Chap 6 - Introduction to HDL (b)

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Design with Verilog Chap 6 - Introduction to HDL (b) Credit to: MD Rizal Othman Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Ext: 6036

Language Elements 1. Operators There are three types of operators: unary, binary, and ternary, which have one, two, and three operands respectively. Unary : Single operand, which precede the operand. Ex: x = ~y ~ is a unary operator y is the operand binary : Comes between two operands. Ex: x = y z is a binary operator y and z are the operands ternary : Ternary operators have two separate operators that separate three operands. Ex: p = x? y : z? : is a ternary operator x, y, and z are the operands

3.1 Gate level Primitives

3.2 Operator Bit-Wise Operator

3.2. Operators Arithmetic Operators These perform arithmetic operations. The + and - can be used as either unary (-z) or binary (x-y) operators. Operators + (addition) - (subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulus) Examples:

Relational Operators Relational operators compare two operands and return a single bit 1 or 0. example a < b 0 if the relation is false (a is bigger then b) 1 if the relation is true ( a is smaller then b) x if any of the operands has unknown x bits (if a or b contains X) These operators synthesize into comparators. Operators < (less than) <= (less than or equal to) > (greater than) >= (greater than or equal to) == (equal to)!= (not equal to)

Example //a=5 b=10, a <= b 1 // a=5 b=10 a>= b 0 // a=x b=10 a<=b x // a=z b=10 a<=b x

Equality Operators There are two types of Equality operators. Case Equality and Logical Equality. Operator a === b a!== b a == b a!= b Description a equal to b, including x and z (Case equality) a not equal to b, including x and z (Case inequality) a equal to b, result may be unknown (logical equality) a not equal to b, result may be unknown (logical equality) Operands are compared bit by bit, with zero filling if the two operands do not have the same length Result is 0 (false) or 1 (true) For the == and!= operators, the result is x, if either operand contains an x or a z For the === and!== operators, bits with x and z are included in the comparison and must match for the result to be true. The result is always 0 or 1.

4'bx001 === 4'bx001 = 1 4'bx0x1 === 4'bx001 = 0 4'bz0x1 === 4'bz0x1 = 1 4'bz0x1 === 4'bz001 = 0 4'bx0x1!== 4'bx001 = 1 4'bz0x1!== 4'bz001 = 1 5 == 10 = 0 5 == 5 = 1 5!= 5 = 0 5!= 6 = 1

Logical Operators Logical operators return a single bit 1 or 0. They are the same as bit-wise operators only for single bit operands. They can work on expressions, integers or groups of bits, and treat all values that are nonzero as 1. Expressions connected by && and are evaluated from left to right The result is a scalar value: 0 if the relation is false 1 if the relation is true x if any of the operands has x (unknown) bits Logical operators are typically used in conditional (if... else) statements since they work with expressions. Operators! (logical NOT) && (logical AND) (logical OR)

1'b1 && 1'b1 = 1 1'b1 && 1'b0 = 0 1'b1 && 1'bx = x 1'b1 1'b0 = 1 1'b0 1'b0 = 0 1'b0 1'bx = x! 1'b1 = 0! 1'b0 = 1

Reduction Operators Reduction operators operate on all the bits of an operand vector and return a single-bit value. These are the unary (one argument) form of the bit-wise operators above. Operators & (reduction AND) (reduction OR) ~& (reduction NAND) ~ (reduction NOR) ^ (reduction XOR) ~^ or ^~(reduction XNOR)

& 4'b1001 = 0 & 4'bx111 = x ~& 4'b1001 = 1 ~& 4'bx001 = 1 ~& 4'bz001 = 1 4'b1001 = 1 4'bx000 = x ~ 4'b1001 = 0 ~ 4'bx001 = 0 ~ 4'bz001 = 0 ^ 4'b1001 = 0 ^ 4'bx001 = x ~^ 4'b1001 = 1 ~^ 4'bx001 = x

Shift Operators Shift operators shift the first operand by the number of bits specified by the second operand. Vacated positions are filled with zeros for both left and right shifts (There is no sign extension). Operators << (shift left) >> (shift right)

4'b1001 << 1 = 0010 4'b10x1 << 1 = 4'b10z1 << 1 = 4'b1001 >> 1 = 0100 4'b10x1 >> 1 = 4'b10z1 >> 1 =

4'b1001 << 1 = 0010 4'b10x1 << 1 = 0x10 4'b10z1 << 1 = 0z10 4'b1001 >> 1 = 0100 4'b10x1 >> 1 = 010x 4'b10z1 >> 1 = 010z

Concatenation Operator The concatenation operator combines two or more operands to form a larger vector. Operators {}(concatenation)

Replication Operator The replication operator makes multiple copies of an item. Operators {n{item}} (n fold replication of an item)

Conditional Operator:? Conditional operator is like those in C/C++. They evaluate one of the two expressions based on a condition. It will synthesize to a multiplexer (MUX). Operators (cond)? (result if cond true): (result if cond false)

5.10. Operator Precedence Table 5.1 shows the precedence of operators from highest to lowest. Operators on the same level evaluate from left to right. It is strongly recommended to use parentheses to define order of precedence and improve the readability of your code.

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