3DEC 3DEC ITASCA ITASCA VERSION 5.0 VERSION 5.0

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1 ITASCA Consulting Group, Inc. An Itasca International Company 3DEC VERSION 5.0 Advanced, Three Dimensional Discrete Element Modeling for Geotechnical Analysis of Rock, Blocky Structures and Structural Support ITASCA Consulting Group, Inc. An Itasca International Company 3DEC VERSION 5.0 Advanced, Three Dimensional Discrete Element Modeling for Geotechnical Analysis of Rock, Blocky Structures and Structural Support

ABOUT 3DEC 5.0 CONTENTS About 3DEC...2 Features...4 Newin5.0...6 Optional Modules.

static or dynamic loading. Ancient temple undergoing a simulated earthquake using the dynamic option.

Discontinuous medium is modeled as an assemblage of polyhedra blocks which may be rigid or made deformable through zoning.

2 ABOUT 3DEC 5.0 CONTENTS About 3DEC...2 Features...4 Newin Optional Modules...10 Introduction 3DEC is numerical modeling software for advanced geotechnical analysis of soil, rock, blocky structures and structural support in three dimensions. 3DEC simulates the response of discontinuous media (such as jointed rock or masonry structures) that are subject to either static or dynamic loading. Ancient temple undergoing a simulated earthquake using the dynamic option. Slope failures caused by interaction of largescale structures. Displacement contours are shown. Discontinuous medium is modeled as an assemblage of polyhedra blocks which may be rigid or made deformable through zoning. Fractures are treated as boundary conditions between blocks. Motion along discontinuities is governed by linear and nonlinear force-displacement relations for movements in both the normal and shear directions. Hydraulic and seismic analyses were modeled for a dam. Free-field meshes provided the lateral dynamic boundary conditions. 2 3

3DEC 5.0 FEATURES 3DEC FACTS 3DEC is an accurate and efficient geotechnical analysis tool, using an explicit solution scheme that gives stable solutions to unstable processes.

Standard material models include the following: Elastic Anisotropic Mohr-Coulomb Hoek-Brown* Ubiquitous joints Bilinear plasticity Strain-softening Visco-plastic creep Visco-elastic creep *Both

Automatic mesh generation in fully deformable blocks. Automatic time-step calculation.

Explicit time-marching solution that provides realistic path dependent post-peak failure behavior in joints and plastic zones.

Nodal Mixed Discretization to provide more accurate solutions for certain plasticity analyses.

3 3DEC 5.0 FEATURES 3DEC FACTS 3DEC is an accurate and efficient geotechnical analysis tool, using an explicit solution scheme that gives stable solutions to unstable processes. 3DEC can model large surface and underground excavations and masonry structures. Standard material models include the following: Elastic Anisotropic Mohr-Coulomb Hoek-Brown* Ubiquitous joints Bilinear plasticity Strain-softening Visco-plastic creep Visco-elastic creep *Both Hoek-Brown and modified Hoek-Brown constitutive models are included. Single-precision, double-precision, 32-bit and 64-bit versions all come standard. Automatic mesh generation in fully deformable blocks. Automatic time-step calculation. FISH, Itasca s built-in scripting language, provides powerful user-control to parameterize, analyze and control nearly every aspect of the simulation. UDM or user-defined models (optional). Explicit time-marching solution that provides realistic path dependent post-peak failure behavior in joints and plastic zones. Beam and cable structural elements (and liners, optionally), with general coupling to blocks, are included. Nodal Mixed Discretization to provide more accurate solutions for certain plasticity analyses. Automatic Factor of Safety (FOS) calculation based on the Shear Strength Reduction (SSR) method for Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown materials. Extensive, fast interactive menu-based 3D OpenGL onscreen graphics. Interactive mouse provides point-and-click control of model views as well as the ability to measure and query plot views. Built-in text editor provides command syntax error checking and context sensitive help. Tunnel region generator. Statistical joint-set generator. Effective stress calculations are performed using porepressure gradients. Mechanical models can be fully coupled with both joint fluid flow and thermal (optional) models. Null blocks can be specified to simulate excavation and backfill simulation without deleting the block. DXF import for visualization. Motion absorbing boundaries and wave input for fully dynamic (optional) response. Infinite domain models can be simulated using inner/outer region coupling. 4 The 3DEC graphic user interface has been updated and can be customized. Discrete fractures of limited extent can be created within a model by defining different intact and joint properties along through-going cuts. 3DEC now features a probabilistic Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) generator. DFNs also can be imported and exported. 5

cycling (for both smalland large-strain) on multi-threaded computers. A 3DEC timing test* (shown, in-part, below) demonstrated a 16x overall performance improvement.

