UPGRADING. REPAIRING PCs, AND. Scott Mueller. 19th Edition

Transcription

1 UPGRADING AND REPAIRING PCs, 19th Edition Scott Mueller

2 Contents Introduction 1 Book Objectives 1 The 19th Edition DVD-ROM 2 My Website: informit.com/upgrading 2 A Personal Note 3 1 Development of the PC 5 Computer History: Before Personal Computers 5 Timeline 5 Electronic Computers 10 Modern Computers 10 From Tubes to Transistors 11 Integrated Circuits 13 History of the PC 13 Birth of the Personal Computer 13 The IBM Personal Computer 14 The PC Industry Nearly 30 Years Later 15 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 19 What Is a PC? 19 Who Controls PC Software? 20 Who Controls PC Hardware? 23 White-Box Systems 25 PC Design Guides 26 System Types 27 System Components 28 3 Processor Types and Specifications 31 Microprocessor History 31 The First Microprocessor 31 PC Processor Evolution bit to 64-bit Architecture Evolution 36 Processor Specifications 37 Data I/O Bus 42 Address Bus 43 Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 44 Processor Modes 45 Processor Benchmarks 49 Comparing Processor Performance 49 Cache Memory 64 Processor Features 69 System Management Mode (SMM) 69 Superscalar Execution 70 MMX Technology 71 Dynamic Execution 73 Dual Independent Bus Architecture 74 Hyper-Threading Technology 75 Multicore Technology 76 Processor Manufacturing 77 Processor Re-marking 82 PGA Chip Packaging 83 Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Processor Packaging 84 Processor Socket and Slot Types 86 Socket 370 (PGA-370) 89 Socket Socket Socket LGA Socket LGA Socket LGA Socket A (Socket 462) 94 Socket Socket 939 and Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3 96 Socket F (1207FX) 98 CPU Operating Voltages 98 Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) 99 Processor Bugs and Steppings 100 Processor Code Names 100 PI (086) Processors 101 P2 (286) Processors 102 P3 (386) Processors DX Processors SX Processors SL Processors 105 P4 (486) Processors DX Processors SL 107 DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors 107 AMD 486 (5x86) 108 P5 (586) Processors 108 First-Generation Pentium Processors 110 Second-Generation Pentium Processors 110 Pentium-MMX Processors 112 Pentium Defects 113 AMD-K5 114 Intel P6 (686) Processors 114 Pentium Pro Processors 115 Pentium II Processors 117 Pentium III 121 Celeron 123 Intel Pentium 4 Processors 124 Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 127 Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition 128

3 Intel Core Processors 130 Intel Core 2 Family 130 Intel Nehalem (Core i) Processors 133 AMD K6 Processors 135 NexGen Nx AMD-K6 Series 136 AMD K7 Processors 137 AMD Athlon 137 AMD Duron 138 AMD Athlon XP 138 Athlon MP 139 AMD K8 Processors 140 AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX 140 AMD Sempron 143 AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX 144 AMD K10 Processors (Phenom) 146 Processor Upgrades 148 Overclocking 148 Quartz Crystals 149 Modern PC Clocks 151 Overclocking Tips 153 Bus Speeds and Multipliers 155 Processor Cooling 157 Heatsinks 162 Liquid Cooling 162 Thermally Advantaged Chassis 163 Processor Troubleshooting Techniques Motherboards and Buses 171 Motherboard Form Factors 171 Obsolete Form Factors 172 ATX and Other Modern Form Factors 182 Processor Sockets/Slots 195 Chipsets 198 Chipset Evolution 198 Intel Chipsets 200 Intel Chipset Model Numbers 200 Intel Integrated Graphics Architecture 201 AMD Chipsets 202 Traditional North/South Bridge Architecture 202 Hub Architecture 204 High-speed North-South Bridge Connections 205 Intel's Early 386/486 Chipsets 206 Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets 207 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) Chipsets 209 Seventh/Eighth-Generation (Pentium 4/D, Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets 213 Intel 915 Family 220 Intel 925X Family 221 Intel 945 Express Family 221 Intel 955X and 975X Family 222 Intel 96x Series 222 Intel 3x and 4x Series Chipsets 223 Intel 5x Series Chipsets 226 Third-party Chipsets for Intel Processors 229 SiS Chipsets 229 ULi Electronics Chipsets 232 ATI Chipsets 233 VIA Chipsets 236 AMD Athlon Chipsets 238 AMD Chipsets 238 VIA Chipsets for AMD 239 SiS Chipsets for AMD 242 NVIDIA nforce Chipsets for AMD 245 ATI Radeon IGP Chipsets 247 AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets 249 AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset 249 ATI (AMD) 250 VIA Chipsets NVIDIA Chipsets for Athlon for Athlon SiS Chipsets for Athlon Super I/O Chips 258 Motherboard Connectors 259 System Bus Types, Functions, and Features 269 The Processor Bus (Front-Side Bus) 275 Calculating Processor Bus Speeds 278 Types of I/O Buses 279 The ISA Bus 280 The Micro Channel Bus 282 The EISA Bus 284 Local Buses (VESA, PCI, PCI Express, AGP) 285 System Resources 294 Interrupts 295 DMA Channels 300 I/O Port Addresses 301 Resolving Resource Conflicts 304 Using a System-Configuration Template 306 Plug-and-Play Systems 309 Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing What to Look For) BIOS 313 Chipset Documentation 312 BIOS Basics 313 Motherboard ROM BIOS 317 ROM Hardware 318 ROM Shadowing 320

