Eigenmode Simulation. EMPro 2012 May 2012 Eigenmode Simulation

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2 EMPro 2012 May 2012 Eigenmode Simulation 1

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6 5 Eigenmode Overview 6 Example: How to Simulate using Eigenmode Solver 7 Specifying Eigenmode Simulation Setup 12 Viewing Eigenmode Simulation Results 22 Viewing Default Eigenmode Output 23 Performing Advanced Visualization in Eigenmode Simulations 26 Viewing Default Eigenmode Output 51

7 Eigenmode Overview You can use an Eigenmode solver to generate resonance properties (eigenmodes) of a closed structure without enforcing excitations In the results, you can view the Eigen frequencies, Q value, Eigen field, and surface currents at each Eigen mode This new solver quickly finds the resonant frequencies for devices such as cavity filters, which is a common high-frequency component used in wireless communication systems Filter designers can also visualize the resulting electromagnetic fields at each resonant frequency and make adjustments to the cavity structure to optimize filter performance The Eigenmode solver is based on FEM technology and you need an FEM Simulator Element license The existing EMPro FEM solver, regular mode solver, is driven by excitations and generates S parameters and/or radiation fields The Eigenmode solver process is similar to a typical FEM or FDTD flow in 3D EM simulations The following figure displays the visualization results of an Eigenmode simulation: 6

8 Example: How to Simulate using Eigenmode Solver In this example, an eigenmode simulation is created by using a rectangular cavity The theoretical resonant frequencies are generated by RF Cafe Calculator assuming PEC walls and vacuum inside the rectangular cavity The following figure displays the dimensions and analytical resonant frequencies used in this example: Perform the following tasks to create an Eigenmode simulation for the rectangular cavity: Creating a New Project Creating a New Geometry Creating and Assigning Materials Defining the Outer Boundary Setting up an Eigenmode Simulation Running the Eigenmode Simulation Viewing Eigenmode Simulation Results Creating a New Project To create a rectangular cavity: Open a new project Select Edit > Project Properties Editor to open the Project Properties Editor window Select the Display Units tab in the Project Properties Editor window Select SI Metric in the Unit Set drop-down list Change Length to millimeters (mm) This changes the Unit Set value to Custom Change Frequency Unit to GHz Click Done 7

9 Creating a New Geometry After creating a new project, you can add a new geometry by performing the following steps: Right-click Parts and choose Create New > Extrude Choose the Rectangle tool from the Shapes toolbar Type a value in the Width, Depth, and Height text box Choose the Specify Orientation tab and modify the parameters according to your requirements Click Done A rectangular box is visible in the Geometry window Creating and Assigning Materials To assign a material to the rectangular box: Right-click Materials in the Definitions list and Select from Default Material Library Select Air in the Add a Default Material window Click Add The Air material is displayed in the Materials list Click and drag the Air material object and drop it on top of the rectangular box object present in the Parts list The following figure displays the rectangular box after assigning the Air material object Note You do not need to specify excitations in the Eigenmode solver You can skip this step Excitations in Eigenmode solver may abort a simulation Defining the Outer Boundary The Eigenmode solver supports only closed structures A closed structure is of the following types: 8

10 A structure with perfect conducting boundaries: PEC or PMC In this release, the Eigenmode solver does not support Radiation, Esymmetry, and Msymmetry conditions A structure with metal surroundings, such as a copper box or an aluminum cylinder For more information, refer Adding Lossy Metal To define an outer boundary: 1 2 Double-click Boundary Conditions in the Simulation Domain list The Boundary Conditions Editor dialog box is displayed Set the outer boundary properties to PEC for all boundaries 3 Click Done to apply the outer boundary settings 4 Double-click FEM Padding in the Simulation Domain list The FEM Padding Editor dialog box is displayed 5 Set the Upper and Lower limits to 0, as shown in the following figure: 9

