Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer User s Guide

Transcription

1 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer User s Guide Agilent Technologies

2 Notices Agilent Technologies, Inc No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Agilent Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright laws. Manual Part Number A12 Edition Fourth Edition, January 2005 Third edition, October 2004 Second edition, March 2003 First edition, August 2002 Printed in Germany Agilent Technologies, Deutschland GmbH Herrenberger Straße Böblingen, Germany. Warranty The material contained in this document is provided as is, and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions. Further, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Agilent disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, with regard to this manual and any information contained herein, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Agilent shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, use, or performance of this document or of any information contained herein. Should Agilent and the user have a separate written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms, the warranty terms in the separate agreement shall control. Technology Licenses The hardware and/or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. Restricted Rights Legend If software is for use in the performance of a U.S. Government prime contract or subcontract, Software is delivered and licensed as Commercial computer software as defined in DFAR (June 1995), or as a commercial item as defined in FAR 2.101(a) or as Restricted computer software as defined in FAR (June 1987) or any equivalent agency regulation or contract clause. Use, duplication or disclosure of Software is subject to Agilent Technologies standard commercial license terms, and non-dod Departments and Agencies of the U.S. Government will receive no greater than Restricted Rights as defined in FAR (c)(1-2) (June 1987). U.S. Government users will receive no greater than Limited Rights as defined in FAR (June 1987) or DFAR (b)(2) (November 1995), as applicable in any technical data. Safety Notices CAUTION A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to the product or loss of important data. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met. WARNING A WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal injury or death. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

3 Warnings and Notices WARNING The Optical Test Head is heavy and requires two people to lift or carry it. Do not attempt to lift or carry it on your own. Make sure you use the help of a colleague to unpack or move the Optical Test Head. WARNING To avoid the possibility of injury or death, you must observe the following precautions before switching on the instrument. Insert the power cable plug only into a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Do not negate this protective action by the using an extension cord without a protective conductor. WARNING Never look directly into the end of a fiber or a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal in the fiber.

4 Agilent Technologies Sales and Service Offices For more information about Agilent Technologies test and measurement products, applications, services, and for a current sales office listing, viesit our web site: You can also contact one of the following centers and ask for a test and measurement sales representative. United States: (FAX) Canada: (FAX) Europe: (FAX) Japan: (FAX) Mexico (52 55) (52 55) (FAX) Australia: (FAX) Asia-Pacific: (FAX) Latin America (FAX)

5 In This Guide This User s Guide contains information about installing and using the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer and Photonic Analysis Toolbox (PAT). Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer This chapter describes how to install your hardware and software. Getting Started This chapter describes how to use the optical bench accessories, and make your first measurement. The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference This chapter provides reference information on the menus, toolbars and other functions of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox application. Making Measurements This chapter describes the procedures necessary to make measurements with the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer and the Photonic Analysis Toolbox application. Analyzing Results This chapter describes how to analyze recently measured and previously stored results. System Specifications This appendix lists the specifications of the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer. Performance Verification This appendix describes how to check and keep your Photonic All- Parameter Analyzer up to specifications. Maintenance and Troubleshooting This appendix describes how to keep your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer functioning properly, and how to deal with problems. Theory of Measurement and Operation This appendix provides conceptual information on the test method and measurement approach used by the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Definition of Terms This appendix defines the terms used in this manual, and in connection with your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer.

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7 Table of Contents Warnings and Notices 3 Agilent Technologies Sales and Service Offices 4 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 15 Safety Information 16 Safety Summary 16 Before applying power 16 AC Line Power Supply Requirements 17 AC Line Power Cable 17 Additional Safety Requirements 18 Safety Symbols 18 Operating and Storage Environment 19 Declaration of Conformity 20 Regulatory Compliance Notes 21 An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 22 Alternative Hardware Configurations 22 Hardware Description 26 Checking for Updates 27 Unpacking the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 28 Specification of the User s PC 31 Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 32 Preparing the Installation 32 Connecting the Hardware Together 36 Connecting the Power 43 Installing the Software 43 Making Sure Everything Works 46 Getting Started 47 Fixing Components to the Optical Bench 48 Fixing the Fiber Rails 48 Using the Fiber Clamps 49 Using the Termination Rod 51 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 7

8 Using the DUT Holder 52 Fixing Other Objects to the Optical Bench 54 Starting the System 55 Making a First Measurement 56 To Set Up a New Measurement 56 To Set the Parameters for a Measurement in Expert Mode 59 Making an Expert Mode Measurement 72 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference 75 The File Menu 77 The Instruments Menu 81 The Measurement Menu 83 The Measurement Setup Submenu 83 Other Items in the Measurement Menu 85 The Analysis Menu 87 The Graph Menu 92 The Transmission Graph Submenu 92 The Reflection Graph Submenu 93 Other Items in the Graph Menu 94 The View Menu 95 The Options Menu 101 The Layout Submenu 101 The Log Submenu 102 X-Axes Dimension Submenu 103 The Window Menu 104 The Help Menu 106 The Graph Context Menu 107 The Zoom Submenu 108 The Marker Submenu 109 Other Items in the Graph Context Menu 110 The Marker Context Menu 111 The Setup View Root Context Menu 112 The Measurement View Root Context Menu 113 The Measurement View Context Menu 114 The Curve View Root Context Menu Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

9 The Curve View Context Menu 120 The Curve View Result Context Menu 121 The Standard Toolbar 122 The Instrument Toolbar 123 The Measurement Toolbar 125 The Realtime Measurement Toolbar 129 The Graph Toolbar 130 The X-Axes Dimension Toolbar 132 Making Measurements 133 Starting a New Measurement 135 Checking or Selecting the Hardware for a Measurement136 Identifying Which Hardware is Available 137 Selecting Specific Instruments 138 Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters 139 Selecting Measurement Parameters for Accuracy and Resolution 139 Checking the Measurement Parameters 139 Setting the Measurement Parameters for All Parameter Mode 140 Setting the Measurement Parameters in Expert Mode 144 Entering Information for the DUT 150 Entering the Operator ID 151 Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results 152 Saving the Current Measurement Setup 154 Repeating Earlier Measurements 155 Loading an Existing Measurement Setup 155 Using the Measurement Setup from a Previous Measurement 156 Zeroing the Power Sensors 157 Performing a Realtime Measurement 158 Pausing a Realtime Measurement 159 Stopping a Realtime Measurement 159 Performing a Reference Measurement 160 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 9

10 Performing a Two-Port DUT Measurement 166 Performing a Multi-Port DUT Measurement 167 Cancelling a Reference or DUT Measurement 168 Saving and Closing Measurements 169 Saving a Measurement 169 Closing Measurements 170 Analyzing Results 171 Opening a Previous Measurement for Analysis 173 Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements 174 Selecting the Curves to Display 174 Opening and Closing Graph Windows 176 Eliminating Noisy Sections from the Displayed Graphs 176 Examining the Measurement Conditions 177 Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion 178 Reanalyzing the CD 178 Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window 180 Changing between Wavelength and Frequency 180 Zooming In and Out 181 Using Markers to Analyze Curves 183 Using the Orientation Curve 186 Analyzing PMD, or Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband 188 Analyzing PMD Over Passband 189 Analyzing Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband 190 Using Results in Your Documentation 191 Copying Graphs into Documentation 192 Printing Graphs 193 Printing Results 194 Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table 195 Changing between Wavelength and Frequency 195 Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss 196 Comparing Loss Analyses for Several Measurements 205 Arranging the Analysis Table 206 Exporting Data for Further Processing Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

11 Exporting Trace Data 207 Exporting the Jones Matrix 210 Exporting the Mueller Matrix 211 Saving and Closing Analyses 212 Saving Measurements 212 Closing Measurements 213 Closing All Measurements 213 System Specifications 215 Performance Specifications 216 Loss and Polarization Dependent Loss Measurement Specifications 217 Dispersion Measurement Specifications 218 Supplementary dispersion measurement characteristicsa 219 Ordering instructions 220 Performance Verification 221 Operational Verification Test 222 Performing Diagnostics 224 Verification Test 233 Condensed Performance Verification Test 241 Introduction 241 General Procedures 244 Wavelength Calibration 245 Loss and Polarization Dependent Loss Calibration 249 Group Delay and Differential Group Delay Calibration 260 Performance Test for the 81910A 266 Maintenance and Troubleshooting 269 Cleaning 270 Safety Precautions 270 Why is it important to clean optical devices? 271 What do I need for proper cleaning? 272 Preserving Connectors 276 Cleaning Instrument Housings 277 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 11

12 Which Cleaning Procedure should I use for Optical Components and Connectors? 278 Replacing the Optical Test Head Adapter Patchcord 285 Troubleshooting 289 Further Information 289 Transporting the Optical Test Head 290 Theory of Measurement and Operation 291 Theory of Operation for Basic Measurements 292 Theory of Operation for Polarization Dependent Loss Measurements 293 Theory of Operation for Group Delay Measurements 294 Theory of Operation for Differential Group Delay Measurements 296 Loss and Polarization Dependent Loss Measurements Using the Jones Matrix 298 Definition of Terms 299 References 308 Index Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

13 List of Figures Figure 1 Line power cables plug identification Figure 2 Overview of the Single PC Configuration Figure 3 Overview of the Two PC setup with GP-IB Connection to the User s PC Figure 4 Overview of the Two PC setup with GP-IB Connection to the System Controller PC Figure 5 Inserting a fiber rail into the optical bench Figure 6 Removing the dust cover from a fiber clamp Figure 7 Inserting the fiber clamp into the optical bench Figure 8 Tightening the fiber clamp into the optical bench Figure 9 Raising and lowering the fiber clamp Figure 10 Inserting the termination rod into the optical bench Figure 11 Creating a termination using the termination rod Figure 12 Inserting the DUT holder into the optical bench Figure 13 Tightening the DUT holder into the optical bench Figure 14 Opening and closing the DUT holder Figure 15 Inserting a fixing bolt into a mounting plug Figure 16 Tightening the fixing bold into the optical bench Figure 17 Group Delay noise as a function of resolution bandwidth and Figure 18 number of averages Differential Group Delay noise as a function of resolution bandwidth and number of averages Figure A All-parameter Analyzer Setup Figure 20 Schematic Drawing of the Optical Architecture Figure 21 Group Delay (GD) Figure 22 Differential Group Delay (DGD) Figure 23 Insertion Loss (IL) Figure 24 Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL)) Figure 25 Group Delay (GD) Figure 26 Differential Group Delay (DGD) Figure 27 Insertion Loss (IL) / Return Loss (RL) Figure 28 Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) Figure 29 Expected group delay profile for T/R including fiber dispersion contribution Figure 30 Configuration used to measure basic lossparameters Figure 31 Configuration used to measure polarization dependent loss Figure 32 Interferometric measurement of the GD of a DUT Figure 33 Interferometric measurement of the GD and DGD of a DUT Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 13

14 14 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

15 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 1 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer This chapter describes how to install your hardware and software. The chapter starts with a brief description of the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer system. Then there is a list of the components that you receive, or supply yourself to make up the system. This is followed by instructions on how to prepare the site for the test system, and how to connect the hardware and install the software. Safety Information Safety Summary Before applying power AC Line Power Supply Requirements AC Line Power Cable Additional Safety Requirements Safety Symbols Operating and Storage Environment Declaration of Conformity Regulatory Compliance Notes An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer.. 22 Alternative Hardware Configurations Hardware Description Checking for Updates Unpacking the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Specification of the User s PC Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Preparing the Installation Connecting the Hardware Together Connecting the Power Installing the Software Making Sure Everything Works Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 15

16 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Safety Information Safety Information The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Agilent Technologies assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements. Before operation, review the instrument and manual for safety markings and instructions. You must follow these to ensure safe operation and to maintain the instrument in safe condition. Safety Summary The Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer is a Safety Class 1 instrument. This product is intended for indoor use only. To prevent potential fire or electric shock hazard, do not expose to rain or other excessive moisture. The protective features of this product may be impaired if it is used in a manner not specified in the operation instructions. Before applying power comply with the chapter Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer. verify that the product is set to match the available line voltage, and all safety precautions are taken. 16 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

17 Safety Information Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer AC Line Power Supply Requirements The Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer operates from a single phase AC power source that supplies between 100 V and 240 V at a frequency in the range of 50 to 60 Hz to the System Controller. The maximum power consumption is 200VA with all options installed. AC Line Power Cable According to international safety standards, the System Controller has a three-wire power cable. The type of power cable shipped with each instrument depends on the country of destination. Refer to the diagram below for the part numbers of the power cables available. Figure 1 Line power cables plug identification WARNING CAUTION To avoid the possibility of injury or death, you must observe the following precautions before switching on the instrument. Insert the power cable plug only into a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Do not negate this protective action by the using an extension cord without a protective conductor. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 17

18 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Safety Information Additional Safety Requirements In case of hazard the power cable inlet of the controller serves as device to disconnect from the mains. The controller must be positioned that the operator can easily access the power cable inlet. In case of rack-mounted controller the rack must be provided with an easily accessible mains switch. Do not interrupt the protective earth connection intentionally. Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers. There is no user-replaceable fuse in the instrument. Component replacement and internal adjustments must be made only by qualified service personnel. Instruments that appear damaged or defective must be made inoperative and secured against unintended operation until they can be repaired by qualified service personnel. Safety Symbols This symbol denotes a general hazard and indicates that you need to read and understand the User s Guide before proceeding. This symbol denotes a magnet. Caution for persons with pacemakers. 18 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

