Wide Angle, Staring Synthetic Aperture Radar
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1 88 ABW Wide Angle, Staring Synthetic Aperture Radar Feb 2012 Ed Zelnio Sensors Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory
2 Outline Review SAR Focus on Wide Angle, Staring SAR (90%) Technology Challenges (10%) 2
3 Wide Angle, Staring Synthetic Aperture Radar Km. 5 Km. 3
4 Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 4
5 Synthetic Aperture Radar Geometry SAR Projection Layover v Parallax v Shadow Energy Scattering Diffuse v Specular v Scintillation / Speckle Man-made v Natural Military v Civilian Scalar v Polarization High Frequency v Low Frequency Modulus v Phase SAR v Visible v CAT Standard v Wide Angle Tomography / Aperture Range (Frequency) v Azimuth v Elevation (Angle) Far Field v Near Field Image v Phase History Coherent v Incoherent Stationary v Moving 5
6 SAR / Visible / CAT Comparison SAR Visible CAT (e.g., X-ray) Elemental Projection 1D Orthogonal to Line of Sight Ranging (Time / Frequency) 2D Along line of Sight Angle / Angle 2D Along line of Sight Angle / Angle Energy / Scattering Active (Waveform) Diffuse Scattering Natural Specular Scattering Man-made Passive Diffuse Scattering Active Diffuse Transmission Tomography \ Aperture Coherent (t,angle) Frequency / Azimuth / Sparse Elevation Phase History Carrier Frequency Non-Coherent 2D Angle / Azimuth / Elevation Image Base band Non- Coherent 2D Angle / Azimuth / Elevation Image Base band 6
7 Geometric Projection SAR v Photo SAR (Side Looking) Photo (Downward Looking 7
8 Projections (Layover v Parallax v Shadow) Photo SAR Shadow 8
9 Layover and Shadow LAYOVER Line of Sight SHADOW MSTAR extended operating conditions: a tutorial Eric R. Keydel, Shung W. Lee, and John T. Moore Proc. SPIE 2757, 228 (1996) 9
10 Fourier Processed Flat Plane Projection Future Air Force Sensing Challenges Ed Zelnio Compressive Sensing Workshop Feb 2009, Duke, (Oral Presentation) 10
11 Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 11
12 SAR / Photo / CT Comparison SAR Visible CAT (e.g., X-ray) Elemental Projection 1D Orthogonal to Line of Sight Ranging (Time / Frequency) 2D Along line of Sight Angle / Angle 2D Along line of Sight Angle / Angle Energy / Scattering Active (Waveform) Diffuse Scattering Natural Specular Scattering Man-made Passive Diffuse Scattering Active Diffuse Transmission Tomography \ Aperture Coherent (t,angle) Frequency / Azimuth / Sparse Elevation Phase History Carrier Frequency Non-Coherent 2D Angle / Azimuth Image Non- Coherent 2D Angle / Azimuth / Elevation Image 12
13 Wide Angle Synthetic Aperture Radar Km. 5 Km. 13
14 Improved Image Quality Single-Look vs. Multi-Look Wooden Structure in trees Vehicles in Treeline Speckle Reduction Single-Look SAR Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) Multi-Look SAR 14
15 Coherent Change Detection A challenge problem for SAR change detection and data compression Steven M. Scarborough, LeRoy Gorham, Michael J. Minardi, Uttam K. Majumder, Matthew G. Judge, Linda Moore, Leslie Novak, Steven Jaroszewksi, Laura Spoldi, and Alan Pieramico 15
16 VHF Change Detection in Dense Foliage NCD Vehicles Performance of VHF-band SAR change detection for wide-area surveillance of concealed ground targets Lars M. Ulander, William E. Pierson, Mikael Lundberg, Peter Follo, Per-Olov Frolind, and Anders Gustavsson 16 Proc. SPIE 5427, 259 (2004)
17 Tank v Honda Civic 3 Degrees Aperture 110 Degrees Aperture 110 Degrees Aperture (Enhanced) Top Row Images by Moses, Cetin 5 Degree Aperture 110 Degrees Aperture 360 Degrees Aperture 17