11 Note It is important to specify zero value for FEM padding If you keep the default FEM padding values 20 mm, the 20 x 30 x 50 cavity would be expanded to 60 x 70 x 90 It is recommended to use zero padding for all Eigenmode simulations Setting up an Eigenmode Simulation To define an Eigenmode simulation setup (eigenmodesolver), you need to specify frequency plans and mesh refinement options Running the Eigenmode Simulation After completing Eigenmode Simulation setup, you can run calculations on the geometry The Simulations workspace window stores the project simulation(s) You can create, queue, and run simulations using the Simulations workspace To run an Eigenmode simulation, click Create and Queue in the Simulations workspace Viewing Eigenmode Simulation Results To make the cavity lossy and observe changes on the Q values, you can add lossy dielectric and metal Adding Lossy Dielectric Replace the air by a lossy dielectric with loss tangent and dielectric constant 1 Theoretically, the Q value is equal to the following equation: The output of Eigenmode solver, Q values are 1000 for material with tangent 0001, is displayed in the following figure: The dielectric material with conductivity can be put inside the cavity and the Q values close to theoretical results are produced, which is not shown in this document Adding Lossy Metal 10

12 You need to build copper walls for a vacuum cavity with the same size Select Modify > Shell and set Specify Thickness value to 1 mm Copper is assigned to this shell and inside the shell it is vacuum In this example, the convergence study is demonstrated: assign different Delta Error and observe how the eigenmode solver converges to the theoretical result The following figure displays the convergence study of the rectangle cavity with copper sidewalls: With a smaller Delta error value (1e-4 instead of 1e-3), the mesh refinement takes four more passes to converge, but the results are more accurate compared to the theoretical results (Fana and Qana in table) 11

13 Specifying Eigenmode Simulation Setup Eigenmode Overview You can use an Eigenmode solver to generate resonance properties (eigenmodes) of a closed structure without enforcing excitations In the results, you can view the Eigen frequencies, Q value, Eigen field, and surface currents at each Eigen mode This new solver quickly finds the resonant frequencies for devices such as cavity filters, which is a common high-frequency component used in wireless communication systems Filter designers can also visualize the resulting electromagnetic fields at each resonant frequency and make adjustments to the cavity structure to optimize filter performance The Eigenmode solver is based on FEM technology and you need an FEM Simulator Element license The existing EMPro FEM solver, regular mode solver, is driven by excitations and generates S parameters and/or radiation fields The Eigenmode solver process is similar to a typical FEM or FDTD flow in 3D EM simulations The following figure displays the visualization results of an Eigenmode simulation: Before running an Eigenmode simulation, you need to specify the simulation options that are specific to the Eigenmode simulator To run an Eigenmode simulation, perform the following tasks: Select the Eigenmode Solver Specify Frequency Plans Specify Mesh Refinement Add Notes Complete the Process of Specifying Setup Run the Eigenmode Simulation Selecting the Eigenmode Solver 12

14 You can specify the simulation options that are specific to the Eigenmode simulator in the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window To open the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window: 1 Select Eigenmode from the drop-down list available in the Simulation toolbar, as shown in the following toolbar: 2 Click Setup ( ) to create and edit the setup of a new simulation The Setup Eigenmode Simulation window is displayed, as shown in the following figure: 3 Type a name for your Eigenmode simulation name in the Name field You can also use the default name that is specified in the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window The invalid symbol on the window refers that you have not entered any frequency plan or boundary conditions are not correct for Eigenmode simulations Specifying Frequency Plans You can define the following start frequency settings for your Eigenmode simulation: 13

15 Option Start Frequency Description Eigenmode Simulation Specify the start frequency value Number of eigenmodes Specify the number of Eigenmode in simulation In the Fields storage tab, you can specify the options listed in the following table: Option Description All eigen frequencies Field data is stored for all eigen frequencies used in calculation No frequencies Field data is not stored for any of the frequencies used in calculation Setting Frequencies Perform the following steps to set frequency: 1 2 In the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window, open the Frequency Plans screen Specify a value in the Start Frequency text box 3 4 Specify a value in Number of Eigenmodes Click the Fields storage tab The following figure displays the field storage options: 14