19 Safety Information Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Operating and Storage Environment The following summarizes the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer operating environment ranges. Temperature and humidity The Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer can be operated between 5 C and 45 C (within specifications at a temperature of 23 C ± 5K) and a humidity between 15% and 80%. The Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer can be stored or shipped at temperatures between -40 C and +50 C. It shall be protected from temperature extremes and changes in temperature that may cause condensation within it. Altitude The Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer can be used up to 2000m (6500ft.) Measurement (Overvoltage) category and Pollution The Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Analyzer complies with measurement category II and is designed for pollution degree 2 (IEC ). Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 19

20 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Safety Information Declaration of Conformity 20 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

21 Safety Information Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Regulatory Compliance Notes EMC Australia/New Zealand EMC/CEM Canada These ISM devices comply with Canadian ICES-001. Ces appareils ISM sont conformes ŕ la norme NMB-001 du Canada. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 21

22 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer The Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer consists of a number of major components that are connected optically and electronically. Alternative Hardware Configurations There are three alternative hardware configurations. 22 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

23 An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Single PC Configuration PC with System Controller and Photonic Analysis Toolbox software Polarization Controller GP-IB Lightwave Measurement System Data Acquisition Lines Optical Test Head Figure 2 Overview of the Single PC Configuration In this case all of the software and connections are on the PC supplied with the All-Parameter Analyzer, including the Photonic Analysis Toolbox and Photonic Foundation Library (API) software the GP-I B card the Plug and Play drivers the Agilent VISA drivers, and the System Controller software (data acquisition from and control of the Optical Test Head) The PC is connected to the Polarization Controller and Lightwave Measurement System over GP-IB, and to the Optical Test Head over the Data Acquisition lines. This is the configuration described in detail this this manual. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 23

24 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Two PC setup with GP-IB Connection to the User s PC NOTE This was the hardware configuration used for the first release of the All- Parameter Analyzer. How to set up this configuration is not described explicitly, in this manual. User s PC with Photonic Analysis Toolbox software Polarization Controller GP-IB LAN Lightwave Measurement System Data Acquisition Lines System Controller (rack mounted PC or standard PC) Figure 3 Overview of the Two PC setup with GP-IB Connection to the User s PC In this case the user s PC contains: the Photonic Analysis Toolbox and Photonic Foundation Library (API) software the GP-I B card the Plug and Play drivers the Agilent VISA drivers, and Optical Test Head The user s PC is connected to the Polarization Controller and Lightwave Measurement System over GP-IB. The System Controller PC contains: the System Controller software (data acquisition from and control of the Optical Test Head). The System Controller PC is connected to the Optical Test Head over the Data Acquisition lines. The user s PC is connected to the System Controller PC via LAN. 24 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

25 An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Two PC setup with using the System Controller PC s GP- IB Connection via LAN server. NOTE How to set up this configuration is not described explicitly, in this manual. User s PC with Photonic Analysis Toolbox software Polarization Controller GP-IB LAN Lightwave Measurement System Data Acquisition Lines System Controller PC Optical Test Head Figure 4 Overview of the Two PC setup with GP-IB Connection to the System Controller PC In this case the user s PC contains: the Photonic Analysis Toolbox and Photonic Foundation Library (API) software the Agilent VISA LAN Client software, and The System Controller PC contains: the GP-I B card the Plug and Play drivers the Agilent VISA drivers the Agilent VISA LAN Server software, and the System Controller software (data acquisition from and control of the Optical Test Head). Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 25

26 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer An Overview of your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer The System Controller PC is connected to the Polarization Controller and Lightwave Measurement System over GP-IB, and to the Optical Test Head over the Data Acquisition lines. The user s PC is connected to the System Controller PC via LAN. The connection from the Photonic Analysis Toolbox to the Polarization Controller and Lightwave Measurement System is accomplished usingagilent VISA LAN Client/Server. Hardware Description The test signal originates from the Tunable Laser Source Module in the Lightwave Measurement System. This is routed, via the Polarization Controller, to the Optical Test Head, and to the device under test. The light transmitted and reflected by the device under test (DUT) is measured at various points within the Optical Test Head by the Power Sensor Modules in the Lightwave Measurement System, and by internal power sensors within the Optical Test Head. The readings from the internal power sensors are polled by the System Controller software. The Lightwave Measurement System, the Polarization Controller and the System Controller software are controlled by the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software. The Photonic Analysis Toolbox software also collects the measurement data from the Power Sensor Modules and the System Controller software. This measurement data is then processed to produce tabular and graphical results. 26 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

27 Checking for Updates Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Checking for Updates Before you begin installing your All-Parameter Analyzer, we recommend that you check the support website for details of any changes or updates. The All-Parameter Analyzer support website is at => Choose Technical Support. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 27

28 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Unpacking the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Unpacking the Photonic All- Parameter Analyzer Each Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer contains. 1 Agilent 8164B Lightwave Measurement System (Mainframe) The Lightwave Measurement System is not supplied if you ordered option 002 or option 004. User s guide for the 8164B Lightwave Measurement System (not supplied if you ordered option 002 or option 004) Programmer s guide for the 8164B Lightwave Measurement System (not supplied if you ordered option 002 or option 004) 1 Agilent 81640B or 81600B option 200 or 160 Tunable Laser Source Module If you ordered option 002 or option 004, this is the refurbished, fully calibrated Tunable Laser Source Module in exchange for the module that you previously sent to Agilent. User s guide for the Agilent 81640B or 81600B Tunable Laser Source Module 3 Agilent 81634B Power Sensor Modules User s guide for the Agilent 81634B Power Sensor Module Serial cable assembly (not supplied if you ordered option 002 or option 004) 1 Agilent 8169A Polarization Controller User s guide for the Agilent 8169A Polarization Controller 1 System Controller PC used to run/control the system. 1 Keyboard Kit 2 Data Acquisition cards used to control/acquire data from the Optical Test Head. 1 Ribbon Cable used to connect the two data acquisition cards. 1 Agilent 81910TH Optical Test Head used as an optical bench and for connecting to the device under test. 28 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

29 Unpacking the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 1 Optical Test Head Hood used to optimize measurement performance by protecting the DUT and the fibers from air currents. 1 DUT Holder optionally used to hold the DUT on the optical bench. 1 Mounting Kit contains 20 optical bench mounting plugs so you can configure your own optical setup. 1 Allen key for the screws used to attach the Optical Test Head Hood to the Optical Test Head. 1 Allen key for removing the cover of the adapter patchcords in the optical workbench. 1 Termination Rod for use in making terminations. 1 Accessories Kit contains 4 fiber rails to keep fibers in defined and fixed positions. 2 fiber holders, to keep the fibers in a defined position for best possible measurements. 2 rail kits and 2 rack mount kits for mounting the Polarization Controller and the Lightwave Measurement System in a rack. 2 GPI B cables 2 data acquisition cables, 3m used to transfer data between the System Controller PC and the Optical Test Head. 1 BNC cable, 3m used as a trigger cable between the Tunable Laser Source Module and the Optical Test Head. 1 LAN cable 1 Semi-Rigid Patchcord, 0.3m, with two HMS-10 connectors. used to connect the output of the Tunable Laser Source Module to the input of the Polarization Controller. 1 Protected Patchcord, 3m, with two HMS-10 connectors. used to connect the output of the Polarization Controller to the input of the Optical Test Head. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 29

30 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Unpacking the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 2 adapter patchcords, E2000 to bare fiber to adapt the Optical Test Head for operation with DUTs using bare fiber connections. 2 adapter patchcords, E2000 to straight to adapt the Optical Test Head for operation with DUTs using straight connectors. 3 HMS-10 interface adapters for connecting to the power sensor modules FI interface adapter NI interface adapter 1 box containing 2 reference patchcords with straight connectors used for reference measurements for systems using straight connectors. 1 box containing 2 reference patchcords and 2 performance verification patchcords with angled connectors used for reference measurements for systems using angled connectors. 1 box containing 2 reference patchcords with bare fiber ends used for reference measurements for systems using bare fiber connections. UK6 Verification Report Support CD-ROM 2 or 3 power cords, according to the option ordered, used for the Lightwave Measurement System, Polarization Controller, and System Controller PC. 1 CD containing the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software for installation on your PC. This User s Guide 30 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

31 Specification of the User s PC Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Specification of the User s PC If the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software is to run on a separate PC (see Alternative Hardware Configurations on page 22 for information on possible configurations), this should satisfy the following minimum specification: Processor: Main Memory: 500 MHz Note: Do not use dual processors unless they are supported by your VISA library. 192 Mbyte Display Resolution: SVGA (1024 x 768) Colors: Operating System: OS Language option: Internet Explorer: VISA Library: GPIB-Card: a 16 or 24 bit Windows NT 4 SP 6 or SP 6a or Windows 2000 SP2 or Windows XP English (US) or Japanese Version 4 or higher National Instruments Version 2.0 or higher (not 2.6! but 2.6.1) or Agilent J 2.0 or higher Any type compatible with your VISA Library a Only required for the Two PC Setup with GP-IB Connection to the User s PC Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 31

32 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All- Parameter Analyzer Setting up your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer consists of three major steps: Preparing the site Setting up the hardware, which includes preparing the equipment and allowing it to acclimatize, setting up the Lightwave Measurement System, making the optical connections, making the signal connections, connecting the power, and connecting the system to your PC. Installing the software. Preparing the Installation Requirements and Constraints Before you begin installing your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, make sure the site you have chosen meets the environmental conditions listed in Performance Specifications on page 216, and Operating and Storage Environment on page 19. Please also check the environmental conditions and site preparation information in the documentation supplied with the Lightwave Measurement System, the Polarization Controller and the System Controller PC. a robust bench or table is available for the Optical Test Head. This should be away from strong airflows or any kind of vibrations. there are enough AC-power outlets (you will need 1 each for the Lightwave Measurement System, the Polarization Controller, and the System Controller PC). The Lightwave Measurement System, the Polarization Controller need to be positioned together, but not more than 2 m from the Optical Test Head. The System Controller PC must also be positioned within 2 m of the Optical Test Head. NOTE DO NOT place the Optical Test Head on top of the Lightwave Measurement System, the Polarization Controller or the System Controller PC 32 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

33 Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Updating Your Lightwave Measurement System (option 002 or 004) If you ordered your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer as an upgrade (option 002), you must ensure that the Lightwave Measurement System has the most recent software. The Support CD-ROM contains the most recent software, and is contained in your shipment. NOTE This section is only necessary if you need to upgrade your existing Lightwave Measurement System. If you received a Lightwave Measurement System as part of your delivery, you do not need to perform this upgrade. In addition to your PC, you require a null-modem serial cable, such as is supplied with your 8164B Lightwave Measurement System mainframe. To upgrade the Lightwave Measurement System firmware: NOTE This section describes the upgrade procedure for the 8164B. If you are using an 8164A, the procedure is different. Please follow the instructions of your 8164A/B User s Guide. Instructions and downloads are also available at 1 Insert the Support CD-ROM into your PC. 2 Copy the Firmware\8164B folder from the Support CD-ROM to a folder on your PC. This folder contains the update tool ATTools_v1_23.exe and a firmware image file named 64B_Vxxx.Z where xxx refers to the firmware version. For example, 64B_V402.Z is firmware version 4.02 for the 8164BLightwave Measurement System. 3 Connect your Lightwave Measurement System to your PC with the serial cable. 4 Read all of this step before you begin. You will need to prepare to perform this step easily. Turn on the Lightwave Measurement System and wait until the Agilent screen appears. Quickly: a Press, but do not hold the Aux hardkey b Press the Appl hardkey. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 33

34 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer If you were successful, the instrument displays: Instrument Maintenance Mode. Otherwise, turn off the power and try again. 1 At your PC, click on ATTools_v1_23.exe to start the update tool. Click OK to confirm that you have completed steps the preceding steps. When the serial connection has been established, which can take up to 30 seconds, the ATTools user interface is displayed. 2 Select the firmware image (file type.z) in the file selection box, then click the Update Firmware button. Click OK to confirm your choice of firmware upgrade. 3 The firmware upgrade is tracked by a progress bar in the ATTools user interface. When the update is complete, a confirmation message is displayed. Click OK. 4 Click Exit to terminate ATTools. Your Lightwave Measurement System reboots automatically. Installing the Data Acquisition Cards into the System Controller PC The data acquisition cards are removed from the System Controller PC after the system has completed the final factory test, and are shipped separately to avoid any damage in transport. These cards must be reinstalled before you continue with the installation. NOTE All of the drivers and applications required by the All-Parameter Analyzer are pre-installed on the System Controller PC. The only modification necessary is the installation of the two cards. You do not require any special tools for the installation. Please read the 'Setup and Quick Reference Guide' supplied with the PC, especially the sections 'CAUTION: Safety Instructions' and 'When Using Your Computer'. WARNING CAUTION Disconnect any cables to avoid any potential hazard of electrical shock. 34 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

35 Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer CAUTION Observe all precautions for handling electrostatic discharge sensitive devices. Handle the boards with care, don't touch the circuits, use the edge of the board for handling. Make sure that the manual voltage selection switch is set for the voltage that most closely matches the AC power available in your location (e.g. 115-V position for Japans 100-V AC power). 1 Open the PC case, according to the instructions supplied with the PC. 2 Open the board locking device. 3 Remove the two screws. 4 Insert the data acquisition card marked Port 1 into the slot corresponding to Port 1 on the rear of the System Controller PC casing. 5 Insert the data acquisition card marked Port 2 into the slot corresponding to Port 2 on the rear of the System Controller PC casing. 6 Connect the two cards together with the ribbon cable. 7 Fix the two cards with the screws removed in step 3. 8 Close the board locking device. 9 Close the case of the System Controller PC. Check the intrusion switch assembly (please refer to the documentation for the PC for further information). If necessary, lift the data acquisition card slightly to accommodate the intrusion switch assembly. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 35