4 NEW IN x FASTER Overall Vastly Improved Performance Overall model construction and run-times are much faster now due to more rapid block cutting and deletion processes combined with faster calculation cycling (for both smalland large-strain) on multi-threaded computers. A 3DEC timing test* (shown, in-part, below) demonstrated a 16x overall performance improvement. User-Interface Additions Projects permit files and plots to be combined. Command-level UNDO: A complete record of all commands used to create a model is recorded in the model save file. Interface panes can be adjusted and customized. Context sensitive HTML help is now available. Additional methods of filtering objects: If connected to interfaces, if on model surface, filter by object extent instead of centroid, etc. A rock block in a tunnel is predicted to fall without support. Both cables or a liner stabilize the block. Shown above, cables indicate axial load while the liner displays maximum moments. New Grid Generation Tools Import or generate Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) and assign properties to them based on joint orientation, size and position distributions as well as fracture density. Visualization of model results (stress, displacement, etc.) and the selection and filtering of discontinuities can be done using the DFN. Geometry surfaces and volumes can be used to group and filter objects. DENSIFY command automatically densifies blocks, utilizing an Octree structure, in target areas for increased discretization. * Performance factor is based on a model consisting of 40,000 blocks and 800,000 zones generated with 31,000 construction cuts, 7380 fractures and 3,560 block deletions. The model was run for 10,000 steps using a 2.9 GHz i7 3520M computer processor with 4 cores was used. Results will vary from problem to problem. Even Better Plotting Import or Even Better Plotting Improved quality of printed output: 2D data is drawn at maximum printer resolution. Additional Plot Export options: Postscript, VRML, SVG and raw data to spreadsheet formats. VRML plots can be used to create 3D PDFs. Improved plot view controls and full Unicode support. 6 7

Because Itasca is both an engineering consulting firm and a software developer, 3DEC is developed in a practical environment driven by considerations derived from real-world problems.

EXTRA variables and GROUPS have been added for blocks, zones, gridpoints and contacts; input to FISH functions, command in-line FISH, ELSE IF, EXIT LOOP, APPEND of ASCII files and fluid-flow

5 MORE NEW IN 5.0 3DEC FACTS 3DEC has been applied successfully in a number of fields, including mining, civil, petroleum, chemical and waste isolation engineering projects throughout the world, and at Itasca. Because Itasca is both an engineering consulting firm and a software developer, 3DEC is developed in a practical environment driven by considerations derived from real-world problems. Enhanced FISH Many improvements have been added to FISH, Itasca s powerful built-in scripting language that permits users to control, monitor, parameterize and customize most aspects of a model. EXTRA variables and GROUPS have been added for blocks, zones, gridpoints and contacts; input to FISH functions, command in-line FISH, ELSE IF, EXIT LOOP, APPEND of ASCII files and fluid-flow functions are just some of the new features. New Results Interpretation Tools Zone plotting. Joint-surface property plotting. 3D isosurface contouring of zone and gridpoint data. Model results can be painted (contoured) now onto geometry surfaces imported from DXF or STL formats. Voxel plotting. Other New Features Include New WALL block type. Calculations for wall motion and wall-to-wall contacts are skipped, speeding up model runs. The Modified Hoek-Brown constitutive model is now compatible with factor of safety calculations. Projects can be Packed and Unpacked to more readily share or archive your work. Many new plot items are now available. Joint structure Block structure Displacement and velocity vectors and contours Zone stresses Joint plane displacements and stresses Structural element displacements and stresses Fluid flow apertures and velocities To enhance and simplify model interpretation, new model-result plotting tools include zone plotting, isosurafce contouring and surface painting. Pore pressure plot of jointed rock under-going hydraulic fracturing. The model DFN can be seen in the circular insert. 8 9

OPTIONAL MODULES 3DEC FACTS UDM DLL models can be shared through an Itasca website devoted specifically to model development and exchange: www.itasca-udm.