16 5 Select one of the following options in Save fields for: All eigen frequencies No frequencies Specifying Mesh Refinement An Eigenmode simulation mesh is a sub-division of the entire 3D problem domain into a set of tetrahedra (or cells) This pattern of cells is based on the geometry of a cavity and optionally, user-defined parameters, therefore, each cavity will have a unique mesh calculated for it The mesh is then applied to the cavity to compute the electric within each cell and identify any coupling effects in the circuit during simulation The Eigenmode simulator implements an adaptive mesh algorithm, where an initial mesh is generated and the electric fields (and eigen frequencies) are computed on that initial mesh for a single frequency An error estimate is generated for each tetrahedron The tetrahedra with the largest estimated error are refined to create a new mesh on which the electric fields eigen frequencies are computed The eigen frequencies from consecutive meshes are compared If the eigen frequencies do not change significantly, then electric fields are computed for all the requested frequencies However, if the frequencies do change significantly, then new error estimates are computed, a new mesh is generated and new electric fields and frequencies are computed Click Mesh/Refinement Properties- (Delta Error: 001) in the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window This displays the Mesh/Convergence Properties- (Delta Error: 001) screen, which consists of three tabs: Stop Criteria, Initial Mesh, and Advanced 15

17 Stop Criterium Tab Settings The following table describes the Stop criterium tab options: Option Delta Error Consecutive passes of delta error required Minimum number of adaptive passes Maximum number of adaptive passes Description Initial mesh Tab Settings Specifies the maximum allowed relative difference of corresponding eigenfrequencies between two successive refinement levels Specifies the required consecutive passes of delta error Specifies the minimum number of refinement steps to be executed before the refinement process is allowed to stop Specifies the maximum number of passes to be attempted If the number of refinement passes entered is reached before the delta error criteria is met, the refinement process will end, based on this limit The number of passes from all prior simulations is also displayed Typically, a value between 10 and 20 is recommended Using the Initial mesh tab settings, you can control how the initial mesh is generated The following table describes the Initial mesh tab options: Option Use Initial Target mesh size Use Initial minimum mesh size Conductor edge mesh length Conductor vertex mesh length Description An initial denser mesh can be provided by checking this option If used, no edge in the initial mesh will be longer than the given length If Automatically determine is checked then EMPro automatically determines the initial target mesh size The length is computed based on the frequency plan available when the request is made This option can be used to set a minimum length of edges in the initial mesh During mesh refinement the individual length of edges in the mesh can be shortened where deemed necessary by the adaptive refinement process When Automatically determined is selected an estimate is made of what is a good value for this mesh setting based on the requested frequencies and geometric size Using this options restricts the meshing process to a more limited set of possible solutions It is advised to only use this options when the initial mesh is unreasonably dense in some areas due to some combination of geometric features triggering that behavior Specifies a target mesh size of all edges that belong to the geometry of a conductor Edges do not necessarily have to be straight lines Specifies a target mesh size for all vertices that belong to the geometry of a conductor For all lengths a parameter or formula is allowed The formula is always evaluated at the time the simulation is being created Advanced Tab Settings The following table describes the Advanced tab settings: 16

18 Option Target Mesh Growth Use Initial Minimal Size Merge Objects with Same Material Automatic conductor mesh settings Guidelines Description Eigenmode Simulation Specifies the percentage by which each adaptive mesh grows relative to the previous mesh Specifies the minimum initial mesh size Merges objects that are assigned with the same material Specifies the following types of meshing: Edge meshing Vertex meshing In the Eigenmode solver, it is important to note that: A Delta error value specifies the relative difference of the Eigen frequencies (delta frequency) between two consecutive passes To generate an efficient mesh, enable Use Initial Mesh Size and Use Initial Minimal Mesh Size in the Initial mesh tab The value in Use Initial Mesh Size should be between lambda/3 to lambda/4, where lambda is the free-space wavelength at lowfreqlimit Setting Mesh Refinement Options To specify the mesh refinement options: 1 Click Mesh/Refinement Properties - (Delta Error:001) in the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window 2 The Stop Criterium tab is displayed by default, as shown in the following figure: 17

19 3 4 In the Stop Criterium tab: Type a value in the Delta Error text field Specify a value in Consecutive passes of delta error required Specify a value in Minimum number of adaptive passes Specify a value in Maximum number of adaptive passes Click the Initial Mesh tab The initial mesh options are displayed, as shown in the following figure: 18

20 5 6 In the Initial Mesh tab: Select the Use Initial Target Mesh Size check box Type a value in the Conductor edge mesh length text field Type a value in the Conductor vertex mesh length text field Click the Advanced tab The Advanced options are displayed, as shown in the following figure: 19