36 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Connecting the Hardware Together Before you begin WARNING CAUTION The Optical Test Head is heavy and requires two people to lift or carry. Do not attempt to lift or carry it on your own. Make sure you use the help of a colleague to unpack or move the Optical Test Head. 1 Remove the Optical Test Head, the test equipment, and all of the patchcords and electrical cables from the packaging. 2 Make sure you have received everything before you proceed. If anything is missing, contact your local Agilent representative. 3 Place the equipment in its final position. You will need regular access to the PC with the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software, to control the system, and the Optical Test Head to attach and remove the components for test. Make sure the System Controller PC has adequate clearance for ventilation. 4 Remove the 4 fixing bolts from the Optical Test Head. These bolts prevent the suspension of the Optical Test Head from being damaged in shipment. There is one fixing bolt on each side of the Optical Test Head. There are two fixing bolts at the back of the Optical Test Head, to the left and right of the connector area. Store the fixing bolts in the holes provided at the back of the Optical Test Head, on the left and right of the connector area. 36 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

37 . Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer CAUTION Reinsert the fixing bolts if you are moving or shipping the Optical Test Head. To reinsert the bolts, you will need to press the optical bench down by a few millimeters (a few 100ths of an inch). 5 If the Optical Test Head is placed in a location where air currents could cause movement of patchcords or optical components, we recommend that you attach the Optical Test Head Hood. a b Place the Optical Test Head Hood on the Optical Test Head. Use the 4 screws to attach the hinges into the back of the Optical Test Head. NOTE Four fiber rails are provided to prevent fibers getting caught under the hood when closing it. See Fixing the Fiber Rails on page 48 for information on how to fix the fiber rails to the optical bench. 6 If the equipment, cords and cables have not been stored at the temperature of the room where they are being installed, leave them for an hour or so to make sure they reach room temperature. This will prevent unwanted condensation. Setting up the Lightwave Measurement System Please refer to the User Guide for your Lightwave Measurement System for detailed instructions on inserting modules. 1 Insert the Tunable Laser Source Module into the Lightwave Measurement System. 2 Insert the three Power Sensor Modules into slots 1, 2 and 3 of the Lightwave Measurement System. 3 Use a blanking plate to cover slot 4 of the Lightwave Measurement System. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 37

38 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Making the Optical Connections NOTE These instructions assume that you are installing the Photonic All- Parameter Analyzer for the first time, using hardware delivered from Agilent Technologies. If you are re-installing the hardware, or reusing existing hardware, please make sure that all of your optical connectors are clean before proceeding. 1 Screw the Interface Adapters onto the inputs of the Power Sensor Modules the output 1 (Low SSE) of the Tunable Laser Source Module the input and output of the Polarization Controller the input on the rear of the Optical Test Head CAUTION Take care when inserting the connectors of the Semi-Rigid Patchcord. The stiffness of the Semi-Rigid Patchcord requires caution to insert it into the connector adapter. Before each connection, it is strongly recommended to clean each optical connector and bushing. Refer to Cleaning on page 270 for information on cleaning connectors. Also, refer to Do not touch the ferrule of the three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Optical Test Head. on page 40 before handling the patchcords from the Optical Test Head. The quality of the optical connection between the Tunable Laser Source Module, the Polarization Controller and the Optical Test Head is vital to the overall performance of the Photonic All- Parameter Analyzer. A connection with high loss can easily occur if mechanical stress is applied on the connector, or more commonly if the connectors are either dirty or damaged. The tests indicated for these connections can be performed either for a new optical connection, or if the diagnostic tool indicates failure. We recommend you use an optical power measurement head to make the measurements indicated, but it is possible to use one of the Power Sensor Modules of the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer. 2 Use the Semi-Rigid Patchcord, to connect the Tunable Laser Source Module to the Polarization Controller a Unscrew the protective cover and connect one side of the Semi- Rigid Patchcord to the Tunable Laser Source Module output. While 38 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

39 Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer the connector is being screwed onto the bushing, try to avoid any transverse resistance by holding the metal casing of the patchcord perpendicular to the TLS front panel. b Unscrew the protective cover and connect the other side of the Semi-Rigid Patchcord to the power meter. c Set the Tunable Laser Source Module to a wavelength of 1570 nm and laser power to -10 dbm. Set the power meter to a wavelength of 1570 nm. d The power measured by the power meter must be between dbm and -9 dbm. e If the power is not within these limits, then clean the power meter connector, and the connector of the Semi-Rigid Patchcord that is connecting to the power meter and repeat the measurement. If, after cleaning, the power is still not within the limits, disconnect, clean and reconnect the Semi-Rigid Patchcord to the Tunable Laser Source Module, avoiding transverse stress on the connector as much as possible, as described above. If the power is still not within the limits, please contact your local Agilent representative. Disconnect the Semi-Rigid Patchcord from the power meter. Without disconnecting input the Semi-Rigid Patchcord from the Tunable Laser Source Module and taking care not to strain the front connectors, connect the other side of the Semi-Rigid Patchcord to the input of the Polarization Output 1 Controller. 3 Using the Protected Patchcord, unscrew the protective covers and connect the output of the Polarization Controller to the power meter. a b The polarizer plate in the Polarization Controller is not aligned with the state of polarization of the incident light, so set the polarizer angle manually from the front panel of the Polarization Controller to get the maximum power on the power meter. Use 10 degree steps first, then 1 degree steps to locate the maximum. When the maximum is obtained, lock the polarizer angle by pressing enter. The power measured by the power meter at the maximum must be between dbm and dbm. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 39

40 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer c If the power is not within these limits, then clean the power meter connector, and the connector of the Protected Patchcord that is connecting to the power meter and repeat the measurement. If the power is still not within the limits, then clean the Polarization Controller output connector, and the connector of the Protected Patchcord that is connecting to the Polarization Controller and repeat the measurement. If, after cleaning, the power is still not within the limits, and taking care not to strain the front connectors, disconnect, clean and reconnect the Semi-Rigid Patchcord to the Polarization Controller. If the power is still not within the limits, please contact your local Agilent representative. Disconnect the Protected Patchcord from the power meter, and connect it to the Optical Test Head. output Optical Input CAUTION Do not touch the ferrule of the three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Optical Test Head. Take care when connecting these patchcords. The fronts of the connectors are specially treated, and scratches or dirt will affect the accuracy of your measurements. These connectors should only be cleaned with clean, compressed air. The specially treated surfaces can be damaged by normal contact cleaning methods or by the use of alcohol or other liquids, affecting the accuracy of measurements. 40 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

41 Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 4 Connect the three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Input Optical Test Head to the Power Sensor Modules. The patchcords are labelled according to the slot of the Power Sensor Module to which they should be connected. That is, the patchcord labelled PM Slot 1 should be connected to the Power Sensor Module in slot 1, and so on. NOTE The Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer is supplied ready to use with devices that have angled connections. Adapter patchcords are also provided for use with straight or bare fiber connections. If you are testing devices with straight or bare fiber connections, see Replacing the Optical Test Head Adapter Patchcord on page 285 for information on how to change the adapter patchcords in the Optical Test Head. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 41

42 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Making the Signal Connection 1 Using the Coax cable, connect the Trigger Output from the rear of the Lightwave Measurement System to the Trig In input on the rear of the Optical Test Head. Trigger Out Trig In 2 Using the two data acquisition cables, connect from the port 1 on the rear of the System Controller to port 1 on the rear of the Optical Test Head, and from the port 2 on the rear of the System Controller PC to port 2 on the rear of the Optical Test Head. Port 2 Port 1 to System Controller PC 3 Using the GPIB cables, connect the PC to the Lightwave Measurement System, and then to the Polarization Controller. GP- IB GP- IB to PC controlling the Lightwave Measurement System and Polarization Controller 42 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

43 Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Connecting the Power 1 Connect the Lightwave Measurement System, Polarization Controller and System Controller PC to the ac power source. The circuitry in the Optical Test Head is powered via the data acquisition cables. Installing the Software NOTE o not need to install the software if you are using the Photonic Analysis Toolbox on the PC supplied with the system. The following instructions only apply if you are using the Photonic Analysis Toolbox softw NOTE Before you install the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software, make sure that you have already installed the Agilent I/O Libraries. These libraries are delivered with your instruments, and are also available from the Agilent website ( under the heading Test & Measurement, sub-heading Technical Support. 1 Insert the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software CD into the CD-ROM drive on your PC. 2 Open the file explorer. 3 Change to the root directory (\) on the CD-ROM. 4 Double-click on the program PAT.exe. 5 Click on the Next > button to start the installation process. The Installation files are extracted. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 43

44 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer 6 Click on the Next > button to start the installation of the software. 7 Click on the Yes button to accept the terms of the license agreement. 8 If you want to install the program to a different directory, click on the Browse... button and select the directory you want to use. When you agree with the directory indicated, click on the Next > button 9 If you want the program icons to the installed in a particular program folder, select this folder, or enter the folder name. When you are satisfied with the program folder, click on the Next > button. The files are installed. 10 You are now asked to enter the IP address of the System Controller PC. The default address of the System Controller PC is given. Please check with your IT Department if you should use a different fixed IP address for the System Controller. If your System Controller is using a different address, enter this address. When you have made sure that the correct IP address has been entered, click on the Next > button. 44 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

45 Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer The Photonic Analysis Toolbox uses the plug-and-play (PNP) drivers for the Agilent These are added to your system as part of the installation. These will replace any existing Agilent or HP 8169 PNP drivers on your system. 11 Click on the OK button to continue with the installation of the Agilent 8169 plug-and-play drivers. Follow the instructions of the installer. Select to install the VISA files, if necessary. Select the Typical configuration, unless you have specific requirements for other instruments being used from this PC. When the driver has been installed, click on the Finish button. The Photonic Analysis Toolbox uses the plug-and-play (PNP) drivers for the Agilent 816x. These are added to your system as part of the installation. These will replace any existing Agilent or HP 816x PNP drivers on your system. 12 Click on the OK button to continue with the installation of the Agilent 816x plug-and-play drivers. Follow the instructions of the installer. Select to install the VISA files, if necessary. Select the Complete configuration, unless you have specific requirements for other instruments being used from this PC. When the driver has been installed, click on the Finish button. 13 The installation of the software has now completed. Click on the Finish button. The software is now ready to run. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 45

46 Installing the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Setting Up the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer Making Sure Everything Works When you first start the System Controller PC, check in the Measurement and Automation Explorer (under Devices and Interfaces) of the System Controller software, that the two data acquisition (DAQ) cards are listed. Use the test described in Operational Verification Test on page 222, to ensure the system is running correctly. 46 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

47 Getting Started 2 Getting Started Getting started covers how you fix components to the optical bench on the Optical Test Head, how you attach a test device, starting the system, setting up measurement parameters, and running a measurement. Fixing Components to the Optical Bench Fixing the Fiber Rails Using the Fiber Clamps Using the Termination Rod Using the DUT Holder Fixing Other Objects to the Optical Bench Starting the System Making a First Measurement To Set Up a New Measurement To Set the Parameters for a Measurement in Expert Mode Making an Expert Mode Measurement Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 47

48 Getting Started Fixing Components to the Optical Bench Fixing Components to the Optical Bench CAUTION The optical bench can take a maximum weight of 10 kg (22 lbs.). NOTE When fixing components to the optical bench, distribute the weight evenly to ensure the optimal operation of the suspension. Fiber rails, clamps and a DUT (device under test) holder are provided to help you set up efficient tests. Fixing the Fiber Rails Four fiber rails are provided to prevent fibers getting caught under the hood as you close it. These are pressed into the holes in the optical bench close to the edge. Figure 5 Inserting a fiber rail into the optical bench To remove the fiber rails, pull them out of the optical bench. 48 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

49 Fixing Components to the Optical Bench Getting Started Using the Fiber Clamps 1 At both sides of the body of the fiber clamp, pull the dust covers up off the two studs onto which they are wedged. Figure 6 Removing the dust cover from a fiber clamp 2 Put the fixing bolts of the DUT holder into the mounting plugs. 3 Tighten the mounting plugs slightly so they start to bulge. 4 Insert the mounting plugs attached to the fiber clamp into the optical bench. Figure 7 Inserting the fiber clamp into the optical bench 5 Use the hexagonal key to tighten the fixing bolts. Figure 8 Tightening the fiber clamp into the optical bench If the bolts and mounting plugs rotate in the holes of the optical bench, remove the fiber clamp from the optical bench, tighten the mounting plugs so they bulge a little more and try again. 6 Replace the dust caps on both sides, pressing them down on the studs. To remove the fiber clamp from the optical bench, perform the procedure above in reverse. To clamp a fiber: Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 49

50 Getting Started Fixing Components to the Optical Bench 7 Raise the arm of the fiber clamp. Figure 9 Raising and lowering the fiber clamp 8 Arrange the fibers on the optical bench. 9 Lower the arm of the fiber clamp. 50 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

51 Fixing Components to the Optical Bench Getting Started Using the Termination Rod 1 Screw the termination rod into the mounting plug. 2 Tighten the mounting plug slightly so it starts to bulge. 3 Insert the mounting plug attached to the termination rod into the optical bench. Figure 10 Inserting the termination rod into the optical bench 4 Rotate the termination rod to tighten it. If the rod and mounting plug rotate in the hole of the optical bench, remove the termination rod from the optical bench, tighten the mounting plug so it bulges a little more and try again. To remove the termination rod from the optical bench, perform the procedure above in reverse. Making a Termination To make a termination, wrap a length of the fiber around the rod 5 times. Fix the wrapped fiber (using adhesive tape, or an elastic band). Figure 11 Creating a termination using the termination rod Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 51