These options provide rich, powerful additions to the base software allowing users to augment the program s functionality according to their analysis needs.

Capabilities include: specification of velocity or stresswave input, quiet boundaries, free-field conditions and damping (mass- and stiffness- proportional Rayleigh).

6 OPTIONAL MODULES 3DEC FACTS UDM DLL models can be shared through an Itasca website devoted specifically to model development and exchange: Underground waste repository tunnel showing temperature contours and displacement vectors. Options in 3DEC are sold separately from the software license. These options provide rich, powerful additions to the base software allowing users to augment the program s functionality according to their analysis needs. Dynamic Models the full dynamic response of a system in the time domain. Capabilities include: specification of velocity or stresswave input, quiet boundaries, free-field conditions and damping (mass- and stiffness- proportional Rayleigh). Problems such as seismic loading, explosive loading, seismic release of energy and flow of particles may be simulated. Thermal Effects of heat sources embedded in a material are modeled with this option. Both numerical and analytical formulas are included. Point heat sources may be placed individually, in lines, or in grids, to represent point, line or plane sources of heating. The analytic formula yields rapid calculations. Mechanical and fluid coupling is supported in the numerical formula. Inhomogeneous and anisotropic mechanical properties are supported. KUBRIX Geo Block Generator An optional software tool, KUBRIX Geo can seamlessly generate 3D blocks ready for import into 3DEC. This unique automatic grid generator can create complex 3DEC models for the efficient generation of multi-scale, boundary-fitted models. The blocks produced conform to material, group or region boundaries with fractures being converted to joints or contact surfaces in 3DEC. For more information: An open pit created using KUBRIX Geo. A section though the model reveals its block structure Structural Elements (Liners) This option adds the ability to model tunnel liners and external structures (such as dams, bridges, walls, buildings, etc.). The tunnel liner logic automatically places equally spaced triangular-shaped plates on the inside surface of an excavation or tunnel. External structures can be modeled using finite elements that are attached to the 3DEC model. UDM User-defined constitutive models (UDM) can be written in C++ and compiled as DLL files that can be loaded as required. A Visual C++ Version 2010 compiler is used to compile the DLL files. This permits exchange of constitutive models among users. Models may be shared with other Itasca software products that contain this feature ( FLAC, FLAC3D and UDEC)

ITASCA Consulting Group, Inc. An Itasca International Company 3DEC VERSION 5.

System Minimums Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8; 10 GB free space on hard drive; 2 GB RAM; Graphics card with OpenGL 1.

0; installation DVD; 3DEC software security via USB hardware lock; softbound book and PDF copies of the 3DEC Manual in 9 volumes: User s Guide, Command

Free admission to a regularly scheduled training course for one person. Fee-based: Engineering consulting or model generation support is available.

7 ITASCA Consulting Group, Inc. An Itasca International Company 3DEC VERSION 5.0 Advanced, Three Dimensional Discrete Element Modeling for Geotechnical Analysis of Rock, Blocky Structures and Structural Support SUMMARY Suggested System Minimums Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8; 10 GB free space on hard drive; 2 GB RAM; Graphics card with OpenGL 1.3 or higher; 1GHz or better processor. Standard License Includes 3DEC Version 5.0; installation DVD; 3DEC software security via USB hardware lock; softbound book and PDF copies of the 3DEC Manual in 9 volumes: User s Guide, Command Reference, FISH in 3DEC, Theory and Background, Optional Features, Verification Problems & Example Applications, Constitutive Models, Creep Material Models and Plot Command Reference. Support Free: Software updates and support information via website; free direct support for software installation and general software operation. Free admission to a regularly scheduled training course for one person. Fee-based: Engineering consulting or model generation support is available. Sales Locations of Itasca offices and agents throughout the world, including a locator to determine the user s 3DEC sales office/agent, are available from the Itasca website: Supplemental Software Available* User Defined Models (UDM), Dynamic Analysis, Thermal Analysis and Structural Liners. *These options are included at an additional cost. Follow Itasca For more information, visit our site: (612) software@itascacg.com

CIVIL MANUFACTURING MINING OIL & GAS POWER GENERATION

CIVIL MANUFACTURING MINING OIL & GAS POWER GENERATION ICG14-BRO-UDEC600-US-3 ABOUT UDEC The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) is two-dimensional numerical software that simulates the response of loading