21 7 8 In the Advanced tab: Specify a value in Target Mesh Growth Select the Use Initial Minimal Size check box and type a value You can also click Automatically determine to update a value in Use Initial Minimal Size Select the Merge Objects with Same Material check box In Automatic conductor mesh settings: Select Edge meshing and type a value Select Vertex meshing and type a value Adding Notes If you want to add any notes or observation with your simulation, you can specify it in the Notes text box Click Notes in the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window to display the Notes screen, as shown in the following figure: 20

22 Completing the Process of Specifying Setup After you have specified the frequency plans and mesh refinement options, click Done in the Setup Eigenmode Simulation window to apply the current settings You can also click Create Simulation Only to accept the settings or Create and Queue Simulation to create and queue the simulation Running Eigenmode Simulation After completing Eigenmode Simulation setup, you can run calculations on the geometry The Simulations workspace window stores the project simulation(s) You can create, queue, and run simulations using the Simulations workspace To run an Eigenmode simulation, click Create and Queue in the Simulations workspace 21

23 Viewing Eigenmode Simulation Results You can view and analyze the following type of data for Eigenmode simulations: E Fields Far-fields Antenna parameters Transmission line data 3D display Export Data Eigenmodes This section provides information about the following topics: Viewing Default Eigenmode Output (eigenmodesolver) Performing Advanced Visualization in Eigenmode Simulations (eigenmodesolver) Specifying Eigenmode Visualization Properties (eigenmodesolver) Controlling Visualization Excitations in Eigenmode Simulations (eigenmodesolver) Setting up Plots in Eigenmode Simulations (eigenmodesolver) 22

24 Viewing Default Eigenmode Output After running an Eigenmode simulation, you can view the simulation results in the Results workspace window The results that are available in this window depend on the characteristics of a project such as discrete sources, sensors, external excitations, and other project criteria specified in the Simulations workspace window For example, the following figure displays ten Eigen frequencies in the output log with their Q values: In this example, the output log provides the following information: The Eigen frequencies appear in the ascending order Mode 5 and mode 6 have close frequencies The Q values should be infinite for this lossless structure Large numbers are shown here because of numerical tolerance Viewing Eigen Fields To view Eigen fields: 1 2 Click Results to open the Results workspace Select a project name from the List Project drop-down list 23

25 3 4 5 Click Advanced Visualization Select Suppress All Errors in the Hoops Error dialog box Click the Solution Setup tab to view a list of frequencies, which are Eigen frequencies generated from the Eigenmode solver 24

26 6 Click the Plot Properties tab 7 Fields at different modes can be displayed by selecting the corresponding 25

27 frequencies You can also add field sensors by clicking Add 26

28 Performing Advanced Visualization in Eigenmode Simulations You can view and analyze the following type of data for FEM and Eigenmode simulations: E Fields 3D display Export Data Starting the Advanced Visualizer To view data for your Eigenmode designs, you must complete the simulation process If you have already simulated a design, start the Visualization feature to view the existing data To open the Advanced Visualization window, click the Advanced Visualization button in the Results window The following figure displays an Advanced Visualization window: In the Advanced Visualization window, the left panel contains basic controls for the view in the docking widget It consists of a Properties tab, Solution Setup, and Plot Properties tabs for controlling the view The Properties tab enables you to specify material and object settings, control the visibility and shading, and customize the simulation view You can plot field quantities by using the Plot Properties and Solution Setup tab The Solution Setup tab controls the excitations for the visualization, while the Plot Properties tab controls the visual display of the excitation The following sections describe how to perform advanced visualization for your Eigenmode simulations: Specifying Eigenmode Visualization Properties (eigenmodesolver) Controlling Visualization Excitations in Eigenmode Simulations (eigenmodesolver) Setting up Plots in Eigenmode Simulations (eigenmodesolver) 27