52 Getting Started Fixing Components to the Optical Bench Using the DUT Holder CAUTION Caution for persons with pacemakers. Do not use the DUT holder with devices that are sensitive to magnetic fields. The DUT Holder uses a magnetic clamp to hold the DUT. 1 Screw the fixing bolts of the DUT holder into the mounting plugs. 2 Tighten the mounting plugs slightly so they start to bulge. 3 Insert the mounting plugs attached to the DUT Holder into the optical bench. Figure 12 Inserting the DUT holder into the optical bench 4 Use the hexagonal key to tighten the fixing bolts. Figure 13 Tightening the DUT holder into the optical bench If the bolts and mounting plugs rotate in the holes of the optical bench, remove the DUT holder from the optical bench, tighten the mounting plugs so they bulge a little more and try again. To remove the DUT holder from the optical bench, perform the procedure above in reverse. To put a DUT into the holder: 52 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

53 Fixing Components to the Optical Bench Getting Started 5 Raise the flap at the top. Figure 14 Opening and closing the DUT holder 6 Put the DUT into the opening. 7 Lower the flap to clamp the DUT in place. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 53

54 Getting Started Fixing Components to the Optical Bench Fixing Other Objects to the Optical Bench A number of standard optical bench mounting plugs and fixing bolts are supplied with your Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer. These plugs are threaded on the inside. To fix an object to the optical bench: 1 Insert fixing bolts through the fixing holes of the object, and screw them into the mounting plugs. Figure 15 Inserting a fixing bolt into a mounting plug 2 Tighten the mounting plugs slightly so they start to bulge. 3 Insert the mounting plugs attached to the object into the optical bench. Figure 16 Tightening the fixing bold into the optical bench 4 Use the hexagonal key to tighten the fixing bolts. If the bolts and mounting plugs rotate in the holes of the optical bench, remove the object from the optical bench, tighten the mounting plugs so they bulge a little more and try again. To remove the object from the optical bench, perform the procedure above in reverse. 54 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

55 Starting the System Getting Started Starting the System To make sure the Tunable Laser Source Module can perform as specified, it needs to warm up for an hour. Therefore you should power up the Lightwave Measurement System at least an hour before you intend to start measuring. When you power up the Lightwave Measurement System, you will need to manually unlock it by entering the number 1234 on the keypad. When you are ready to make your measurements, and if you have not already done so, power up the Polarization Controller and System Controller PC with the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software. The Optical Test Head is powered by the System Controller PC, and does not need to be powered up separately. The Controller Engine software should start automatically. After the hardware is powered up, run the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software by double-clicking on the icon that was added to your desktop during the installation or clicking on the Windows Start button, selecting Programs, then the Photonic Tools folder, and clicking on Photonic Analysis Toolbox. The software runs, and the Photonic Analysis Toolbox software automatically detects the hardware connected over the GP-IB. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 55

56 Getting Started Making a First Measurement Making a First Measurement Before you begin to make your first measurement, attach your Interface Adapters to the input and output of the Optical Test Head. To Set Up a New Measurement WARNING CAUTION Never look directly into the end of a fiber or a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal in the fiber. 1 Click on 2 Select the measurement mode you want to use. The software can be used in two modes: the "All Parameter mode" and the "Expert mode". All Parameter mode is recommend for general use. All Parameter mode includes the realtime and full-performance measurements. This allows you to check and adjust the setup with a realtime measurement (updated every 1 to 2 seconds) and then do a full performance specified measurement or continue with realtime measurements for continued adjustments of the Device under Test. Only selected combinations of measurements are possible in standard All Parameter Test mode. The permitted combinations are Fast GD, Fast IL, Fast GD and Fast IL, DGD/GD, PDL/IL, DGD/GD and PDL/IL. The start, stop and wavelength parameters for both loss and dispersion measurements must be the same. If both transmission and reflection measurements are being made, the same combination of measurements must be made in both directions. NOTE Realtime measurements are made using interferometry: Fast IL results are derived from the interferogram and PDL/IL results are calculated using a Jones Matrix. 56 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

57 Making a First Measurement Getting Started Expert mode allows full freedom in the selection of parameters, any combination of loss and dispersion measurements, and seperate congifuration of measurement parameters for loss measurements and dispersion measurements. It also supports measurements over 50 nm with the highest resolution. Expert mode does not support real-time measurements. 3 Enter the information about your device under test (DUT), if desired. This includes ID DUT Temperature Comment The identification of the DUT The temperature of the DUT during the measurement. This is used for documentation purposes only. It is not used in any calculations.the temperature range at which the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer meets its specifications is given in Performance Specifications on page 216 Space to add comments on the DUT and the measurement. 4 If you have more than one setup hardware, select the hardware to be Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 57

58 Getting Started Making a First Measurement used for the measurement from the pull-down menus. Click on the Next > button. 58 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

59 Making a First Measurement Getting Started To Set the Parameters for a Measurement in Expert Mode NOTE Parameters for Expert-Mode measurements cannot be used to make realtime measurements. NOTE You can select DGD measurements even if DGD and PMD measurements are not possible on your All-Parameter Analyzer (option #005). However the DGD measurement will not be carried out, and the PMD analysis is not possible. 1 Set the measurement parameters for the phase measurements. a Select the measurement Fast GD To make just a group delay measurement, using a single polarization state. Reference measurements are optional for the Fast GD measurement. GD/DGD To make both group delay and differential group delay measurements, using two polarization states. Reference measurements are required. No Phase Measurement To skip the measurement of group delay and differential group delay Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 59

60 Getting Started Making a First Measurement b Select the light path Transmission To measure in the transmission path only. Reflection To measure in the reflection path only. Transmission + Reflection To measure in both transmission and reflection paths. c d e f If you are running a GD/DGD measurement, you can also select to generate a Jones Matrix for export as an ASCII file. The Jones matrix can only be generated during a measurement. It cannot be generated from existing measurement data. Once generated, the Jones Matrix is saved with your measurement data, increasing the size of a measurement file by approximately 50%. Set the start and stop wavelengths, and the step size for the sweep. The step size of the wavelength sweep limits the possible resolution bandwidth of the results for the group delay and differential group delay, as well as the resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis. For phase measurements, the maximum step size is 100pm. The maximum wavelength span depends on the sweep speed of the tunable laser source. The dependency between span and sweep speed is given in Dispersion Measurement Specifications on page 218. Select the number of scans. The result is averaged across the selected number of scans. Increasing the number of scans reduces the noise floor, but increases the measurement time. Graphs of uncertainty as a function of the spectral averaging time and the number of averages are given in Supplementary dispersion measurement characteristicsa on page 219. Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the group delay and differential group delay results, by entering the size factor of the sliding window for the calculation of the group delay and differential group delay. The sliding window is of Gaussian shape, centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the 2σ value of the sliding window and is the product of the size factor and the step size for the sweep. The resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis is 60 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

61 Making a First Measurement Getting Started g described in Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results on page 152 and Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion on page 178. Set the sweep speed of the tunable laser by opening "Options..." and selecting the proper speed in "Phase Options": The higher the sweep speed the lower is the impact of environmental disturbances. Increasing sweep speed improves phase measurement accuracy. The maximum usable sweep speed depends on the device length to be tested. The dependency between sweep speed and device length is given in Dispersion Measurement Specifications on page Set the measurement parameters for the loss and polarization dependent loss measurements a Select the measurement Fast Loss To make just a loss measurement, using a single polarization state Reference measurements are optional for the Fast Loss measurement. Loss/PDL To make both loss and polarization dependent loss measurements, using four polarization states. Reference measurements are required. No Loss Measurement To skip the measurement of loss and polarization dependent loss. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 61

62 Getting Started Making a First Measurement b Select the light path Transmission To measure in the transmission path only. Reflection To measure in the reflection path only. Transmission + Reflection To measure in both transmission and reflection paths. c d e f Set the start and stop wavelengths, and the step size for the sweep. If you want to use the same values as you entered for the phase measurement, click in the box beside Use Phase sweep wavelength to make sure it has a check mark. For loss measurements, the maximum step size is 200 pm. Select the Number of Sweeps to use for the measurement. Each sweep is performed at a different power sensor range, and the results are combined to provide an increased dynamic range. A single sweep provides a dynamic range of 35 db (typical), two sweeps provides a dynamic range of 50 db (typical), three sweeps provides the specified dynamic range of over 55 db in the transmission path and over 45 db in the reflection path. Increasing the number of sweeps increases the measurement time. To set the start of the power sensor range for your measurement, please refer to Setting the Start Range for the Power Sensor on page 149. To set the start of the coherence control for the Tunable Laser Source Module, please refer to Controlling the Quality of the Laser Signal on page Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

63 . Making a First Measurement Getting Started NOTE To Set the Parameters for a Measurement in All Parameter Mode 1 Set the measurement parameters You can select DGD measurements even if DGD and PMD measurements are not possible on your All-Parameter Analyzer (option #005). However the DGD measurement will not be carried out, and the PMD analysis is not possible. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 63

64 Getting Started Making a First Measurement a Select the measurement Fast GD To make just a group delay measurement, using a single polarization state. Reference measurements are optional for the Fast GD measurement. Fast Loss To make just a loss measurement, using a single polarization state Reference measurements are optional for the Fast Loss measurement. Fast GD and Fast Loss To make just a group delay and a loss measurement, using a single polarization state for the Fast GD, and a second single polarization state for the Fast Loss measurement. Reference measurements are optional for the Fast GD and Fast Loss measurements. GD/DGD To make both group delay and differential group delay measurements, using two polarization states. Reference measurements are required. Loss/PDL To make both loss and polarization dependent loss measurements, using four polarization states. Reference measurements are required. GD/DGD and Loss/PDL To make group delay, differential group delay, loss and polarization dependent loss measurements, using two polarization states for the GD/DGD measurement and four polarization states for the Loss/PDL measurement. Reference measurements are required. b Select the light path Transmission To measure in the transmission path only. Reflection To measure in the reflection path only. Transmission + Reflection To measure in both transmission and reflection paths. 64 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

65 Making a First Measurement Getting Started c d If you are running a GD/DGD measurement, you can also select to generate a Jones Matrix for Export as an ASCII file. The Jones matrix can only be generated during a measurement. It cannot be generated from existing measurement data. Once generated, the Jones Matrix is saved with your measurement data, increasing the size of a measurement file by approximately 50%. Set the start and stop wavelengths, and the step size for the sweep. The step size of the wavelength sweep limits the possible resolution bandwidth of the results for the group delay and differential group delay, as well as the resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis. For measurements in All Parameter mode, the maximum step size is 100 pm. 2 Set the measurement parameters for the phase measurements Click on the Phase Options tab to select this configuration if it is not already shown. a b c Select the number of scans. The result is averaged across the selected number of scans. Increasing the number of scans reduces the noise floor, but increases the measurement time. Graphs of uncertainty as a function of the spectral averaging time and the number of averages are given in Supplementary dispersion measurement characteristicsa on page 219. Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the group delay and differential group delay results, by entering the size factor of the sliding window for the calculation of the group delay and differential group delay. The sliding window is of Gaussian shape, centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the 2σ value of the sliding window and is the product of the size factor and the step size for the sweep. The resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis is described in Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results on page 152 and Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion on page 178. Set the sweep speed of the tunable laser by opening "Options..." and selecting the proper speed in "Phase Options": The higher the sweep speed the lower is the impact of environmental disturbances. Increasing sweep speed improves phase measurement accuracy. The maximum usable sweep speed Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 65

66 Getting Started Making a First Measurement depends on the device length to be tested. The dependency between sweep speed and device length is given in Dispersion Measurement Specifications on page Set the measurement parameters for the loss and polarization dependent loss measurements Click on the Loss Options tab to select this configuration if it is not already shown. a Select the Number of Sweeps to use for the measurement. Each sweep is performed at a different power sensor range, and the results are combined to provide an increased dynamic range. A single sweep provides a dynamic range of 35 db (typical), two sweeps provides a dynamic range of 50 db (typical), three sweeps provides the specified dynamic range of over 55 db in the transmission path and over 45 db in the reflection path. Increasing the number of sweeps increases the measurement time. To set the start of the power sensor range for your measurement, please refer to Setting the Start Range for the Power Sensor on page 149. To set the start of the coherence control for the Tunable Laser Source Module, please refer to Controlling the Quality of the Laser Signal on page Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

67 Making a First Measurement Getting Started To Perform the Reference Measurements When you have set all the parameters for the measurement, you must perform a reference measurement. WARNING CAUTION Do not look directly into the Optical Test Headconnector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal. 4 You are prompted to start the Initialization Reference. If the system has been initialized recently and the hardware and measurement setup has not been changed, click on the Next > button to skip the Initialization Reference. a It is recommended that you zero the power sensors before beginning the reference measurement. If the power sensors have been zeroed recently and the setup has not be changed, click on the box to remove the check mark. b If you have changed the setup, or if you want to ensure meeting the specifications, click on the Start... button. If you are zeroing the power meters, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for the Initialization Measurement by disconnecting Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 67

68 Getting Started Making a First Measurement any fibers and putting protective caps on the input and output of the Optical Test Head. Click on the OK button. The power sensors are zeroed and the initialization reference is made. c If you are not zeroing the power meters, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for the Initialization Measurement by disconnecting any fibers from the input and the output of the Optical Test Head. Click on the OK button. The Initialization Reference runs. 5 When the Initialization Reference finishes, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for the Reference Measurement. 68 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

