i wireless networks and mobile computing FOR m.tech (jntu - hyderabad) i year Ii semester (COMMON TO CSE AND CS) CONTENTS UNIT - I [CH. H. - 1] ] [WIRELESS NETWORKS]... 1.1-1.24 1.1 WIRELESS NETWORK... 1.2 1.1.1 Wireless Network Architecture... 1.3 1.1.1.1 Mobile Host... 1.3 1.1.1.2 Access Network... 1.4 1.1.1.3 Core Network... 1.4 1.1.2 Classification of Wireless Networks... 1.4 1.1.2.1 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs)... 1.5 1.1.2.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)... 1.6 1.1.2.3 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)... 1.7 1.1.2.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs)... 1.8 1.1.2.5 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WMANs)... 1.9 1.2 WIRELESS SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY... 1.10 1.3 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION PROBLEM... 1.11 1.4 WIRELESS NETWORK REFERENCE MODEL... 1.14 1.4.1 Application Layer... 1.15 1.4.2 Transport Laye ayer... 1.15
ii 1.4.3 Network Layer... 1.16 1.4.4 Data Link Layer... 1.16 1.4.5 Physical Layer... 1.17 1.5 WIRELESS NETWORKING ISSUES... 1.17 1.6 WIRELESS NETWORKING STAND ANDARDS ARDS... 1.23 UNIT - I [CH. H. - 2] ] [MOBILE COMPUTING]... 1.25-1.62 2.1 MOBILE COMMUNICATION... 1.26 2.1.1 Guided Transmission... 1.26 2.1.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Guided Transmission... 1.26 2.1.2 Unguided Transmission (Wireless Transmission)... 1.27 2.1.2.1 Signal Propagation Frequencies... 1.27 2.1.2.2 Antennae... 1.28 2.1.2.3 Propagation of Signals... 1.30 2.1.2.4 Modulation... 1.32 2.1.2.4.1 Amplitude Modulation... 1.33 2.1.2.4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying... 1.34 2.1.2.4.3 Frequency Modulation... 1.35 2.1.2.4.4 Frequency Shift Keying... 1.37 2.1.2.4.5 Phase Modulation... 1.38 2.1.2.4.6 Phase Shift Keying... 1.38 2.1.2.4.6.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying... 1.38 2.1.2.4.6.2 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying... 1.39 2.1.2.4.6.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying... 1.39 2.1.2.4.6.4 Eight Phase Shift Keying... 1.40 2.1.2.4.6.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation... 1.40
iii 2.1.2.5 Multiplexing... 1.41 2.1.2.5.1 Space Division Multiplexing... 1.42 2.1.2.5.2 Time Division Multiplexing... 1.42 2.1.2.5.3 Frequency Division Multiplexing... 1.42 2.1.2.5.4 Code Division Multiplexing... 1.42 2.1.2.5.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing... 1.43 2.1.2.6 Circuit and Packet Switching... 1.43 2.1.2.6.1 Circuit Switching... 1.43 2.1.2.6.2 Packet Switching... 1.44 2.1.2.7 Signal Processing... 1.44 2.1.3 Modulation Methods and Standards for Voice oice-oriented Data Communication Standards... 1.44 2.1.3.1 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)... 1.45 2.1.3.1.1 Standards Based on GSM... 1.45 2.1.4 Modulation Methods and Standards for Data and Voice Communication... 1.46 2.1.4.1 Standards Based on CDMA... 1.46 2.1.5 Features of 2G, 3G and 4G... 1.47 2.1.6 Wireless Personal Area Network... 1.48 2.1.6.1 BLUET UETOO OOTH IEEE 802.15.1...... 1.48 2.1.6.2 ZIGBEE... 1.48 2.1.6.3 IRDA... 1.48 2.1.7 Wireless Local Area Network and Internet Access... 1.49 2.1.7.1 IEEE 802.11-Based Standards... 1.49