4 ROM Chip Types 320 ROM BIOS Manufacturers 324 BIOS Hardware/Software 327 Upgrading the BIOS 328 Where to Get Your BIOS Update 328 Determining Your BIOS Version 329 Checking the BIOS Date 329 Backing Up Your BIOS 330 Backing Up Your BIOS Setup (CMOS RAM) Settings 330 Upgrading a Flash BIOS 331 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 337 Year 2000 BIOS Issues 340 Preboot Environment 340 CMOS Setup Specifications 342 Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup Program 342 BIOS Setup Menus 342 Maintenance Menu 343 Main Menu 344 Advanced Menus 345 Security Menu 360 Power Menu 361 Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 363 Exit Menu 365 Additional BIOS Setup Features 365 Plug and Play BIOS 367 PnP Device IDs 367 ACPI 368 BIOS/MBR Error Messages 369 BIOS Boot Error Messages 370 MBR Boot Error Messages Memory 375 Memory Basics 375 ROM 377 DRAM 377 Cache Memory: SRAM 379 RAM Types and Performance 381 Fast Page Mode DRAM 383 Extended Data Out RAM (EDO) 384 SDRAM 385 DDR SDRAM 388 DDR2 SDRAM 390 DDR3 392 RDRAM 393 Memory Modules 396 SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs 397 Registered Modules 402 SIMM Details 404 SDR DIMM Details 406 DDR DIMM Details 407 DDR2 DIMM Details 407 DDR3 DIMM Details 408 RIMM Details 408 Determining a Memory Module's Size and Features 409 Memory Banks 412 Memory Module Speed 413 Parity and ECC 413 Parity Checking 415 How Parity Checking Works 416 Error-Correcting Code (ECC) 418 RAM Upgrades 419 Upgrade Options and Strategies 419 Purchasing Memory 421 Replacing Modules with Higher-Capacity Versions 422 Installing Memory Modules 423 Troubleshooting Memory 425 Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 429 The System Logical Memory Layout The ATA/IDE Interface 435 An Overview of the IDE Interface 435 Precursors to IDE 435 IDE Origins 436 Origins of ATA 437 ATA Standards 438 ATA-1 (AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives) 440 ATA-2 (AT Attachment Interface with Extensions-2) 440 ATA-3 (AT Attachment Interface-3) 441 ATA/ATAPI-4 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension-4) 441 ATA/ATAPI-5 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-5) 442 ATA/ATAPI-6 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-6) 443 ATA/ATAPI-7 (AT Attachment with Packet Interface-7) 444 ATA/ATAPI Parallel ATA 445 Parallel ATA I/O Connector 445 Parallel ATA I/O Cable 448 Longer and/or Rounded Cables 450 Parallel ATA Signals 450 Parallel ATA Dual-Drive Configurations 451 Parallel ATA PIO Transfer Modes 454 Parallel ATA DMA Transfer Modes 455 Serial ATA 456 Serial ATA Cables and Connectors 458 Serial ATA Configuration 460 Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) 461