29 Exporting Field Data in Eigenmode Simulations (eigenmodesolver) Controlling Visualization Excitations The Solution Setup tab is used to select the current excitation for the plots All the plots automatically reflect the current solution configuration once it is selected By selecting either a port or frequency, the excitation is changed and the plots are automatically updated In this tab, you can: Define the port excitation value from the drop-down list in the Port Setup region View the frequency changes in the Frequency region: After the port or frequency selection is changed, the plots are automatically updated using the new configuration To open the Solution Setup tab: Click Advanced Visualization for the selected project in the Results workspace Click the Solution Setup tab Double-click the title bar to open the Solution Setup View the frequency changes Exporting Field Data You can export E or H fields data by using the Advanced Visualization window In addition to exporting the field data per tetrahedra, you can export the data per uniform grid To export field data: 1 Select File > Export Field Data The Export Field Data dialog box is displayed, as shown in the following window: 2 Select the data sampling option: Tetrahedra or Uniform 3D Grid If you select Uniform 3D Grid, type the number of divisions required per grid 28

30 Based on the field data resolution and other factors, a maximum value is allowed in the Divisions field You can change the default value in the Divisions field However, if you exceed the maximum value, it will automatically revert back to the default value Select the type of field you are exporting: E or H Select a file format option: xml or txt Type a file name in the File text box Click Browse to save the file at the required location Select the required location and click Save Click Export Tetrahedron sampling When the field data is saved by tetrahedron, the data is written out in the following format (txt example): T_1 P_1=" e e e+001" P_2=" e e e+001" P_3=" e e e+001" P_4=" e e e+002" N_1=" e e e e e e+000" N_2=" e e e e e e+000" N_3=" e e e e e e+000" N_4=" e e e e e e+000" N_5=" e e e e e e-001" N_6=" e e e e e e-001" N_7=" e e e e e e-001" N_8=" e e e e e e-001" N_9=" e e e e e e-001" N_10=" e e e e e e-001" where the P entries represent the points and the N entires represent the data the the nodes of the terahedron There are six values for each node These are the X, Y and Z values of the field data Each component is represented by a real and imaginary component The illustration below represents the mapping between the values and their locations within each tetrahedron 29

31 3D Grid Sampling When the data is saved using grid sampling, the bounding box for the problem is used for the limits of the exported data The user can control the sampling using the Divisions field It is written out in the following format (txt example): e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e-031 Each line of the file contains the location of the sampled data (x,y,z format) followed by the X,Y,Z values of the field As in the previous case, each component has a real and imaginary value Setting up Plots Using the Advanced Visualization feature, you can display the field quantities The Plot Properties tab controls the visual display of excitations It enables you to select fields, field 30

32 sensors, basic plots, and animation settings To open this tab: Click Advanced Visualization for the selected project in the Results workspace Click the Plot Properties tab Double-click the title bar to open the Plot Properties window, as shown in the following figure: The following sections describe the tasks that you can perform using the Plot Properties tab Selecting Field Types 31

33 You can select the required field quantity ( E, H, or J) to plot as well as the Vector component All the field quantities are represented as steady state sinusoidal waves, so the field plots will be done at a specified phase If you want to include the total field magnitude, select the Plot Magnitude check box Displaying Maximum Field Locations You can view maximum field locations by clicking the Displaying Maximum Field Locations button in Plot Properties This opens the Maximum E Field Locations window This window provides information about the E field locations and their values If you select a particular frequency, it is highlighted in the Advanced Visualization window The following figure displays the Maximum Field Locations window: The following figure displays the highlighted frequency in the Advanced Visualization window: 32

34 Enabling Field Sensors All the plots are displayed on surfaces By default, surfaces that are connected to Ports are automatically created and listed in the Sensor Frame The Field Sensors region consists of two columns, Show and Enable The Show check box allows you to display the triangular regions where the field quantities are plotted The Enable check box allows you to plot the field quantities on that Sensor The fields that are plotted are determined by the field plotting choices, Shaded, Arrow or Contour You can add new sensors by clicking the Add button There are three different options for adding new sensors: 33

35 Object Plane: You can select a shaded object by clicking on a face If no object is currently shaded, you should first select an object edge to shade the surface When an object plane is selected, a plane is defined through the entire design region In this case, the plane will extend beyond the object definition Three Point Plane: You can select three points that determine plane add_plane2gif Object Surface: You can select a shaded object by clicking on a face If no object is currently shaded, you must first select an object edge to shade the surface Only the surface of the object is used Unlike the object plane mode, the surface does not have to be planar A second option also allows you to select all shaded objects Using the Edit button, you can rename a plane or move it within the design area Object Surfaces cannot be moved since they are assigned to a specific object and not a location You cannot rename or delete predefined planes 34