iv 2.2 MOBILE COMPUTING... 1.50 2.2.1 Noval Application... 1.50 2.2.1.1 Smartphones... 1.50 2.2.1.2 Enterprise Solutions... 1.51 2.2.1.3 Music, Video and e-books... 1.52 2.2.1.4 Mobile Cheque... 1.52 2.2.1.5 Mobile Commerce... 1.52 2.2.1.6 Mobile-Based Supply Chain Management... 1.52 2.2.2 Limitations of Mobile Computing... 1.52 2.3 MOBILE COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE... 1.53 2.3.1 Programming Languages... 1.53 2.3.2 Operating Systems... 1.53 2.3.3 Middleware for Mobile System... 1.54 2.3.4 Mobile Computing Architectural Layers... 1.54 2.3.5 Protocols... 1.55 2.3.6 Layers... 1.55 2.4 MOBILE DEVICES... 1.55 2.4.1 Handheld Mobile Phones... 1.55 2.4.2 Handheld Personal Digital Assistants and Palmtop Computers... 1.55 2.4.3 Smartcards... 1.55 2.4.4 Smart Sensors... 1.56 2.5 LIMITATIONS TIONS OF MOBILE DEVICES... 1.56 2.5.1 Quality of Service... 1.56 2.5.1.1 Accessibility... 1.56 2.5.1.2 Range... 1.56 2.5.1.3 Connectivity... 1.56 2.5.1.4 Security... 1.56 2.5.1.5 Mobility... 1.56
v 2.5.2 Energy Constraints in Devices... 1.57 2.5.2.1 Mobile Computing Strategy... 1.57 2.5.2.2 Processor Design... 1.57 2.5.2.3 Transceiver Design and Programming... 1.57 2.5.3 Hardware Limitations... 1.57 2.5.3.1 Memory... 1.57 2.5.3.2 Bandwidth... 1.57 2.6 MOBILE SYSTEM NETWORKS... 1.58 2.6.1 Cellular Network... 1.58 2.6.2 WLAN Network and Mobile IP... 1.59 2.6.3 Ad-hoc Network... 1.59 2.7 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT... 1.60 UNIT - II [CH. - 3] ] [WIRELESS LAN]... 2.1-2.36 3.1 WIRELESS LAN... 2.2 3.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of WLAN... 2.2 3.1.2 Design Goals... 2.3 3.1.3 Requirements... 2.3 3.2 INFRARED AND RADIO TRANSMISSION... 2.4 3.2.1 Infrared Transmission... 2.4 3.2.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared Transmission ransmission... 2.4 3.2.2 Radio Transmission... 2.5 3.2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Radio Transmission... 2.5 3.2.3 Infrared Vs Radio Transmission... 2.6
vi 3.3 INFRASTRUCTURE AND AD-HOC NETWORKS... 2.6 3.3.1 Infrastructure Network... 2.7 3.3.1.1 Features... 2.7 3.3.2 Ad-hoc Network... 2.8 3.3.2.1 Features... 2.8 3.4 IEEE 802.11... 2.8 3.4.1 System Architecture... 2.9 3.4.2 Protocol Architecture... 2.10 3.4.3 802.11b... 2.12 3.4.4 IEEE 802.11a... 2.14 3.4.5 Newer Developments... 2.17 3.5 HIPERLAN... 2.18 3.5.1 HIPERLAN-1... 2.19 3.5.1.1 Requirements... 2.19 3.5.1.2 Protocol Architecture... 2.19 3.5.1.3 Phases... 2.20 3.5.2 HIPERLAN-2... 2.21 3.5.2.1 Features... 2.21 3.5.2.2 Architecture... 2.22 3.5.2.2.1 Handovers... 2.22 3.5.2.2.2 Operation Modes... 2.23 3.5.2.3 Protocol Stack... 2.23 3.5.2.3.1 Physical Layer (PHY)... 2.24 3.5.2.3.2 Data Link Control (DLC) Layer... 2.25 3.5.2.3.3 Convergence Layer (CL)... 2.28
vii 3.6 BLUET UETOO OOTH... 2.29 3.6.1 User Scenarios... 2.30 3.6.2 Architecture... 2.31 3.6.2.1 Networking... 2.32 3.6.2.2 Protocol Stack... 2.33 3.6.2.2.1 Radio Layer... 2.34 3.6.2.2.2 Baseband Layer... 2.35 UNIT - III [CH. H. - 4] ] [GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)]... 3.1-3.56 4.1 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)... 3.2 4.1.1 Advantages... 3.3 4.1.2 Brief History of GSM... 3.3 4.2 GSM SERVICES... 3.4 4.2.1 Connection... 3.5 4.2.2 Bearer Services... 3.5 4.2.3 Teleservices... 3.6 4.2.4 Supplementary Services... 3.7 4.3 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE... 3.8 4.3.1 Radio Subsystem (RSS)... 3.9 4.3.2 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)... 3.11 4.3.3 Operation Subsystem (OSS)... 3.12 4.4 PROTOCOLS OCOLS... 3.13 4.4.1 Mobile Station-Base Transceiver Signalling Protocols rotocols... 3.14 4.4.2 Base Transceiver ransceiver-base Station Controller Signalling Protocols... 3.17 4.4.3 Base Station Controller-Mobile Services Switching Centre Signalling Protocols... 3.18