18 Deconvolution + Angle Diversity 110 Degree Angle Change, 20 Degree Coherent Aperture Center Every 5 degrees and Map Max Value to Corresponding Angle Color GOTCHA experience report: three-dimensional SAR imaging with complete circular apertures Emre Ertin, Christian D. Austin, Samir Sharma, Randolph L. Moses, and Lee C. Potter Proc. SPIE 6568, (2007) Image by Moses, Cetin 18
19 Use of Polarization GOTCHA experience report: three-dimensional SAR imaging with complete circular apertures Emre Ertin, Christian D. Austin, Samir Sharma, Randolph L. Moses, and Lee C. Potter Proc. SPIE 6568, (2007) 19
20 SAR / Photo / CT Comparison SAR Visible CAT (e.g., X-ray) Elemental Projection 1D Orthogonal to Line of Sight Ranging (Time / Frequency) 2D Along line of Sight Angle / Angle 2D Along line of Sight Angle / Angle Energy / Scattering Active (Waveform) Diffuse Scattering Natural Specular Scattering Man-made Passive Diffuse Scattering Active Diffuse Transmission Tomography \ Aperture Coherent (t,angle) Frequency / Azimuth / Sparse Elevation Phase History Carrier Frequency Non-Coherent 2D Angle / Azimuth Image Non- Coherent 2D Angle / Azimuth / Elevation Image 20
21 Wide Angle Synthetic Aperture Radar Km. 5 Km. 21
22 Depth from Focus 500 METERS Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 500 METERS 22
23 Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 23
24 Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 24
25 Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 25
26 Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 26
27 Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 27
28 Synthetic Aperture Near Field 3,000 Meters from Scene Center An analytical expression for the three-dimensional response of a point scatterer for circular synthetic aperture radar Linda J. Moore and Uttam K. Majumder Proc. SPIE 7699, (2010) 28
29 Synthetic Aperture Near Field.4 * flight path radius = 3000 m from scene center Classifying civilian vehicles using a wide-field circular SAR Kerry E. Dungan and Lee C. Potter Proc. SPIE 7337, 73370R (2009) 29
30 Range x Elevation x Azimuth (Phase History) Range Change in lambda Very little amplitude and phase center change at high frequency Azimuth Change in angle Scatterers dense in beam, significant amplitude and phase center change for man-made objects Elevation Change in angle Gravity Scatterers sparse in beam, many right angles result in little amplitude and phase center change k z k y k x 30
31 High-Resolution SAR Image (1 inch vs. 1 foot resolution) Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 31
32 Coherency Aperture for Coherent Change Detection k z k y k x k z k y k x Aperture for Interferometric SAR 32
33 Angle / Time / Integration Times (Moving Objects) Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 33
34 Angle / Time / Integration Times (Moving Objects) Gotcha Radar Program Michael Minardi, et al Processing and Data Products June 2008 (Oral Presentation) 34
35 Synthetic Aperture Radar Geometry SAR Projection Layover v Parallax v Shadow Energy Scattering Diffuse v Specular v Scintillation / Speckle Man-made v Natural Military v Civilian Scalar v Polarization High Frequency v Low Frequency Modulus v Phase SAR v Visible v CAT Standard v Wide Angle Tomography / Aperture Range (Frequency) v Azimuth v Elevation (Angle) Far Field v Near Field Image v Phase History Coherent v Incoherent Stationary v Moving 35
36 Technology Challenges Application Moving object (vehicle, pedestrian) detection, tracking and geolocation Computation / Transmission (Phase History Compression) / Storage Target Recognition Underpinning Technology Scattering Characterization (Anisotropy, Polarization, Statistical) Under-sampled Sensing (Sensing Diversity) Forward and Inverse Scattering 36
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