Pre Lab (Lab-1) Scrutinize Different Computer Components Central Processing Unit (CPU) All computer programs have functions, purposes, and goals. For example, spreadsheet software helps users store data and perform calculations. Other software allows users to compile documents, make slideshows, and play games. To perform these functions, programs have a series of instructions in the form of codes or numbers. Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM allows computers to process instructions within a certain amount of time. When you execute a program such as a word processing tool, game, or Internet browser, your computer requires memory to keep tasks running smoothly and efficiently. Certain programs require a substantial amount of memory. Large datasets and graphics-heavy applications tend to require the most memory. Otherwise, the computer could slow down, become choppy, or crash. Every program uses RAM: antivirus programs, operating systems, and other basic utility tools. Your computer's task manager provides an indication of how much memory each program uses.
Flash & Media Card Readers Flash readers are USB devices that can read a from multiple card formats. When you are ready to transfer files from your device to your computer or from your computer to your device, you can remove the card from the device and place it in the flash reader. You do not need to install drivers for your device, and you do not need to connect the device to the computer. You can transfer the files to and from your computer, and the memory card reader will allow you to save, delete, and manipulate files. Many computers come with built-in memory card readers. If your computer does not have one, you can buy an external reader that connects to your computer's USB port. You can even buy additional readers if you need a device that supports additional formats. Data transfer rates are faster when using a memory card reader than by connecting the device to the computer. Hard Disk A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces. Write a short note on what is difference between Hard Disk and Flash Memory
Pre Lab (Lab-2) Installation of Windows Operating System This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The procedure to install Windows XP home edition is very similar to the professional edition. Since Windows XP Pro is more advanced operating system, it will be used to demonstrate the installation procedure. The best way install Windows XP is to do a clean install. It is not difficult to perform a clean installation. Before you perform the installation I recommend that you check Windows XP Compatibility List to ensure that your hardware is supported by XP. If your hardware is not on the compatibility list you can check your hardware manufactures website to download the drivers for Windows XP. Save all the necessary drivers onto floppy disks or CD before you start the installation. All versions of Windows XP CD are bootable. In order to boot from CD/DVD-ROM you need to set the boot sequence. Look for the boot sequence under your BIOS setup and make sure that the first boot device is set to CD/DVD-ROM. You can then perform the following steps to install Windows XP: Write a short note on why Key word is Important in installation of window Operating system?
Pre Lab (Lab-3) Command Prompt Commands A command prompt is a non-graphical interface that allows you to interact with your operating system. At the command prompt, you enter commands by typing their names followed by options and arguments. Most modern computers use a graphical user interface (GUI), which allows users to more intuitively access programs and documents. However, some programs and commands are still only available only through a command prompt. To access the command prompt, follow the instructions appropriate to your operating system. Windows To access the command prompt in Windows, from the Start menu, select Run.... In the "Open:" field, enter cmd (Windows NT, 2000, XP, and Vista) or command (Windows 95, 98, and Me). Write a short note on why Command Prompt is important?
Pre Lab (Lab-4) Microsoft Word What is Microsoft Word used for MS Word is a popular word-processing program used for creating documents such as letters, brochures, learning activities, tests, quizzes and students' homework assignments. There are many powerful features available in Microsoft Word to make it easier to learn for students with disabilities. New features in Word 2010 Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. You can use it to type letters, reports, and other documents. It helps a lot in spelling-check and words-count. 1. Create visually compelling documents With Word 2010, you can create compelling documents while applying formatting effects such as shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to your document text. You can spell-check text that uses visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles. Many of the same effects used for images are now available to both text and shapes, enabling you to seamlessly coordinate all of your content. 2. Turn your text into compelling diagrams Word 2010 offers you more options to add visual impact to your documents. Choose from dozens of additional SmartArt Graphics to build impressive diagrams just by typing a bulleted list. Use SmartArt to transform basic, bullet-point text into compelling visuals that better illustrate your ideas. 3. Add visual impact to your document New picture-editing tools in Word 2010 enable you to add special picture effects without additional photo-editing software. You can easily adjust pictures with color saturation and temperature controls. You also get improved tools for easier and more precise cropping and image correction, to help you turn a simple document into a work of art. Explain how can insert the Header and Footer at any page?