36 Viewing 3D Field Display To view the 3D field display: 1 2 Click the Plot Properties tab Click Add in Field Sensors A new field is added, as shown in the following figure: 3 4 Click the Volume tab Select the Enable check box You can view the 3D display, as shown in the following figure: 35

37 Plotting Properties Using the Plot Properties tab, you can create the following types of plots: Shaded Plot Arrow Plot Contour Plot Displaying a Shaded Plot The shaded plot allows you to plot the magnitude of the field quantity on the sensor surface, as shown in the following figure: 36

38 Displaying the shaded current plot is controlled by using the check box next to the plot name When it is selected, the plot is visible Within the plot there are some basic controls: Log Scale: This controls whether the scaling and color representation uses a logarithmic scale or a linear one Transparency: This controls the transparency of the shaded plot Displaying an Arrow Plot The arrow plot allows you to plot the quantity on the sensor surface, as shown in the following figure: 37

39 After selecting the Arrow tab, select Enable to display the arrow plot You can control the following properties of an arrow plot: Scaling arrows: You can select the Scale check box to control whether the arrows are scaled, based on the relative magnitude of the current density through out the design When it is selected, the arrows will be scaled, making the lower current density areas have smaller arrows If it is not selected, all the arrows are displayed with the same size However, their size can still be changed by changing the arrow size Using a logarithmic scale: You can select the Log Scale check box to control whether the scaling and color representation use a logarithmic scale or a linear one If scaling is not enabled, only the color weighting is affected Specifying arrow size: You can specify the relative size of the arrow in Arrow Size Remember that if the arrows are not scaled, the default size of the arrows appear to be larger than when the arrows are scaled Displaying a Contour Plot The contour plot allows you to plot the magnitude of the field quantity on the sensor surface, as shown in the following figure: 38

40 After selecting the Contour tab, select Enable to display the contour plot You can control the following properties of a contour plot: Using a logarithmic scale: You can select the Log Scale check box to control whether the scaling and color representation use a logarithmic scale or a linear one If scaling is not enabled, only the color weighting is affected Specifying the number of divisions: You can specify the number of divisions in the Divisions combo box Specifying Plot Options You can modify the color key for a plot and can also be used to change the Minimum and Maximum values that are being plotted You can type the maximum and minimum value for a color, as shown in the following figure: Global Min/Max: The global minimum and maximum values represent the minimum values for all the plots that are currently being drawn However, in order to keep scale 39

41 consistently, the maximum and minimum values are not changed when the Solution Setup is modified The maximum and minimum values are displayed as Max and Min If you want to use these values instead, click the Use Global Min/Max button Similarly, you can modify the maximum and minimum values that are used for displaying the data by typing in new values These will not be changed as the Solution Setup is modified Plotting Boundary Conditions Use the Boundary Conditions tab in the plotting regions to plot the boundary surfaces By selecting the Boundaries Visible box, you can pick the boundary surfaces that are visible on the screen The unassigned surfaces are those which are on the surface of objects, but do not have any boundary conditions assigned to them 40

42 Plotting 3D Mesh When a solution is loaded, a third column, Mesh, becomes available in the Properties tab By selecting the Mesh column check box, the mesh inside the material or individual object can now be seen In some cases, there may not be any mesh inside the object if the object was not assigned any tetrahedral Flat objects, by definition, do not have any tetrahedral assigned to them Shaded Mesh The surface mesh of the objects can be drawn by selecting the Surface Check box in the Mesh box at the bottom of the Properties Tab Once selected, the volume mesh can also be selected Viewing Far Fields in 3D Visualization 41