5 Serial ATA Transfer Modes 462 ATA Features 463 ATA Commands 463 ATA Security Mode 464 Host Protected Area 465 ATA Packet Interface 466 ATA Drive Capacity Limitations 467 Prefixes for Decimal and Binary Multiples 467 BIOS Limitations 468 CHS Versus LBA 470 CHS/LBA and LBA/CHS Conversions 471 BIOS Commands Versus ATA Commands 472 CHS Limitations (the 528MB Barrier) 472 CHS Translation (Breaking the 528MB Barrier) 474 The 2.1GB and 4.2GB Barriers 477 LBA-Assist Translation 478 The 8.4GB Barrier 481 The 137GB Barrier and Beyond 482 Operating System and Other Software Limitations 484 PATA/SATA RAID Magnetic Storage Principles 489 Magnetic Storage 489 History of Magnetic Storage 489 How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Data 490 Read/Write Head Designs 493 Ferrite 494 Metal-In-Gap 494 Thin-Film 495 Magneto-Resistive Heads 495 Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 497 Head Sliders 498 Data-Encoding Schemes 500 FM Encoding 502 MFM Encoding 502 RLL Encoding 502 Encoding Scheme Comparisons 504 Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Decoders 505 Capacity Measurements 505 Areal Density 506 Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Hard Disk Storage 513 Definition of a Hard Disk 513 Hard Drive Advancements 514 Form Factors /4" Drive /2" Drive /2" Drive " Drive 517 1" Drives 518 Hard Disk Drive Operation 518 The Ultimate Hard Disk Drive Analogy 520 Tracks and Sectors 521 Disk Formatting 524 Basic Hard Disk Drive Components 529 Hard Disk Platters (Disks) 530 Recording Media 530 Read/Write Heads 532 Head Actuator Mechanisms 534 Air Filters 542 Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation 543 Spindle Motors 543 Logic Boards 544 Cables and Connectors 545 Configuration Items 546 Hard Disk Features 546 Capacity 546 Performance 548 Reliability 553 Cost Removable Storage 557 The Role of Removable-Media Drives 557 Flash Memory Media 557 Magnetic Disk Media 557 Magnetic Tape Media 558 Flash Memory Devices 558 Types of Flash Memory Devices 559 Comparing Flash Memory Devices 564 Flash Card Readers 566 Microdrive Technology 568 High-Capacity Magnetic Storage Devices 569 Floppy Disk Drives MB 3 1/2" Drives 570 Floppy Drive Interfaces 571 Drive Components 571 How the Operating System Uses a Floppy Disk 577 Disk Change 578 Floppy Disk Media Types and Specifications 579 Floppy Disk Care and Handling 581 Tape Drives 582 Disadvantages of Tape Backup Drives 583 Advantages of Tape Backup Drives 583 Magneto-Optical Drives 584

6 11 Optical Storage 585 Optical Technology 585 CD-based Optical Technology 586 CDs: A Brief History 586 CD Construction and Technology 587 Mass-producing CDs 587 Writable CDs 599 MultiRead Specifications 606 DVD 607 DVD History 608 DVD Construction and Technology 609 DVD Tracks and Sectors 610 Handling DVD Errors 614 DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers) 615 Data Encoding on the Disc 619 Recordable DVD Standards 619 Multiformat Rewritable DVD Drives 627 Blu-ray Disc (BD) 627 HD-DVD 629 Optical Disc Formats 630 CD Formats 630 DVD Formats and Standards 639 Optical Disc File Systems 642 Ripping/Copying Discs 647 "For Music Use Only" CD-R/RW Discs 648 CD Copy Protection 649 CD Digital Rights Management (DRM) 649 DVD Copy Protection 650 Optical Drive Performance Specifications 652 CD Data Transfer Rate 652 CD Drive Speed 653 DVD Drive Speed 656 Access Time 658 Buffer/Cache 658 Direct Memory Access and Ultra-DMA 658 Interface 659 Loading Mechanism 659 Other Drive Features 660 Recording Software 660 How to Reliably Record Optical Discs 661 Booting from a Floppy Disk with Optical Drive Support 662 Bootable Optical Discs El Torito 662 LightScribe and LabelFlash 663 Drives 663 Troubleshooting Optical Caring for Optical Updating Optical Drive 668 Media 667 the Firmware in an 12 Video Hardware 671 Display Adapters and Monitors 671 Video Display Adapters 672 Video Adapter Types 672 Integrated Video/Motherboard Chipsets 673 Video Adapter Components 675 Identifying the Video and System Chipsets 677 Video RAM 677 The Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) 681 Video Display Interfaces 681 The System Interface 681 The Display Interface 683 Digital Display Interfaces 687 TV Display Interfaces 698 3D Graphics Accelerators 699 How 3D Accelerators Work 699 Application Programming Interfaces 704 Dual-GPU Scene Rendering 706 3D Chipsets 708 Monitors 708 Display Specifications 708 LCD Technology 718 CRT Display Technology 720 Plasma Display Technology 723 LCD and DLP Projectors 724 Using Multiple Monitors 725 Dualview 726 Homogeneous Adapters 726 Heterogeneous Adapters 727 Video Capture Devices 727 Video Troubleshooting and Maintenance 730 Troubleshooting Video Cards and Drivers 730 Video Drivers 732 Maintaining Monitors 733 Testing Monitors 734 Adjusting Monitors 735 Bad Pixels 736 Troubleshooting Monitors 737 Repairing Monitors Audio Hardware 739 Early PC Audio Adapters 739 Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro Compatibility 740 DirectX and Audio Adapters 740 Legacy Audio Support Through Virtualization 740