Pre Lab (Lab-5) Microsoft PowerPoint What is Microsoft PowerPoint used for? The main purpose of MS PowerPoint is to enable the user to create dynamic, informational slide shows through the use of text, graphics, and animation. Slide shows created with the software are often displayed on projection screens for business, training, or educational presentations, although they can be distributed as stand-alone files. Additionally, the slides can be arranged and printed as handouts for reference. New features in PowerPoint 2010 With Microsoft PowerPoint, you can make charts, tables, and macros, and insert images, audio, video, and other multimedia files. With the new release of Microsoft Office 2010, many advanced features were added in PowerPoint 2010. 1. Embed and edit video from within PowerPoint. Now you can add fades, formatting effects, bookmark scenes, and trim videos to give your presentations a professional multimedia experience. And since the embedded videos become part of your PowerPoint presentation, you don t have to manage additional files when sharing with others. 2. Use new and improved picture editing tools. You can use picture editing tools including versatile artistic effects and advanced correction, color, and cropping tools, to fine-tune every picture in your presentation to look its absolute best. Even, dynamic 3-D slide transitions and more realistic animation effects can be added to grab your audience s attention. Create a slide show When beginning a new slide show, PowerPoint provides an array of templates to choose from. Experienced users with a specific look in mind can start with a blank presentation for setting attributes, such as colors and fonts, to their own specifications. After creating the initial file, the next step is to create a slide, which can be done by using an auto layout, or a blank screen in order to add components manually. You can then choose to add a combination of text and graphics to suit the needs of the presentation, and apply animation to either of these elements to create a dynamic effect. You can add as many slides and make them as content-rich as your system can handle; there are no limits imposed in the software itself. Explain how can add on the Animation in Slide show?
Pre Lab (Lab-6) Microsoft Excel 1. Manage data records like name list The commonly useages of Excel is to manage data records and name lists. You don't have to plan in advance on how the table should look like, as the preset layout allows you to create the tables on the fly, just fill in the information; the table is developed on the go. Another more attractive point is that you have the ability to sort the list and filter the listing like a database tool. You can download the template of list. 2. Used as an analytical tool Besides the good use on managing data, Excel is a great analytical tool for business. With the pivot table contained within Excel, you can easily analyses a large number of data, as the pivot table can automatically sort, count, and total the data stored in one table or spreadsheet and create a second table displaying the summarized data. It has gone through many revisions. In each revision, we see its power being enhanced. In the latest version of Excel 2010, there are many new features added: It added almost six new calculations, a 'Show Value As' function and some great visual tools. Download this sales analytics if you need. 3. Create forms and consolidate results You can use Excel to create not only a simple form that contains boxes, but also professional forms which include option buttons that allow you to select answers, dropdown list to select a particular answer from list of items. Together with charts, you can use Excel to compile answers to tests or quizzes and analyze the profile of the class (If you are a teacher) or your team (If you are a supervisor). 4. Inventory Management Excel provides many functions and formulas that will not only help you manage your data records efficiently but will also allow you to analyse your data based on your constantly changing business environment. Explain how can insert the Chart in Excel file?
Pre Lab (Lab-7) C++ Programming #include Directive: One of many preprocessor directives Preprocessor commands have # as first character More on the preprocessor later Used to paste other files into the current file Usually used at the top of.cpp files Syntax: #include <filename> Searches standard include directory #include filename Searches current directory main() Function: Starting point for a program. Execution of a C++ program always begins at the main() function. Every C++ program must have one (only one) main() function. Curly Braces {} Denote blocks of statements Define a scope o Lifetime of a variable The open brace ({) marks the beginning of the function body, which is one or more program statements which perform some task. The closing brace (}) marks the end of the function body. Make a Program in C++ to show the name of student,father name of student, F.sc Marks and Age on computer screen by using cout
Pre Lab (Lab-8) Basic Input/output Input: Storing data in the computer's memory requires two steps Allocate the memory by declaring a variable Have the program fetch a value from the input device and place it in the allocated memory location cin >> x Output: Values sent to an output device Usually the screen Can also be a file or some device Syntax for screen output: cout << expression << Example cout << "The total is "<< sum << endl; Make a Program in C++to read the name of student and marks obtained in 3 subject C++, Electronic2 and DLD. Calculate the total and average?