69 Making a First Measurement Getting Started a Select the type of reference measurement you want to perform. Transmission To measure a reference in the transmission path only. This option is only available if your measurement parameters specify only a measurement in the transmission path. Reflection To measure a reference in the reflection path only using a reflective reference device. This option is only available if your measurement parameters specify only a measurement in the reflection path. Terminated Reflection To measure a reference in the reflection path using a reflective reference device and include a reference with a termination device. This option is only available if your measurement parameters specify only a measurement in the reflection path. The measurement of the terminated reflection reference extends the time for the reference measurement, but adds to the overall accuracy of the results. Transmission and Reflection To measure a reference in both transmission and reflection paths. Transmission and Terminated Reflection To measure a reference in both transmission and reflection paths, including a termination reference. The measurement of the terminated reflection reference extends the time for the reference measurement, but adds to the overall accuracy of the results. b Click on the Start... button. 6 If you have selected a transmission reference measurement, you are Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 69

70 Getting Started Making a First Measurement prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for this measurement. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. a b c d Connect or splice the Transmission Reference Fiber from the input to the output of the Optical Test Head. Place the Transmission Reference Fiber on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head. Click on the OK button. The reference transmission measurement runs in one or two cycles, depending on the measurements selected, to calibrate the transmission path for the Loss/PDL measurements and then for the GD/DGD measurements. Disconnect the Transmission Reference Fiber from the Optical Test Head. If there are other reference measurement tasks to be done, click on the Start... button. 7 If you have selected a reflection reference measurement, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for this measurement.. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. 70 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

71 Making a First Measurement Getting Started a b c d Connect or splice the Reflectance Reference Device to the output of the Optical Test Head. Place the Reflectance Reference Fiber on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head. Click on the OK button. The reference reflection measurement runs in one or two cycles, depending on the measurements selected, to calibrate the reflection path for the Loss/PDL measurements and for the GD/DGD measurements. If there are other reference measurement tasks to be done, click on the Start... button. 8 If you have selected a terminated reflection reference measurement, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for this measurement. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. a b c d Connect or splice a fiber to the output of the Optical Test Head. Place the termination rod in the optical bench of the Optical Test Head, and wrap a length of the fiber around the rod 5 times. Fix the wrapped fiber (using adhesive tape, or an elastic band). Fix the fiber using the fiber clamps. See Using the Termination Rod on page 51 and Using the Fiber Clamps on page 49 for more information on making a termination and fixing the fiber. Click on the OK button. The reference termination measurement runs. If there are other reference measurement tasks to be done, click on the Start... button. 9 Disconnect the fiber from the Optical Test Head. 10 Click on the Finish button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 71

72 Getting Started Making a First Measurement Making an Expert Mode Measurement WARNING After you have completed the reference measurement, you can parameterize your devices. Never look directly into the end of a fiber or a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal in the fiber. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. 11 Click on OR From the Measurement menu, select Start DUT Measurement. 12 Click on in the port-selection menu bar.. 13 Connect or splice the DUT from the input to the output of the Optical Test Head. Fix the DUT on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head, and fix the input and output fibers, using the fiber clamps. See Using the DUT Holder on page 52 and Using the Fiber Clamps on page 49 for more information on fixing the DUT and the fibers. The measurement runs, showing the measurement status as it progresses. When the measurement finishes, the results are shown. 14 If you want to measure the transmission characteristic of another output of a multiport device, click on, and repeat step 12 to step Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

73 Making a First Measurement Getting Started If you want to abort the measurement of a port, click on. This will affect only the port that is currently being measured. 15 When you have finished measuring all the ports of your device, click on. To measure further devices, click on, and repeat step 12 to step 15. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 73

74 Getting Started Making a First Measurement Making a Real-time Measurement in All Parameter Mode WARNING After you have completed the reference measurement, you can parameterize your devices. Never look directly into the end of a fiber or a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal in the fiber. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. NOTE You can only make measurements with realtime support if all-parameter mode has been selected as part of the setup of the new measurement. 16 Connect or splice the DUT from the input to the output of the Optical Test Head. Fix the DUT on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head, and fix the input and output fibers, using the fiber clamps. See Using the DUT Holder on page 52 and Using the Fiber Clamps on page 49 for more information on fixing the DUT and the fibers. 17 Click on OR From the Measurement menu, select Start Realtime Measurement. The measurement runs. As each measurement finishes, the results are shown. The results are updated once a second. 18 If you want to pause the measurement, click on OR From the Measurement menu, select Pause Realtime Measurement. To restart the measurement, click on OR From the Measurement menu, select Start Realtime Measurement. 19 When you have finished measuring, click on OR From the Measurement menu, select Stop Realtime Measurement. 74 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

75 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference 3 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference This chapter provides reference information on the menus, toolbars and other functions of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox application. The chapter starts with a description of each menu and all its items. This is followed by a description of the context menus that are available. The chapter finishes with a description of the icons used by the software. The File Menu The Instruments Menu The Measurement Menu The Measurement Setup Submenu Other Items in the Measurement Menu The Analysis Menu The Graph Menu The Transmission Graph Submenu The Reflection Graph Submenu Other Items in the Graph Menu The View Menu The Options Menu The Layout Submenu The Log Submenu X-Axes Dimension Submenu The Window Menu The Help Menu The Graph Context Menu The Zoom Submenu The Marker Submenu Other Items in the Graph Context Menu The Marker Context Menu Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 75

76 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Setup View Root Context Menu The Measurement View Root Context Menu The Measurement View Context Menu The Curve View Root Context Menu The Curve View Context Menu The Curve View Result Context Menu The Standard Toolbar The Instrument Toolbar The Measurement Toolbar The Realtime Measurement Toolbar The Graph Toolbar The X-Axes Dimension Toolbar Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

77 The File Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The File Menu Open Opens a file browser window to select and load a measurement result and any analysis data that is available from a file (*.omr). The same function is available on The Standard Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the O key (CTRL+O). Save All Saves all the opened measurements to files (*.omr). The measurements are saved with their current name, as shown in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. The same function is available on The Standard Toolbar using. NOTE Close All Make sure you have saved any new measurements, or measurements for which you have changed the analysis parameters before you close all the measurements. All the opened measurements are removed from memory. Save Active Measurement Saves the active measurement to a file (*.omr). The measurements is saved with its current name, as shown in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window. The same function is available on The Standard Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the S key (CTRL+S). To save the active measurement or any of the non-active measurements that are open, use Save in The Measurement View Context Menu. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 77

78 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The File Menu Save Active Measurement As... Saves the active measurement to a file (*.omr) with a name you specify. 1 Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The measurement is saved. To save the active measurement or any of the non-active measurements that are open to a different file, in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace use Save As in The Measurement View Context Menu. Close Active Measurement The active measurement is removed from memory. To close the active measurement or any of the non-active measurements that are open, use Close in The Measurement View Context Menu. Open Measurement Setup Opens a file browser window to select and load a measurement setup from file (*.omr). If you want to protect the measurement setup from alteration, check the Open as read-only box at the bottom of the file browser window. You will be able to alter the measurement setup, but you will not be able to overwrite the original file. You can save the altered measurement setup to a different file using Save Measurement Setup As... in the File menu. Save Measurement Setup Save Measurement Setup As... Saves the current measurement setup to a file (*.omr). The measurements is saved with its current name, as shown in the Setup View tab of the Workspace window. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. Opens a file browser window to name the file (*.omr) to which the current measurement setup is to be saved. Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The current measurement setup is saved. 78 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

79 The File Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference ASCII Export... Opens a measurement selection window to select the measurement for which the results are to be exported. 1 Click on the measurement for which you want to export results. 2 Click on the Next button. 3 Make sure the only boxes checked are beside the parts of the measurement you want to export. 4 Select the number of samples you want to export for each curve. If you select All, all of the samples used to draw the measurement curve will be exported. If you select a number, that number of equally spaced samples will be exported. This makes it easier for you to compare curves, to generate consistent curves in an external application, or to reduce the quantity of data for post-processing by other applications. 5 Click on the Next button. 6 Enter the name for the file and click on the Finish button. The selected results are exported to an ASCII text file using comma (,) separated values (.csv). The format of the.csv file is described in Exporting Trace Data on page 207. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 79

80 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The File Menu ASCII Export Mueller Matrix... Opens a file browser window to name the file (*.txt) to which the Mueller matrix from the current measurement setup is to be saved. Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The format of the.csv file is described in Exporting the Mueller Matrix on page 211. ASCII Export Jones Matrix... Opens a file browser window to name the file (*.txt) to which the Jones matrix from the current measurement setup is to be saved. Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The format of the.csv file is described in Exporting the Jones Matrix on page 210. Print Prints the measurement and analysis setup, any graphs which contain one or more curves (including such graphs that are currently minimized on the screen) and the tables for the active measurement result or analysis. In the Print window, select the printer you want to use, and press the OK button. The same function is available on The Standard Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the P key (CTRL+P). Print Setup Print Preview Configures the printer to be used for printing measurement results and analyses, and graphs. Shows a preview of the printout of the active measurement results or analysis. The same function is available on The Standard Toolbar using. Exit Ends the Photonic Analysis Toolbox application. 80 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

81 The Instruments Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Instruments Menu Scan for Instruments NOTE If you scan the GPIB, or change the hardware selection, the current measurement setup is discarded. You will need to create a new measurement, including the setting of the measurement parameters, and the making of a reference measurement, before you can make further measurements. Scans the GPIB and the network bus for available measurement instruments. The Photonic Analysis Toolbox scans the GPIB and the network on startup. If you add or remove an instrument, use Scan for Instruments to update the list of instruments. If the list of instruments is not shown automatically after the scan has completed, use Show Instruments... in the Instruments menu. To show the list of instruments automatically after each scan, 1 In the Instruments menu, select Show Instruments... 2 Click on the box beside Show this dialog after each instrument scan automatically until it is checked. The same function is available in The Instrument Toolbar, select. Show Instruments... Lists the measurement instruments recognized by the Photonic Analysis Toolbox. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 81

82 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Instruments Menu Click on an instrument to see its details. Click on beside an instrument or module to see its modules or connections. Use Scan for Instruments in the Instruments menu option to scan the bus again and update the list. The same function is available in The Instrument Toolbar, select. Zero All Power Sensors NOTE Make sure the three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Optical Test Head are connected to the inputs of the power sensors before you zero them. Zeros the three power sensors in the Lightwave Measurement System. You may want to zero the power meters manually before making a reference measurement, if you load existing reference data from a file, or to ensure the best possible performance. The same function is available in The Instrument Toolbar, select. 82 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

83 The Measurement Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement Menu The measurement menu provides access to the control for setting up and performing measurements. The Measurement Setup Submenu New This starts a new measurement, including setting up the hardware, measurement parameters, making a reference, and measuring a device, as described in Making a First Measurement on page 56. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the N key (CTRL+N). Edit Parameters... NOTE If you change the measurement parameters, you may have to make a reference measurement before you can make further measurements. Allows examination and individual adjustment of the measurement parameters that will be used for the next measurement. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using, or by double clicking on the Measurement Parameters element of the current measurement in the Setup View tab of the Workspace window. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. Reconfigure Instrument Setup... Select the hardware to be used for the measurement from the pull-down menus. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 83

84 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement Menu The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using. After you have selected the hardware, you will automatically be required to check or change the measurement parameters. Click on the Next > button. DUT Information Provides a boilerplate for you to add information about the device under test (DUT). Click on the Edit button to change the information. This includes ID Serial Number DUT Temperature Comment The identification of the DUT The serial number of the DUT The temperature of the DUT during the measurement. This is used for documentation purposes only. It is not used in any calculations. The temperature range at which the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer meets its specifications is given in Performance Specifications on page 216 Space to add comments on the DUT and the measurement. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using Properties... Shows the measurement information. If you want to change the operator ID, click on the Edit button. 84 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

85 The Measurement Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference Other Items in the Measurement Menu Set as Active Measurement Click on the measurement from the submenu that you want to set as the active measurement. The same function is available using Set as Active Measurement in The Measurement View Context Menu. using Set as Active Measurement in The Curve View Context Menu. Create Setup from Active Measurement NOTE If you change the measurement parameters, you may have to make a reference measurement before you can make further measurements. Use the measurement setup from the current active measurement for following measurements. The same function is available using Create Setup from Measurement in Ò The Measurement View Context Menu Ó. Start Reference Starts the reference measurement. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the SHIFT key and pressing the F5 key (SHIFT+F5). Start DUT Measurement Starts the measurement. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by pressing the F5 key. On completion, the results are displayed in the Graph window, in the Analysis Table window and the measurement is added to the Measurement View in the Workspace window. The completed measurement becomes the current active measurement. Until saved, results have the default filename Noname001, Noname002, and so on. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 85

86 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement Menu Start Realtime Measurement NOTE Starts a measurement with fast update rate a for checking device connections and measurement parameters, or as a prelude to measuring dispersion properties for devices such as Dispersion Compensating Gratings. The results of the realtime measurement are only intended for verification or making adjustments. The results are derived from a single sweep and do not provide as high an accuracy as the normal DUT measurement (as specified in System Specifications on page 215). The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by pressing the F7 key. The results are displayed in the Graph window and the measurement is added as the Current Measurement to the Measurement View in the Workspace window. Pause Realtime Measurement Pauses a realtime measurement. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by pressing the PAUSE key. Restart the measurement by selecting Start Realtime Measurement. Stop Realtime Measurement Stops a realtime measurement, and clears the realtime traces. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by pressing the Ctrl-F7 key. a The update rate of the realitme measurement depends on the sweep range, but is typically 1Hz for a filter-type device. 86 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

87 The Analysis Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Analysis Menu Auto-Analysis Setup... NOTE Sets the automatic analysis of results after they have been measured. The results of the peak and notch analyses are shown in the Analysis Table window. The Chromatic Dispersion is shown in its own graph window. The parameters for chromatic dispersion must be configured here if you want to view chromatic dispersion using a real-time measurement. The same function is available on The Measurement Toolbar using. 1 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside Loss Analysis or Phase Analysis, depending on which auto-analysis you want to perform. Click on the Next > button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 87