7 PC Multimedia History 741 Audio Adapter Features 741 Basic Connectors 742 Connectors for Advanced Features 744 Volume Control 745 MIDI Support Features 746 Data Compression 746 Multipurpose Digital Signal Processors 747 Sound Drivers 747 Sound Cards for Sound Producers 747 Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms 748 The Nature of Sound 748 Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter 748 Sampling 749 Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated Audio 750 AC'97 Integrated Audio 750 Intel "Azalia" HD Audio 753 Installing a Sound Card 753 Selecting an Expansion Slot 753 Connecting PC Speakers and Completing the Installation 754 Using Your Stereo Instead of Speakers 755 Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems 755 Hardware (Resource) Conflicts 756 Other Sound Card and Onboard Audio Problems 756 Speakers 760 Speaker Selection Criteria 760 Theater and Surround Sound Considerations 762 Microphones External I/O Interfaces 765 Introduction to Input/Output Ports 765 Serial Versus Parallel 765 Universal Serial Bus (USB) 766 IEEE 1394 (FireWire or i.ltnk) 780 Comparing USB and IEEE 1394 (FireWire) 784 Performance Myths and Realities 785 Hot-Plugging (and Unplugging) 788 Low-speed External Connections 791 Serial Ports 791 Parallel Ports Input Devices 801 Keyboards 801 Enhanced 101-Key Keyboard Key (Windows) Keyboard 803 Keyboard Technology 804 Keyswitch Design 804 The Keyboard Interface 810 Typematic Functions 811 Keyboard Key Numbers and Scan Codes 813 International Keyboard Layouts 814 Keyboard/Mouse Interface Connectors 814 USB Keyboards 816 Keyboards with Special Features 817 Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair 817 Keyboard Disassembly 819 Cleaning a Keyboard 819 Keyboard Recommendations 820 Pointing Devices 821 Ball-Type Mice 822 Optical Mice 823 Pointing Device Interface Types 825 Mouse Troubleshooting 827 Scroll Wheels 828 TrackPoint II/III/IV 829 Alternative Pointing Devices 831 Wireless Input Devices 834 Power Management Features of Wireless Input Devices 835 Troubleshooting Wireless Input Devices Internet Connectivity 837 Internet Connectivity Trends 837 Broadband Internet Access Types 837 Cable TV (CATV) 838 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 841 Wireless Broadband 845 Satellite Broadband 846 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 848 Leased Lines 849 Comparing High-speed Internet Access 850 Dialup Modems 851 Modem Standards and Protocols 852 Bits and Baud Rates 853 Modulation Standards 854 Error-Correction Protocols 855 Data-Compression Standards Kbps Modems 856 Internet Connection Security 860 Having a Backup Plan in Case of Service Interruptions 860 Sharing Your Internet Connection 861 Routers for Internet Sharing 861 Modem/Router Status LEDs 863