viii 4.5 LOCALIZA OCALIZATION... 3.18 4.6 CALL HANDLING... 3.20 4.6.1 Channel Usage During GSM Call... 3.22 4.6.1.1 GSM Call Originated by a Land Phone Using Channels... 3.23 4.6.1.2 GSM Call Originated by a Cell Phone using Channels... 3.24 4.6.2 User Validation in GSM... 3.25 4.7 HANDOVER... 3.26 4.7.1 Types of Handover... 3.26 4.7.2 Handovers in GSM... 3.27 4.8 SECURITY... 3.29 4.8.1 Authentication... 3.30 4.8.2 Encryption... 3.31 4.8.3 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identify (TMSI)... 3.31 4.9 NEW DATA A SERVICES... 3.32 4.10 GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)... 3.32 4.10.1 Goals and Benefits... 3.33 4.10.2 Applications... 3.34 4.10.3 GPRS System Architecture... 3.34 4.10.4 GPRS Protocol... 3.37 4.10.5 Quality of Service in GPRS... 3.38 4.10.6 GPRS MS Classes... 3.38 4.10.7 GPRS PDP Context... 3.40 4.10.8 GPRS Data Routing... 3.41 4.10.9 Routing Updates... 3.43 4.10.10 Access Modes in GPRS... 3.44
ix 4.10.11 Access Point Name in GPRS... 3.44 4.10.12 Network Process in GPRS... 3.45 4.10.13 Charging and Billing Techniques in GPRS... 3.45 4.10.14 What s Next to GPRS?... 3.46 4.10.15 Comparison of GSM and GPRS... 3.46 4.11 UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION TION SYSTEM (UMTS)... 3.47 4.11.1 UMTS Services... 3.47 4.11.2 UMTS System Architecture... 3.48 4.11.2.1 UMTS Core Network... 3.49 4.11.2.1.1 Circuit-Switched CN... 3.49 4.11.2.1.2 Packet acket-switched CN... 3.49 4.11.2.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)...... 3.50 4.11.2.2.1 Radio Network Controller (RNC)... 3.51 4.11.2.2.2 Node B... 3.51 4.11.2.3 UMTS User Equipment... 3.52 4.11.2.4 UMTS Interfaces... 3.53 4.12 LONG TERM EVOLUTION... 3.53 4.12.1 Why LTE (Drawbacks of 3G)... 3.54 4.12.2 Benefits of LTE TE... 3.54 4.12.3 LTE TE Technologies... 3.54 UNIT - IV [CH. - 5] ] [MOBILE NETWORK LAYER]... 4.1-4.30 5.1 MOBILE IP... 4.2 5.1.1 Goals for Mobile IP... 4.2 5.1.2 Assumptions of Mobile IP... 4.3 5.1.3 Requirements of Mobile IP... 4.3 5.1.4 Entities and Terminologies... 4.4 5.1.5 IP Packet Delivery... 4.6
x 5.1.6 Location Management... 4.7 5.1.6.1 Agent Discovery... 4.8 5.1.6.1.1 Agent Advertisement... 4.9 5.1.6.1.2 Agent Solicitation... 4.11 5.1.5 Registration... 4.12 5.1.5.1 Registration Request Packets... 4.14 5.1.5.2 Registration Reply Packets... 4.15 5.1.6 Tunnelling and Encapsulation... 4.16 5.1.6.1 Encapsulation by Additional IP Header of an IP Packet... 4.17 5.1.6.2 Minimum Encapsulation by IP Header to an IP Packet acket... 4.19 5.1.6.3 Generic Routing Encapsulation by IP Header to an IP Packet acket... 4.20 5.1.7 Optimizations... 4.23 5.1.7.1 Mobility Binding... 4.24 5.1.8 Reverse Tunnelling... 4.26 5.1.8.1 Multicasting... 4.27 5.1.8.2 Firewall Security... 4.27 5.1.8.3 Time to Live... 4.27 5.2 DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL OCOL (DHCP)... 4.28 5.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of DHCP... 4.30 UNIT - V [CH. - 6] ] [MOBILE TRANSPORT LAYER]... 5.1-5.18 6.1 TRADITIONAL TCP... 5.2 6.1.1 Congestion Control... 5.2 6.1.2 Slow Start Method... 5.3 6.1.3 Fast Recovery... 5.4 6.1.4 Methods for Wireless and Mobile Networks... 5.5
xi 6.2 INDIRECT TCP... 5.7 6.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional TCP... 5.8 6.3 SNOOPING TCP... 5.9 6.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Snooping TCP... 5.11 6.4 MOBILE TCP... 5.12 6.4.1 Goals... 5.12 6.4.2 Working... 5.12 6.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile TCP... 5.13 6.5 FAST RETRANSMIT/FAST AST RECOVER VERY Y TRANSMISSION... 5.13 6.6 TRANSMISSION/TIME-OUT FREEZING... 5.14 6.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Transmission/T ransmission/time ime Freezing... 5.14 6.7 SELECTIVE RETRANSMISSION... 5.14 6.7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Selective Retransmission... 5.15 6.8 TRANSACTION ORIENTED TCP... 5.15 6.9 OVERVIEW OF CLASSICAL ENHANCEMENTS TO O TCP CP FOR MOBILITY... 5.17 6.10 TCP OVER 2.5G/3G MOBILE NETWORKS... 5.17
xii STUDENT NOTES