88 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Analysis Menu 2 If you selected loss analysis. a Click on the boxes to set a check mark in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to perform (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). Click on the Next > button. b If you selected peak analysis, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, NdB Offset, and the ITU Channel Spacing. For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page 196. c If you selected notch analysis, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, Drop Range Bandwidth, and the ITU Channel Spacing. For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page If you selected phase analysis, set the Resolution Bandwidth of the Chromatic Dispersion analysis by entering the number of adjacent samples used in the sliding window for the calculation. The sliding window is centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the product of the number of samples and the step size used for the wavelength sweep of the original measurement. 4 Click on the Finish button. 88 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

89 The Analysis Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference Reanalyze Phase... Replaces the existing or nonexisting Chromatic Dispersion analysis for the selected measurements with an analysis based on the new value for the resolution bandwidth. The chromatic dispersion is shown as a graph for the available light paths for the measurement. See The Transmission Graph Submenu on page 92 and The Reflection Graph Submenu on page 93 for details on how to display the chromatic dispersion graph. To reanalyze the chromatic dispersion for the active measurement, use Reanalyze Phase in The Measurement View Context Menu. 1 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside the measurements you want to reanalyze. 2 Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the Chromatic Dispersion analysis by entering the number of adjacent samples used in the sliding window for the calculation. The sliding window is centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the product of the number of samples and the step size used for the wavelength sweep of the original measurement. 3 Click on the OK button. Reanalyze Loss... Replaces existing or nonexisting peak or notch loss analyses for the selected measurements with analyses based on the new values for the analysis parameters. The loss analyses are shown in the Analysis Table window. See The View Menu on page 95 for details on how to display the Analysis Table window. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 89

90 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Analysis Menu To reanalyze the peak or notch, use Reanalyze Loss in The Measurement View Context Menu. 1 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside the measurements you want to reanalyze. 2 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside the measurements you want to reanalyze. Click on the Next > button. 3 If you selected peak analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, NdB Offset, and the ITU Channel Spacing. 90 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

91 The Analysis Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page If you selected notch analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, Drop Range Bandwidth, and the ITU Channel Spacing. For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page Click on the Finish button. Compare Loss Analysis with Active Measurement... Temporarily reanalyzes the generic, peak and notch loss analyses for the selected measurements with analyses based on the analysis parameters of the active measurement, and adds the resulting analyses to the analysis tables. The analyses and analysis parameters for the selected measurements are not altered in the file or the measurement. If you change the active measurement, the analyses for the comparison are deleted. To change the analyses for a measurement, Reanalyze Loss... on page 89. The loss analyses of the active measurement and the measurements selected for comparison are shown in the Analysis Table window. See The View Menu on page 95 for details on how to display the Analysis Table window. To compare the loss analyses for any individual non-active measurement that is open with the active measurement, use Compare Loss Analysis with Active Measurement in the The Measurement View Context Menu. 1 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to compare with the active measurement (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). 2 Click on the Finish button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 91

92 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Graph Menu The Graph Menu The graph menu lets you select which graphs are displayed, and control of the universal display possibilities The Transmission Graph Submenu There are five transmission graph windows: Loss (Loss) Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) Group Delay (GD) Differential Group Delay (DGD) Chromatic Dispersion (CD) In each case the graph window displays the selected curves of the measurement results over wavelength (nm). Select Loss, PDL, GD, DGD, or CD in the Transmission Graph submenu to activate any individual graph window or combination of these graph windows. You can select which curves are selected in the Curve View tab of the Workspace window. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. Bring to Front Bring any transmission graphs that are active to the front. Any active reflection graphs will be minimized. The same function is available on The Graph Toolbar using. 92 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

93 The Graph Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Reflection Graph Submenu There are five reflection graphs: Loss (Loss) Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) Group Delay (GD) Differential Group Delay (DGD) Chromatic Dispersion (CD) In each case the graph window displays the selected curves of the measurement results over wavelength (nm). Select Loss, PDL, GD, DGD or CD in the Reflection Graph submenu to activate any individual graph window or combination of these graph windows. You can select which curves are selected in the Curve View tab of the Workspace window. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. Bring to Front Bring any reflection graphs that are active to the front. Any active transmission graphs will be minimized. The same function is available on The Graph Toolbar using. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 93

94 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Graph Menu Other Items in the Graph Menu Noise Suppression... Specifies the Noise Suppression Threshold. Enter the value for the threshold and click on the OK button. The Loss Measurement curve, in the measurement path of the currently active graph, is examined for sections with signal strength less than the threshold. Any areas below the threshold are removed from the display of the other curves in the measurement path. The display of the loss curve is not affected. Graphs which did not use the same measurement parameters as the loss measurement are not affected. Zoom Out All Zoom out to view the full curves in all the graph windows. The same function is available on The Graph Toolbar using. Double-click in a graph window to zoom out to view the full curves in that window. Show Markers Select this to show or hide all markers in the graph windows. The same function is available on The Graph Toolbar using. Use the graph context menu in a particular graph window to show or hide the markers in that window. See The Graph Context Menu on page 107 for more information. Show Orientation Curves Select this to show or hide all the orientation curves in the graph windows. If orientation curves are selected, the loss average curve is shown in the background of each curve. This provides a visual reference to help you correlate between different curves of the same measurement. The same function is available on The Graph Toolbar using. Use the graph context menu in a particular graph window to show or hide the orientation curves for that window. See The Graph Context Menu on page 107 for more information. 94 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

95 The View Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The View Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolkbox's View menu allows you to enable and disable the different on-screen areas of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox. Workspace Toolbars Graph Log Status Bar Analysis Table The layout of the graphs in the Graph window is controlled from the Window menu, see The Window Menu on page 104. The workspace, analysis table and log windows and the toolbars can be detached from the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window and placed anywhere on your PCs screen: 1 Double-click on the header or sidebar ( ). 2 Click in the window title bar and drag it to the new position. To re-attach the Workspace, Log or Analysis Table window, double click in the window title bar. Resizing and closing any window is done according to the normal Windows conventions. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 95

96 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The View Menu Workspace If Workspace is selected, you can view the setup and history of the measurements made in the current session. The Setup View shows the current preparations for measurements: Click on the Setup View tab at the bottom of the Workspace window to see it. Click with the right mouse button on Current Measurement Setup to access The Setup View Root Context Menu (see page 112). Double-click on DUT Information to view or edit the ID, serial number, temperature information or comments for the next DUT to be measured. See DUT Information on page 84. Double-click on Measurement Parameters to view or edit the parameters for the next measurement. See Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters on page 139. Double-click on Instrument Setup to view or reconfigure the instruments in use for the next measurement. See Show Instruments... on page 81. Click on the Reconfigure button at the bottom left of this box to reconfigure the instruments. See Reconfigure Instrument Setup... on page 83. Double-click on Analysis Settings to edit the automatic analysis settings applied after the measurement. See Auto-Analysis Setup... on page 87. A red X ( ) beside the text No reference data available, indicates that the reference data is no longer valid. A green check mark ( ) beside the text All reference data available, indicates that the current reference data is valid. 96 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

97 The View Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement View shows all of the measurements currently in memory - Click on the Measurement View tab at the bottom of the Workspace window to see it. Click with the right mouse button on Measurement History to access The Measurement View Root Context Menu (see page 113). Click on to see the DUT, measurement and instrument settings for a measurement. Click on to hide the DUT, measurement and instrument settings for a measurement. Double-click on DUT Information to view the ID, serial number, temperature information or comments for the DUT. Double-click on Measurement Parameters to view the parameters for the measurement. Double-click on Instrument Setup to view the instruments used for the measurement. Double-click on Analysis Settings to view the parameters used for the analysis. Click with the right mouse button on a measurement name to access The Measurement View Context Menu (see page 114). Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 97

98 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The View Menu The Curve View lists all the available curves of the measurements currently in memory. Click on the Curve View tab at the bottom of the Workspace window to see it. Click with the right mouse button on Measurement Curves to access The Curve View Root Context Menu (see page 119). Click with the right mouse button on a measurement name to access The Curve View Context Menu (see page 119). Click on beside a measurement name to see which results are available. Click on beside a measurement name to hide the results that are available for it. Click on the check box beside a measurement name to toggle between show ( ) and hide ( ) for all the results for that measurement. If the corresponding Graph windows are not already open, they are opened automatically. Click on the check box beside a measurement path to toggle between show ( ) and hide ( ) for all the results for that measurement path. If the corresponding Graph windows are not already open, they are opened automatically. Click on the check box beside a result to toggle between show ( ) and hide ( ) for the result. If the corresponding Graph window is not already open, it is opened automatically. Double-click on a result to show the curve and open the graph window for this result. 98 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

99 The View Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference Analysis Table If Analysis Table is selected, the analysis table is shown. Click on the Generic, Peak or Notch tab at the bottom of the Analysis Table window to see each of these three tables for the current measurement results or analysis. One row of data is displayed per curve. The first column shows the color of the curve, as used in the analysis Graph window. The appearance of the cursor changes to indicate its current function: cursor to select all the values in a column cursor to reposition column in the table click on a column to select it, then click and drag the column to its new position cursor to resize a column click on the division between column headers and drag to resize the column to the left of the cursor. cursor to resize a row click on the division between row headers and drag to resize the row above the cursor. cursor to resize a hidden column click on the division between column headers where the hidden column is, and drag to resize the hidden column Log If Log is selected, the log window is shown. This window records events and errors. You can set what is recorded in the Log menu, see The Log Submenu on page 102. Standard Toolbar If Standard Toolbar is selected, the file and print icons ( )will be displayed at the top of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window. This toolbar is described in The Standard Toolbar on page 122. Instrument Toolbar If Instrument toolbar is selected, the instrument icons ( displayed at the top of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window. ) will be This toolbar is described in The Instrument Toolbar on page 123. Measurement Toolbar If Measurement Toolbar is selected, the measurement icons ( ) will be displayed at the top of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window. This toolbar is described in The Measurement Toolbar on page 125. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 99

100 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The View Menu Realtime Measurement Toolbar If Realtime Measurement Toolbar is selected, the realtime measurement icons ( ) will be displayed at the top of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window. This toolbar is described in The Realtime Measurement Toolbar on page 129. Graph Toolbar If Graph Toolbar is selected, the graph icons ( )will be displayed at the top of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window. This toolbar is described in The Graph Toolbar on page 130. X-Axes Dimension Toolbar If X-Axes Dimension Toolbar is selected, the X-Axes Dimension icons ( ) will be displayed at the top of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window. This toolbar is described in The X-Axes Dimension Toolbar on page 132. Statusbar If Statusbar is selected, status messages and short help texts will be displayed at the bottom of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window. 100 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

101 The Options Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Options Menu The options menu lets you control the layout of the windows on the screen, and which events are logged. The Layout Submenu Select Layout 1, Layout 2 or Layout 3 from the Layout submenu to select one of these three pre-configured layouts. Each layout contains settings for the appearance of the Photonic Analysis Toolbox on the screen. The current appearance is saved to the currently selected layout when you exit the Photonic Analysis Toolbox. Reset to Default Restores the factory default layout (with the workspace window at the left, the analysis table at the bottom, and the Loss Transmission window open). Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 101

102 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Options Menu The Log Submenu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox's Log menu allows you to set the severity of events and errors that should be logged in the Log window; and to save, or clear, the current log. Save... Opens a file browser window to name the file to which the log is to be saved. Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The log is saved. Clear Show Latest Entries Clears the current log entries. Automatically scrolls the log window so that the most recent entries are shown. Event are classed as errors, warnings, or hints. Only one of the following three levels of logging can be selected: Log Errors Only Log Errors and Warnings Complete Logging Errors are logged. Warnings, and hints are not logged. Errors and warnings are logged. Hints are not logged. Errors, warnings, and hints are logged. 102 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

103 The Options Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference X-Axes Dimension Submenu Wavelength The X-Axes of all graphs are scaled in nm. The vertical marker position and the distance between the vertical markers are given nm. The position values in the Analysis Table are given in nm. The same function is available on The X-Axes Dimension Toolbar using. Frequency The X-Axes of all measurements are scaled in THz. The vertical marker position and the distance between the vertical markers are given THz. The position values in the Analysis Table are given in THz. The same function is available on The X-Axes Dimension Toolbar using. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 103

104 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Window Menu The Window Menu The Graph windows are opened in the Window menu (see The Transmission Graph Submenu on page 92 and The Reflection Graph Submenu on page 93). Cascade Arranges the graph windows one behind the other in the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window: Tile Arranges the graph windows beside one other in the Photonic Analysis Toolbox window: 104 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

105 The Window Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference Arrange Icons Arrange Window Arranges the icons for the minimized graph windows. This is particularly useful if you have changed the size of the area used by the graph windows, and some of the icons for your minimized graph windows are hidden. Arranges all the open graph windows to fill the Photonic Analysis Toolbox Graph window. The same function is available on The Graph Toolbar using. Close All Closes all of the graph windows. The further entries in the Window menu depend on the graph windows that are open. Select a graph window to highlight it. This can shorten the time it takes to find a particular graph window. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 105

106 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Help Menu The Help Menu Contents About Photonic Analysis Toolbox Displays the contents of the online Help. Displays version information for the Photonic Analysis Toolbox, and version information for the plug and play drivers and the VISA library. 106 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

107 The Graph Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Graph Context Menu The appearance of the cursor changes to indicate its current function: cursor for zooming cursor for scrolling the curve left/right cursor for scrolling the curve up/down cursor for moving a wavelength marker left/right cursor for moving the loss, GD or DGD marker up/down (only if the markers are free, as described in Free on page 109) cursor for positioning the horizontal and vertical markers at the indicated point on the curve. See The Marker Context Menu on page 111 for more details. Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 107