8 17 Local Area Networking 865 Defining a Network 865 Types of Networks 866 Requirements for a Network 866 Client/Server Versus Peer Networks 867 Client/Server Networks 867 Peer-to-Peer Networks 868 Comparing Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks 869 Network Architecture Overview 870 Wired Ethernet 871 Wireless Ethernet 873 Which Wireless Ethernet Standard Is Best? 878 Bluetooth 878 Hardware Elements of Your Network 879 Network Interface Cards for Wired Ethernet Networks 879 Network Cables for Wired Ethernet 882 Wired Network Topologies 890 Switches and Hubs for Ethernet Networks 892 Wireless Ethernet Hardware 897 Network Protocols 902 IP and TCP/IP 903 IPX 904 NetBEUI 904 Other Home Networking Solutions 905 HomePNA 905 Powerline Networking 906 Putting Your Network Together 907 Network Adapters 907 Cables and Connections Between Computers 908 Hub/Switch/Access Point 909 Recording Information About Your Network 909 Installing Networking Software 910 Tips and Tricks 912 Sharing Resources 912 Setting Up Security 912 Sharing Internet Connections Power Supplies 913 The Power Supply 913 Primary Function and Operation 913 Positive DC Voltages 914 Negative DC Voltages 915 The Power Good Signal 916 Power Supply Form Factors 917 Obsolete Form Factors 920 Modern Form Factors 920 Power Switches 934 ATX and Newer 934 PC/XT/AT and LPX Power Switches 935 Motherboard Power Connectors 937 AT/LPX Power Supply Connectors 937 ATX and ATX 12V Motherboard Power Connectors 939 Backward and Forward Compatibility 952 Dell Proprietary (Nonstandard) ATX Design 955 Additional Power Connectors 957 Peripheral Power Connectors 958 Floppy Power Connectors 958 Serial ATA Power Connectors 960 PCI Express xl6 Graphics Power Connectors 961 Power Supply Specifications 963 Power Supply Loading 963 Power Supply Ratings 964 Other Power Supply Specifications 966 Power Factor Correction 968 Power Supply Safety Power-Use Calculations 970 Power Cycling 972 Power Management 975 Certifications 969 Energy Star Systems 975 Advanced Power Management 976 Advanced Configuration Interface 976 and Power Power Supply Troubleshooting 979 Overloaded Power Supplies 980 Inadequate Cooling 981 Using Digital Multimeters 982 Specialized Test Equipment 985 Obtaining Replacement Units 986 Sources for Replacement Power Supplies 986 Power-Protection Systems 987 Surge Suppressors (Protectors) 989 Phone Line Surge Protectors 989 Line Conditioners 990 Backup Power 990 RTC/NVRAM (CMOS RAM) Batteries 993 Modern CMOS Batteries 993 Obsolete or Unique CMOS Batteries 995 CMOS Battery Troubleshooting Building or Upgrading Systems 997 System Components 997 Case and Power Supply 999 Processor 1000 Motherboard 1001

9 Memory 1002 Hard Disk Drives 1004 Removable Storage 1005 Input Devices 1005 Video Card and Display 1005 Audio Hardware 1006 Accessories 1006 Hardware and Software Resources 1007 System Assembly and Disassembly 1008 Assembly Preparation 1008 Motherboard Installation 1012 Installing the CPU and Heatsink 1012 Installing Memory Modules 1014 Mounting the New Motherboard in the Case 1015 Connecting the Power Supply 1019 Connecting I/O and Other Cables to the Motherboard 1021 Installing the Drives 1022 a Installing Video Card 1026 Installing Additional Expansion Cards 1027 Replacing the Cover and Connecting External Cables 1027 System Startup 1029 Installing the Operating System 1030 Troubleshooting New Installations PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance 1033 Preventive Maintenance 1068 Active Preventive Maintenance Procedures 1068 Passive Preventive Maintenance Procedures 1073 Troubleshooting Tips and Techniques 1077 Repair or Replace? 1078 Troubleshooting by Replacing Parts 1078 Troubleshooting by the Bootstrap Approach 1079 Problems During the POST 1080 Problems Running Software 1081 Problems with Adapter Cards 1081 Top Troubleshooting Problems 1081 Index 1093 PC Diagnostics 1033 Diagnostics Software 1033 The Power-On Self Test 1034 Peripheral Diagnostics 1046 Operating System Diagnostics 1047 Commercial Diagnostics Software 1048 Free/User Supported Diagnostics 1048 The Boot Process 1048 The Hardware Boot Process: Operating System Independent 1049 The DOS Boot Process 1053 The Windows 9x/Me Boot Process 1053 Windows 2000/XP Startup 1054 Windows Vista/7 Startup 1055 PC Maintenance Tools 1056 Hand Tools 1057 Safety 1060 Test Equipment 1061 Special Tools for the Enthusiast 1066