Pre Lab (Lab-9) If & If -Else Basic If Statement Syntax Else The structure of an if statement is as follows: if ( TRUE ) Execute the next statement if ( 5 < 10 ) cout<<"five is now less than ten, that's a big surprise"; we're just evaluating the statement, "is five less than ten", to see if it is true or not; with any luck, it's not! If you want, you can write your own full program including iostream and put this in the main function and run it to test. Sometimes when the condition in an if statement evaluates to false, it would be nice to execute some code instead of the code executed when the statement evaluates to true. The "else" statement effectively says that whatever code after it (whether a single line or code between brackets) is executed if the if statement is FALSE. It can look like this: if ( TRUE ) { } // Execute these statements if TRUE else { } // Execute these statements if FALSE Make a Program in C++ to input two values from Keyboard and then to print the lager number on the computer screen.
Pre Lab (Lab-10) Switch Statement The syntax of the switch statement is a bit peculiar. Its objective is to check several possible constant values for an expression. Something similar to what we did at the beginning of this section with the concatenation of several if and else if instructions. Its form is the following: switch (expression) { } case constant1: group of statements 1; break; case constant2:... group of statements 2; break; default: default group of statements Make a program to perform simple arithmetic operation by using switch statement.
Pre Lab (Lab-11) For Loop Its format is: for (initialization; condition; increase) statement; And its main function is to repeat statement while condition remains true, like the while loop. But in addition, the for loop provides specific locations to contain an initialization statement and an increase statement. So this loop is specially designed to perform a repetitive action with a counter which is initialized and increased on each iteration. It works in the following way: 1. Initialization is executed. Generally it is an initial value setting for a counter variable. This is executed only once. 2. Condition is checked. If it is true the loop continues, otherwise the loop ends and statement is skipped (not executed). 3. Statement is executed. As usual, it can be either a single statement or a block enclosed in braces { }. 4. Finally, whatever is specified in the increase field is executed and the loop gets back to step 2. Make a Program to print first ten natural numbers using For loop.
Pre Lab (Lab-12) While Loop and Do While Loop The while loop Its format is: While (condition) Statement; and its functionality is simply to repeat statement while the condition set in expression is true. The do-while loop { } Its format is: Do statement ; while (condition); Its functionality is exactly the same as the while loop, except that condition in the do-while loop is evaluated after the execution of statement instead of before, granting at least one execution of statement even if condition is never fulfilled. 1. Print I LOVE PAKISTAN five times using the while loop. 2. Make a Program to print first ten natural numbers using Do-While loop.
Pre Lab (Lab-13) Array: An array is an indexed sequence of components o Typically, the array occupies sequential storage locations o The length of the array is determined when the array is created, and cannot be changed o Each component of the array has a fixed, unique index Indices range from a lower bound to an upper bound o Any component of the array can be inspected or updated by using its index This is an efficient operation: = constant time Conclusions: Arrays have the following advantages: o Accessing an element by its index is very fast (constant time) Arrays have the following disadvantages: o o o All elements must be of the same type The array size is fixed and can never be changed Insertion into arrays and deletion from arrays is very slow Declaring Arrays: When declaring arrays, specify Name Type of array Any data type Number of elements type arrayname[ arraysize ]; o int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers o float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats Declaring multiple arrays of same type Use comma separated list, like regular variables int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];
Initializing arrays : o For loop Set each element o Initializer list Specify each element when array declared int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0 If too many syntax error o To set every element to same value int n[ 5 ] = { 0 }; o If array size omitted, initializers determine size int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; 5 initializes, therefore 5 element array Make a program to input data into array of 5 elements. Calculate the sum and average of the elements and the print the sum and average on screen?
Pre Lab (Lab-14) Function every C++ program must have a function called main program execution always begins with function main any other functions are subprograms and must be called Function Calls One function calls another by using the name of the called function next to ( ) enclosing an argument list. A function call temporarily transfers control from the calling function to the called function. Function Call Syntax FunctionName ( Argument List ) The argument list is a way for functions to communicate with each other by passing information. The argument list can contain 0, 1, or more arguments, separated by commas, depending on the function. Make a program to pass two number as arguments to the function body, compare the number in the function body and print the greater number on the screen?
Pre Lab (Lab-15) Pointer A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before you can work with it. The general form of a pointer variable declaration is: type *var-name; Here, type is the pointer's base type; it must be a valid C++ type and var-name is the name of the pointer variable. The asterisk you used to declare a pointer is the same asterisk that you use for multiplication. However, in this statement the asterisk is being used to designate a variable as a pointer. There are few important operations which we will do with the pointers very frequently. (a) We define a pointer variables (b) assign the address of a variable to a pointer and (c) finally access the value at the address available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand. Make a program to assign a value to a variable using its pointer variable. Print out the value using the variable name and also print out the memory address of the variable using the pointer variable.