108 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Graph Context Menu The Zoom Submenu Main Curves Orientation Curve Zooming operations are based on the main curve. That is zooming affects both amplitude and wavelength. Zooming operations are based on the orientation curve. That is zooming only affects the amplitude. Zoom out Select the zooming. To zoom in: Click at one corner of the area of interest, drag to the second diagonally opposite corner of the area of interest, then release the mouse button. The curve is displayed in the range defined by the first and second points. To zoom out: Double-click anywhere on the graph to return to the previous zooming. If you double-click on the graph twice the full curve is shown. Scrolling a zoomed curve: To view another section of a zoomed curve, click and drag the scale of the X or Y axis. 108 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

109 The Graph Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Marker Submenu The λ/ν and Loss/Delay/Dispersion markers can be dragged into position using the mouse. The marker position, and the difference between the marker positions, is displayed at the bottom of the Graph window. Free To move the markers freely in the graph window. The λ/ν 1, λ/ν 2, Loss/Delay/Dispersion 1 and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 2 markers move independently. Locked to Curve Locked to Sample Averaging/PMD Window Off Lock the markers to the currently selected curve. The λ/ν 1, and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 1 markers are locked together, and the λ/ν 2 and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 2 markers are locked together. This means that as you move the λ/ν marker on the curve, the loss marker shows the corresponding loss measurement at that wavelength or frequency. Lock the markers to the measurement samples. The λ/ν 1, and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 1 markers are locked together, and the λ/ν 2 and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 2 markers are locked together. This means that as you move the λ/ν marker from sample to sample, the loss marker shows the corresponding loss measurement at that sample. If Averaging/PMD Window is selected, the average loss, display or dispersion for the area between the λ/ν markers is shown at the bottom of the window (the area used for the calculation is highlighted). In the Differential Group Delay window, the value of PMD for the area between the λ/ν markers is shown at the bottom of the window. Switch off the markers in this graph window. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 109

110 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Graph Context Menu Other Items in the Graph Context Menu Loss Orientation Curve If this is selected, the loss orientation curve for this light path will be shown in the graph window, as a common visual element to help you correlate the results in different graphs. Synchronize X Axis Zooms the X-axis for all open graph windows so that the wavelength range in the window where you select this item, is used for all graph windows that are open. The zooming in Y-axis is unaffected. Copy to Clipboard Print Graph Print Preview Copy the contents of the graph window to the clipboard, for pasting into other applications. Prints the current graph window. Shows a preview of the printout of the current graph window. 110 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

111 The Marker Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Marker Context Menu Click with the right mouse button on the graph window on the curve - when you are on the curve the cursor is shown. NOTE The markers have to be in Locked to Curve or Locked to sample mode (in the The Marker Submenu on page 109) for either of the following items to work. Lock Marker AC Lock Marker BD Apply Averaging/PMD Window Positions the λ/ν 1, and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 1 marker at the point where you clicked. Positions the λ/ν 2, and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 2 marker at the point where you clicked. If the Averaging/PMD Window is enabled (see Averaging/PMD Window on page 109), and more than one curve is currently open in the graph window, select Apply Averaging/PMD Window to display the average or PMD value for the selected curve. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 111

112 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Setup View Root Context Menu The Setup View Root Context Menu New... This starts a new measurement, including setting up the hardware, measurement parameters, making a reference, and measuring a device, as described in Making a First Measurement on page 56. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup menu, using New... on The Measurement Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the N key (CTRL+N). Open... Opens a file browser window to select and load a measurement setup from file (*.omr). If you want to protect the measurement setup from alteration, check the Open as read-only box at the bottom of the file browser window. You will be able to alter the measurement setup, but you will not be able to overwrite the original file. You can save the altered measurement setup to a different file using Save Measurement Setup As... in the File menu. Save Saves the current measurement setup to a file (*.omr). The measurements is saved with its current name, as shown in the Setup View tab of the Workspace window. Properties Shows the measurement information. If you want to change the operator identification for the following measurements, click on the Edit button. 112 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

113 The Measurement View Root Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement View Root Context Menu Click with the right mouse button on Measurement History in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window to open the Measurement View Root context menu. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. Open... Opens a file browser window to select and load a measurement result and any analysis data that is available from file (*.omr). The same function is available from the File menu, Open... item on The Standard Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the O key (CTRL+O). NOTE Close All Make sure you have saved any new measurements, or measurements for which you have changed the analysis parameters before you close all the measurements. All the opened measurements are removed from memory. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 113

114 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement View Context Menu The Measurement View Context Menu Click with the right mouse button on a measurement name in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window to open the Measurement View context menu. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. Show Analysis and Measurement Data Set as Active Measurement Opens all the graphs and analysis tables for the measurement. This menu item is only available for the active measurement. Sets the measurement you have just clicked on as the active measurement. This menu item is only available for non-active measurements. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Set as Active Measurement. in the Curve View tab of the Workspace window by using Set as Active Measurement in The Curve View Context Menu. Create Setup from Measurement NOTE If you change the measurement parameters, you may have to make a reference measurement before you can make further measurements. Use the measurement setup from the measurement you have just clicked on for following measurements. The same function is available for the active measurement in the Measurement menu, select Create Setup from Active Measurement. Close The measurement you just clicked on is removed from memory. To close the active measurement, in the File menu, select Close Active Measurement. To close all the currently open measurements, in the File menu, select Close All. 114 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

115 The Measurement View Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference Save Saves the measurement you just clicked on to a file (*.omr). The measurements is saved with its current name. The same function is available for the active measurement on The Standard Toolbar using, or from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the S key (CTRL+S). in the File menu, select Save Active Measurement. The same function is available for all the currently open measurement in the File menu, select Save All. Save As... Saves the measurement you just clicked on to a file (*.omr) with a name you specify. 1 Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The measurement is saved. The same function is available for the active measurement in the File menu, select Save Active Measurement As... Reanalyze Phase... Replaces the existing or nonexisting Chromatic Dispersion analysis for the measurement you just clicked on with an analysis based on the new value for the resolution bandwidth. The chromatic dispersion is shown as a graph for the available light paths for the measurement. See The Transmission Graph Submenu on page 92 and The Reflection Graph Submenu on page 93 for details on how to display the chromatic dispersion graph. 1 Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the Chromatic Dispersion analysis by entering the number of adjacent samples used in the sliding window for the calculation. The sliding window is centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the product of the number of samples and the step size used for the wavelength sweep of the original measurement. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 115

116 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement View Context Menu 2 Click on the OK button. The same function is available for the one or more measurements in the Analysis menu, select Reanalyze Phase... Reanalyze Loss... Replaces existing or nonexisting peak or notch loss analyses for the measurement you just clicked on with analyses based on the new values for the analysis parameters. The loss analyses are shown in the Analysis Table window. See The View Menu on page 95 for details on how to display the Analysis Table window. 1 Click on the boxes to set a check mark in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to perform (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). Click on the Next > button. 2 If you selected peak analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, NdB Offset, and the ITU Channel Spacing. For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

117 The Measurement View Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference 3 If you selected notch analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, Drop Range Bandwidth, and the ITU Channel Spacing. For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page Click on the Finish button. The same function is available for the one or more measurements in the Analysis menu, select Reanalyze Loss... Compare Loss Analysis with Active Measurement... Temporarily replaces the existing generic, peak and notch loss analyses for the measurement you just clicked on with analyses based on the analysis parameters of the active measurement. This menu item is only available for non-active measurements. The analysis and analysis parameters for the measurement are not altered in the file or the measurement. If you change the active measurement, the analyses for the comparison are deleted. To change the analyses for a measurement, use Reanalyze Phase... and Reanalyze Loss... The loss analyses of the active measurement and the measurements selected for comparison are shown in the Analysis Table window. See The View Menu on page 95 for details on how to display the Analysis Table window. To compare the loss analyses for a number of measurements in the Measurement menu, select Compare Loss Analysis with Active Measurement... 1 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to compare with the active measurement (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). 2 Click on the Finish button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 117

118 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement View Context Menu Properties Shows information about the file, measurement, and the operator. 118 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

119 The Curve View Root Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Curve View Root Context Menu Click with the right mouse button on Measurement Curves in the Curve View tab of the Workspace window to open the Curve View Root context menu. Show Min/Max Loss Curves Show PDL Calculation Curves Select this to make the Loss Min and Loss Max curves available for display, in addition to the Loss Average curve which is normally displayed. Select this to make the Loss: Linear Horizontal, Loss: Linear +45, Loss: Linear -45, and Loss: Right Circular available for display. The Linear Horizontal, Linear +45, Linear -45 and Right Circular are the measured curves. The Min, Max, Average and PDL curves are calculated from them. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 119

120 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Curve View Context Menu The Curve View Context Menu Click with the right mouse button on a measurement name in the Curve View tab of the Workspace window to open the Curve View context menu. Set as Active Measurement Sets the measurement you have just clicked on as the active measurement. This menu item is only available for non-active measurements. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Set as Active Measurement. using Set as Active Measurement in The Measurement View Context Menu. 120 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

121 The Curve View Result Context Menu The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Curve View Result Context Menu Click with the right mouse button on a result in the Curve View tab of the Workspace window to open the Curve View Result context menu. Activate Selects the curve and opens the corresponding graph window. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 121

122 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Standard Toolbar The Standard Toolbar Opens a file browser window to select and load a measurement result and any analysis data that is available from a file (*.omr). The same function is available in the File menu, select Open. from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the O key (CTRL+O). Saves the active measurement to a file (*.omr). The measurements is saved with its current name, as shown in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window. The same function is available in the File menu, select Save Active Measurement. from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the S key (CTRL+S). To save the active measurement or any of the non-active measurements that are open, use Save in The Measurement View Context Menu. Saves all the opened measurements to files (*.omr). The measurements are saved with their current name, as shown in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. The same function is available in the File menu, select Save All. Prints the measurement and analysis setup, any graphs which contain one or more curves (including such graphs that are currently minimized on the screen) and the tables for the active measurement result or analysis. In the Print window, select the printer you want to use, and press the OK button. The same function is available in the File menu, select Print. from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the P key (CTRL+P). Shows a preview of the printout of the active measurement results or analysis. The same function is available in the File menu, select Print Preview. 122 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

123 The Instrument Toolbar The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Instrument Toolbar Scans the GPIB and the network bus for available measurement instruments. NOTE If you scan the GPIB, or change the hardware selection, it automatically starts a new measurement procedure which has to be completed (including the setting of the measurement parameters, and the making of a reference measurement) before you can make further measurements. The Photonic Analysis Toolbox scans the GPIB and the network on startup. If you add or remove an instrument, use Scan for Instruments to update the list of instruments. If the list of instruments is not shown automatically after the scan has completed, use. To show the list of instruments automatically after each scan, 1 In the Instrument toolbar, select. 2 Click on the box beside Show this dialog after each instrument scan automatically until it is checked. The same function is available in the Instruments menu, select Scan for Instruments. Lists the measurement instruments recognized by the Photonic Analysis Toolbox. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 123

124 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Instrument Toolbar Click on an instrument to see its details. Click on beside an instrument or module to see its modules or connections. Use to scan the bus again and update the list. The same function is available in the Instruments menu, select Show Instruments... Zeros the three power sensors in the Lightwave Measurement System. NOTE Make sure the three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Optical Test Head are connected to the inputs of the power sensors before you zero them. You may want to zero the power meters manually before making a reference measurement, if you load existing reference data from a file, or to ensure the best possible performance. The same function is available in the Instruments menu, select Zero all Power Sensors. 124 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

125 The Measurement Toolbar The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement Toolbar This starts a new measurement, including setting up the hardware, measurement parameters, making a reference, and measuring a device, as described in Making a First Measurement on page 56. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup submenu, select New. from the keyboard by holding down the CTRL key and pressing the N key (CTRL+N). Allows examination and individual adjustment of the measurement parameters that will be used for the next measurement. NOTE If you change the measurement parameters, you may have to make a reference measurement before you can make further measurements. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup submenu, select Edit Parameters... by double clicking on the Measurement Parameters element of the current measurement in the Setup View tab of the Workspace window. See The View Menu on page 95 for information on how to view the Workspace window. Select the hardware to be used for the measurement from the pull-down menus. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Reconfigure Instrument Setup. After you have selected the hardware, you will automatically be required to check or change the measurement parameters. Click on the Next > button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 125

126 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement Toolbar Provides a boilerplate for you to add information about the device under test (DUT). Click on the Edit button to change the information. This includes ID Serial Number DUT Temperature Comment The identification of the DUT The serial number of the DUT The temperature of the DUT during the measurement. This is used for documentation purposes only. It is not used in any calculations. The temperature range at which the Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer meets its specifications is given in Performance Specifications on page 216 Space to add comments on the DUT and the measurement. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select DUT Information. Sets the automatic analysis of results after they have been measured. The results of the analysis are shown in the Analysis Table window. The same function is available in the Analysis menu, select Auto-Analysis Setup. 126 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

127 The Measurement Toolbar The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference 1 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside Loss Analysis or Phase Analysis, depending on which auto-analyses you want to perform. Click on the Next > button. 2 If you selected loss analyses. a Click on the boxes to set a check mark in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to perform (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). Click on the Next > button. b c If you selected peak analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, NdB Offset, and the ITU Channel Spacing. For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page 196. If you selected notch analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, Drop Range Bandwidth, and the ITU Channel Spacing. For more information on these parameters and what effect they have, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page 196. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 127