43 In the Plot Properties window, click the Far Field tab for viewing the far-field results The Far Field Window and associated properties tab is only shown if radiation results are available Note The Solution Setup and Plot Properties tabs have no association with the Far Field window They apply to the surface current visualization on the Geometry window Select the Plot type: E = sqrt(mag(e Theta)2 + mag(e Phi)2) E Theta E Phi E Left E Right E Co E Cross Circular Axial Ratio Linear Axial Ratio If you want the data normalized to a value of one, enable Normalize For Circular and Linear Axial Ratio choices, set the Minimum db Also set the Polarization Angle for E Co, E Cross, and Linear Axial Ratio By default, a logarithmic scale is used to display the plot If you want to use a linear scale, disable Log scale Set the minimum magnitude that you want to display, in db Click Antenna Parameters to view gain, directivity, radiated power, maximum E-field, and direction of maximum radiation 42

44 The data is based on the frequency and excitation state as specified in the Radiation Pattern Control dialog The parameters include: Radiated power, in watts Effective angle, in degrees Directivity, in db Gain, in db Maximum radiation intensity, in watts per steradian Direction of maximum radiation intensity, theta and phi, both in degrees E_theta, magnitude in Volt and phase in degrees in direction of maximum radiation E_phi, magnitude in Volt and phase in degrees in direction of maximum radiation E_x, magnitude in Volt and phase in degrees in direction of maximum radiation E_y, magnitude in Volt and phase in degrees in direction of maximum radiation E_z, magnitude in Volt and phase in degrees in direction of maximum radiation Currently, the Far Field Cut tab is not supported in EMPro Exporting Far-Field Data Using the UAN Format You can generate UAN files from the Results browser when a 3D far-field sensor is defined in the simulation setup The file always contains the gain separated in a theta and phi component, with associated phase information For all theta, phi combinations specified in the header of the uan file, the following numbers are written (in this order): abs(theta component Gain) in db, abs (phi component Gain) in db, phase theta component, phase phi component Total Gain can be calculated by combining the theta and phi components with the associated phases Animating Fields 43

45 You can animate fields by selecting the Animate box at the bottom of the Plot Properties Tab If the Plot Magnitude button is selected, the animation option is not available X and Y Arrow Density control the density of arrows within a sensor They have no effect on Object Surface Sensors You can also change the phase by sliding the Phase Bar, as shown in the following figure: You can control the following animation options of arrow, shaded, and contour plots: Determine the display update time: Specify a value in the Display Update text box to determine the minimal time required between display updates in milliseconds Since some updates may take longer than this setting, this value is only a minimum number and not an absolute one Determine the Phase Increment value: Specify a value in the Phase Increment text box to control the number of degrees added to the current phase when an update occurs Specifying Visualization Properties Using the Advanced Visualization window, you can export data, specify the visualization properties, select materials and objects, and control the visibility and shading of selected objects and materials Specifying View Properties You can perform the following modifications in the Advanced Visualization window: Rotating the view: You can rotate a design around its current origin by holding down the main mouse button and moving it around the screen Click Orbit ( the toolbar or choose Window > Orbit to rotate a view Modifying the zoom settings: You can increase or decrease the zoom settings on a design by moving the mouse up or down on the image respectively Click Zoom ( ) on the toolbar or select Window > Zoom to modify zoom settings Moving the design: You can move the design around on the screen by holding ) on down the main mouse button and moving it around the screen Click Pan ( the toolbar or select Window > Pan to move a design ) on 44

46 Opening the standard view: You can change the view of a design to the standard view settings Click Zoom to Extents ( ) on the toolbar or select Window > Zoom to Extents to open the standard view for your design Modifying the zoom settings of a specific area: You can zoom to a specific area of your design by placing a box around the desired view Click Zoom to Window ( ) from the toolbar or select Window > Zoom to Window to change the zoom settings Changing Views: You can open your design in various types of standard views by clicking Front ( ), Back ( ), Top ( ), Bottom ( ), Left-side ( ), Right-side ( ), and Isometric ( ) You can also access these views from the View menu Querying the design: You can click an object edge or vertex to display the location and object name in the status bar, which is located in the lower right hand section of the window In addition, the object is highlighted and the object is automatically selected in the Object and Material tabs in the Docking widget Visually, a solid dot is placed if the selected location is on a vertex and a hollow dot is placed if the selected location is on an edge Click Query ( Specifying Material and Object Settings ) or select Tools > Query to run a query Using the Properties tab in the Advanced Visualization window, you can specify material and object settings, control the visibility and shading, and customize the simulation view Click to separate the Properties window from the Visualization window To include the Properties window, double-click the Properties title bar To open the Properties tab: Click Advanced Visualization for the selected project in the Results workspace Click the Properties tab Double-click the title bar to open the Properties window, as shown in the following figure: 45

