU, and even the simplest processors contain an ALU. Today's modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) in graphic cards have very complex ALUs, and some contain a number of ALUs. In some CPUs an individual ALU is further divided into two units called an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU). Some processors even contain more than one AU. Normally the ALU has direct input and output access to the processor controller, main system memory (RAM), and input/output devices. In a nutshell an ALU works by loading data from what is called input registers, then an external Control Unit tells the ALU what operation to perform on that data, and finally the ALU stores its result into an output register. At this point the data is moved between the registers and the memory via a data path called a bus.

7 Control Unit The CPUs control unit is responsible for executing or storing the results coming out of the ALU. Within the CPU, the control unit performs the functions of fetch, decode, execute, and store. The control unit communicates with both the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and memory, and literally directs the entire computer system to carry out, or execute, stored program instructions. In a nutshell here is how a control unit works. Basically a control unit fetches or retrieves an instruction from memory and then analyses the instruction it fetched before deciding how it should be processed. Depending on the action required, the control unit will then send segments of the original instruction to the appropriate section of the processor.

8 Registers Registers are the temporary storage areas for instructions or data within the processor. Registers are basically special storage locations somewhat similar to a computer s memory though contained within the processor and exceptionally faster. Registers work under the direction of the control unit to accept, hold and transfer instructions or data and perform arithmetic or logical comparisons at a high rate of speed. Metaphorically speaking, the control unit uses the CPUs data storage registers similar to the way a cashier at a local market would conveniently store money away in a cash register to be used temporarily for transactions.

9 CPU Machine Cycle

10 CPU Cores A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units (called "cores"), which are the units that read and execute program instructions. Multi-core processors may have two cores dual-core CPUs, for example, Intel Core Duo, four cores quad-core CPUs, for example, Intel's i5 and i7 processors, six cores Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 980X, eight cores octacore CPUs, for example, Intel Xeon, ten cores deca-core CPUs, for example, Intel Xeon E

11 CPU Cores

12 Hyper Threading Abbreviated as HT, Hyper-Threading is a technology developed by Intel and introduced with the Xeon processor and later included with the Intel Pentium 4 processor and most of its processors since. HT allows the processor to work more efficiently by processing two sets of instructions at the same time, making it look like two logical processors.

13 Hyper Threading

14 How CPU s are Made CPU Factory Tour

15 CPU Makers Three Main companies make computer CPU s

16 Group Exercise In groups create a small presentation about the CPU company you have been given.