47 In the Properties window, you can: Select the required material and object Control the visibility and shading settings for all the materials and objects Modify the color settings for a material or object Restore the color settings for a material or object Control the transparency settings The following sections provide information about how to select and highlight materials and objects Selecting Materials and Objects You can select and highlight individual objects by using one of the following methods: Selection on the screen: Objects can be selected graphically using the mouse If the previewer is in Query mode, an object can be selected by clicking on any line or vertex of the object Once selected, the object lines are highlighted The object is also selected in the material and object list and the coordinates of the selection point are displayed in the lower right area of the status bar 46

48 Selection from the material or object list: Objects can be selected from either the material or object list box Once selected, the object lines are highlighted Controlling the Visibility and Shading of Selected Objects and Materials After selecting an object or material, you can control the visibility and shading by using the Materials and Objects tab, respectively You can select the Visibility and Shading fields associated with a material and object to control the visibility and shading, as shown in the following figure: It is also possible to control the visibility and shading for the substrate and mask layers Within the Materials portion, each material and object has separate toggles for visibility and shading By setting these controls appropriately, you can control the visibility and shading for all the objects that share this substrate or mask Controlling the Visibility and Shading of All Objects and Materials You can control the visibility and shading of all the objects and materials by using the All and None buttons, as shown below: In the Visible area: Click All to apply visibility to all the objects and materials Click None to make all the objects and materials invisible In the Shaded area: Click All to apply shading to all the objects and materials Click None to remove shading from all the objects and materials To set the transparency level for objects and materials, specify the transparency level on the range of 0 to 100 percentage 47

49 Selecting Color Eigenmode Simulation You can select, change colors, and highlight specific areas in your design For example, to highlight the free space: 1 Click the check boxes associated with "Free_Space" from the 3D object tree 2 Click Color to open the Select Color dialog box 3 4 Select a color and click OK You can revert the original color by clicking Restore 48

50 Customizing the Simulation View Eigenmode Simulation Measuring distances: You can measure the distance between a reference point and the current query point The query point is updated after every mouse selection using the query command The reference point remains fixed until it is explicitly updated using the Move Current Point to Reference Select Tools > Measure to open the Measure dialog box: Z-Scaling: You can change the geometry dimension of a model in the z-direction using a sliding scale between 1 and 10 If you move the dimension value of the slide bar up, the model is expanded in the z- direction Select Tools > Z Scale to open the z-scale dialog box Cutting Plane: This feature enables you to slice through your design in the YZ, XZ, and XY planes The check boxes associated with each slide bar activate the cut It 49

51 allows you to flip the cut and to show the plane as it moves through the design Selecting Tools > Cut Plane opens the Cut Plane window, as shown below: Viewing 3D Connectivity: You can select the required object and choose Tools > View 3D Connectivity Viewing Object Statistics: You can view detailed information about the 2D and 3D object parameters such as substrate layer, mask, and top statistics 50

52 Viewing Default Eigenmode Output After running an Eigenmode simulation, you can view the simulation results in the Results workspace window The results that are available in this window depend on the characteristics of a project such as discrete sources, sensors, external excitations, and other project criteria specified in the Simulations workspace window For example, the following figure displays ten Eigen frequencies in the output log with their Q values: In this example, the output log provides the following information: The Eigen frequencies appear in the ascending order Mode 5 and mode 6 have close frequencies The Q values should be infinite for this lossless structure Large numbers are shown here because of numerical tolerance Viewing Eigen Fields To view Eigen fields: 1 2 Click Results to open the Results workspace Select a project name from the List Project drop-down list 51

53 3 4 5 Click Advanced Visualization Select Suppress All Errors in the Hoops Error dialog box Click the Solution Setup tab to view a list of frequencies, which are Eigen frequencies generated from the Eigenmode solver 52

54 6 Click the Plot Properties tab 7 Fields at different modes can be displayed by selecting the corresponding 53