128 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Measurement Toolbar 3 If you selected phase analyses, set the Resolution Bandwidth of the Chromatic Dispersion analysis by entering the number of adjacent samples used in the sliding window for the calculation. The sliding window is centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the product of the number of samples and the step size used for the wavelength sweep of the original measurement. 4 Click on the Finish button. Starts the measurement. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Start DUT Measurement. from the keyboard by pressing the F5 key. On completion, the results are displayed in the Graph window, in the Analysis Table window and the measurement is added to the Measurement View in the Workspace window. The completed measurement becomes the current active measurement. Until saved, results have the default filename Noname001, Noname002, and so on. Starts the reference measurement. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Start Reference. from the keyboard by holding down the SHIFT key and pressing the F5 key (SHIFT+F5). 128 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

129 The Realtime Measurement Toolbar The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Realtime Measurement Toolbar Starts a measurement with fast a update rate for checking device connections and measurement parameters, or as a prelude to measuring dispersion properties for devices such as Dispersion Compensating Gratings. NOTE The results of the realtime measurement do not provide as high an accuracy as the DUT measurement. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Start Realtime Measurement, or from the keyboard by pressing the F7 key. The results are displayed in the Graph window and the measurement is added as the Current Measurement to the Measurement View in the Workspace window. Pauses a realtime measurement. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Paise Realtime Measurement, or from the keyboard by pressing the PAUSE key. Restart the measurement by selecting. Stops a realtime measurement, and clears the realtime traces. The same function is available in the Measurement menu, select Stop Realtime Measurement, or from the keyboard by pressing the Ctrl-F7 key. a The update rate of the realitme measurement depends on the sweep range, but is typically 1Hz for a filter-type device. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 129

130 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The Graph Toolbar The Graph Toolbar Bring any transmission graphs that are active to the front. Any active reflection graphs will be minimized. The same function is available in the Graph menu, in the Transmission Graph submenu, select Bring to Front. Bring any reflection graphs that are active to the front. Any active transmission graphs will be minimized. The same function is available in the Graph menu, in the Reflection Graph submenu, select Bring to Front. Select this to show or hide all markers in the graph windows. The same function is available in the Graph menu, select Show Markers. Use the graph context menu in a particular graph window to show or hide the markers in that window. See The Graph Context Menu on page 107 for more information. Select this to show or hide all the orientation curves in the graph windows. If orientation curves are selected, the loss average curve is shown in the background of each curve. This provides a visual reference to help you correlate between different curves of the same measurement. The same function is available in the Graph menu, select Show Orientation Curves. Use the graph context menu in a particular graph window to show or hide the orientation curves for that window. See The Graph Context Menu on page 107 for more information. Zoom out to view the full curves in all the graph windows. The same function is available in the Graph menu, select Zoom Out All. Double-click in a graph window to zoom out to view the full curves in that window. 130 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

131 The Graph Toolbar The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference Arranges all the open graph windows to fill the Photonic Analysis Toolbox Graph window. The same function is available in the Window menu, select Arrange Windows. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 131

132 The Photonic Analysis Toolbox Reference The X-Axes Dimension Toolbar The X-Axes Dimension Toolbar The X-Axes of all graphs are scaled in nm. The vertical marker position and the distance between the vertical markers are given nm. The position values in the Analysis Table are given in nm. The same function is available in the Options menu, in the X-Axes Dimension submenu, select Wavelength. The X-Axes of all measurements are scaled in THz. The vertical marker position and the distance between the vertical markers are given THz. The position values in the Analysis Table are given in THz. The same function is available in the Options menu, in the X-Axes Dimension submenu, select Frequency. 132 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

133 4 Making Measurements This chapter describes how to make measurements. The chapter starts with selecting hardware and setting the parameters for the measurement and the auto-analysis of results. This is followed by a description of how to make a reference measurement. The chapter ends with performing measurements. Starting a New Measurement Checking or Selecting the Hardware for a Measurement Identifying Which Hardware is Available Selecting Specific Instruments Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Selecting Measurement Parameters for Accuracy and Resolution Checking the Measurement Parameters Setting the Measurement Parameters for All Parameter Mode. 140 Setting the Measurement Parameters in Expert Mode Entering Information for the DUT Entering the Operator ID Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results Saving the Current Measurement Setup Repeating Earlier Measurements Loading an Existing Measurement Setup Using the Measurement Setup from a Previous Measurement. 156 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 133

134 Making Measurements Zeroing the Power Sensors Performing a Realtime Measurement Pausing a Realtime Measurement Stopping a Realtime Measurement Performing a Reference Measurement Performing a Two-Port DUT Measurement Performing a Multi-Port DUT Measurement Cancelling a Reference or DUT Measurement Saving and Closing Measurements Saving a Measurement Closing Measurements Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

135 Starting a New Measurement Making Measurements Starting a New Measurement To start the complete new measurement procedure Click on. Or. In the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup menu, select New... If the current measurement setup is new or has been changed since it was opened, you will be asked if you want to save it before you proceed. Click on Yes to save it before you proceed. Click on No to continue without saving the measurement setup. Click on Cancel to abort starting a new measurement. Making a new measurement is described in Making a First Measurement on page 56. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 135

136 Making Measurements Checking or Selecting the Hardware for a Measurement Checking or Selecting the Hardware for a Measurement NOTE If you scan the GPIB, or change the hardware selection, you will need to start a new measurement (including the setting of the measurement parameters, and the making of a reference measurement) before you can make further measurements. If you do not intend to change the currently selected hardware, you can view it by: 1 In the Instrument toolbar, select, OR in the Instruments menu, select Show Instruments..., Click on an instrument to see its details. Click on beside an instrument or module to see its modules or connections. 136 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

137 Checking or Selecting the Hardware for a Measurement Making Measurements Identifying Which Hardware is Available If you have changed some of your hardware while the Photonic Analysis Toolbox has been running, or if you have added hardware, you can scan the instrument bus. In the Instrument toolbar, select, OR in the Instruments menu, select Scan for Instruments. The current measurement setup will be invalid if you scan for instruments. You are asked if you want to save it before you proceed. Click on Yes to save it before you proceed. Click on No to continue without saving the measurement setup. Click on Cancel to abort the scan for instruments. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 137

138 Making Measurements Checking or Selecting the Hardware for a Measurement Selecting Specific Instruments NOTE If you change the instrument selection, you may have to confirm the measurement parameters and make a reference measurement before you can make further measurements. If your measurement setup has more than one Optical Test Head, Lightwave Measurement System or Polarization Controller, you can select which is to be used for your measurements by: 1 In the Measurement toolbar, select OR In the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup submenu, select Reconfigure Instrument Setup... 2 Select the instruments you want to use from the pull-down menus - the instruments are identified by their IP or GPIB addresses. 3 When you have finished, click on the Next > button. 138 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

139 Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Making Measurements Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Selecting Measurement Parameters for Accuracy and Resolution Graphs of uncertainty as a function of the spectral averaging time and the number of averages are given in Supplementary dispersion measurement characteristicsa on page 219. The total time for each measurement cycle is closely related to the product of the spectral averaging time and the number of averages. You can optimize your measurement time by selecting the combination of spectral averaging time and number of averages that minimizes the test time, while producing results that are within the allowable measurement uncertainty for your test device. Checking the Measurement Parameters In the Workspace window, in the Setup View tab, double-click on Measurement Parameters. The measurement parameters are shown. If you want to edit the parameters 1 Click on the Edit button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 139

140 Making Measurements Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Setting the Measurement Parameters for All Parameter Mode If you are not already editing the measurement parameters, Click on. Or In the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup submenu, select Edit Parameters... If your measurement was initially setup in All Parameter mode, you will see the following window: Please note that this single window has tabs in the lower half for the Phase and Loss options. If this window is not shown, you will need to start a New measurement, as described in Starting a New Measurement on page 135. NOTE You can select DGD measurements even if DGD and PMD measurements are not possible on your All-Parameter Analyzer (option #005). However the DGD measurement will not be carried out, and the PMD analysis is not possible. 140 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

141 Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Making Measurements 1 Select the measurements Fast GD To make just a group delay measurement, using a single polarization state. Reference measurements are optional for the Fast GD measurement. Fast Loss To make just a loss measurement, using a single polarization state Reference measurements are optional for the Fast Loss measurement.. Fast GD and Fast Loss To make just a group delay and a loss measurement, using a single polarization state for the Fast GD, and a second single polarization state for the Fast Loss measurement. Reference measurements are optional for the Fast GD and Fast Loss measurements. GD/DGD To make both group delay and differential group delay measurements, using two polarization states. Reference measurements are required. Loss/PDL To make both loss and polarization dependent loss measurements, using four polarization states. Reference measurements are required. GD/DGD and Loss/PDL To make group delay, differential group delay, loss and polarization dependent loss measurements, using two polarization states for the GD/DGD measurement and four polarization states for the Loss/PDL measurement. Reference measurements are required. 2 Select the light path Transmission To measure in the transmission path only. Reflection To measure in the reflection path only. Transmission + Reflection To measure in both transmission and reflection paths. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 141

142 Making Measurements Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters 3 If you are running a GD/DGD measurement, you can also select to generate a Jones Matrix. The Jones matrix can only be generated during a measurement. It cannot later be generated from existing measurement data. Once generated, the Jones Matrix is saved with your measurement data, increasing the size of a measurement file by approximately 50%. 4 Set the start and stop wavelengths, and the step size for the sweep. The step size of the wavelength sweep limits the possible resolution bandwidth of the results for the group delay and differential group delay, as well as the resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis. For measurements in All Parameter mode, the maximum step size is 100 pm. The maximum wavelength span depends on the sweep speed of the tunable laser source. The dependency between span and sweep speed is given in Dispersion Measurement Specifications on page Set the measurement parameters for the phase measurements Click on the Phase Options tab to select this configuration if it is not already shown. a Select the number of scans. The measurement result that is displayed is averaged across the selected number of scans. Increasing the number of scans reduces the noise floor, but increases the measurement time. Graphs of uncertainty as a function of the spectral averaging time and the number of averages are given in Supplementary dispersion measurement characteristicsa on page 219. b Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the group delay and differential group delay results, by entering the size factor of the sliding window for the calculation of the group delay and differential group delay. The sliding window is of Gaussian shape, centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the 2σ value of the sliding window and is the product of the size factor and the step size for the sweep. The resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis is described in Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results on page 152 and Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion on page Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

143 Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Making Measurements 6 Set the sweep speed of the tunable laser by opening "Options..." and selecting the proper speed in "Phase Options": The higher the sweep speed the lower is the impact of environmental disturbances. Increasing sweep speed improves phase measurement accuracy. The maximum usable sweep speed depends on the device length to be tested. The dependency between sweep speed and device length is given in Dispersion Measurement Specifications on page Set the measurement parameters for the loss and polarization dependent loss measurements Click on the Loss Options tab to select this configuration if it is not already shown. a Select the Number of Sweeps to use for the measurement. Each sweep is performed at a different power sensor range, and the results are stitched together to provide an increased dynamic range. A single sweep provides a dynamic range of 35 db (typical), two sweeps provides a dynamic range of 50 db (typical), three sweeps provides the specified dynamic range of over 55 db in the transmission path and over 45 db in the reflection path. Increasing the number of sweeps increases the measurement time. To set the start of the power sensor range for your measurement, please refer to Setting the Start Range for the Power Sensor on page 149. To set the start of the coherence control for the Tunable Laser Source Module, please refer to Controlling the Quality of the Laser Signal on page 149. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 143

144 Making Measurements Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Setting the Measurement Parameters in Expert Mode NOTE Certain changes will invalidate the current reference data (see Changing Parameters Without Invalidating Reference Data on page 148). If the reference data has been invalidated, you must perform a new reference measurement before you can make further measurements. If you are not already setting the measurement parameters Click on. Or In the Measurement menu, select Edit Parameters... If your measurement was initially setup in Expert mode, you will see the following window: Please note that this window is one of two. The first offers the full set of parameters for phase measurements, the second offers the full set of parameters for loss measurements. If these window are not shown, you will need to start a New measurement, as described in Starting a New Measurement on page 135. NOTE You can select DGD measurements even if DGD and PMD measurements are not possible on your All-Parameter Analyzer (option #005). However the DGD measurement will not be carried out, and the PMD analysis is not possible. 144 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

145 Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Making Measurements 1 For the phase measurement a Select the measurement Fast GD To make just a group delay measurement, using a single polarization state. Reference measurements are optional for the Fast GD measurement. GD/DGD To make both group delay and differential group delay measurements, using two polarization states. Reference measurements are required. Off To skip the measurement of group delay and differential group delay b Select the light path Transmission To measure in the transmission path only. Reflection To measure in the reflection path only. Both To measure in both transmission and reflection paths. c d e If you are running a GD/DGD measurement, you can also select to generate a Jones Matrix. The Jones matrix can only be generated during a measurement. It cannot be generated from existing measurement data. Once generated, the Jones Matrix is saved with your measurement data, increasing the size of a measurement file by approximately 50%. Set the start and stop wavelengths, and the step size for the sweep. The step size of the wavelength sweep limits the possible resolution bandwidth of the results for the group delay and differential group delay, as well as the resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis. For phase measurements, the maximum step size is 100 pm. The maximum wavelength span depends on the sweep speed of the tunable laser source. The dependency between span and sweep speed is given in Dispersion Measurement Specifications on page 218. Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the group delay and differential group delay results, by entering the size factor of the sliding window for the calculation of the group delay and differential group delay. The sliding window is of Gaussian shape, centered on the current wavelength. The resolution bandwidth is the 2σ value of the sliding window and Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 145

146 Making Measurements Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters f g is the product of the size factor and the step size for the sweep. The resolution bandwidth of the chromatic dispersion analysis is described in Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results on page 152 and Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion on page 178. Select the number of scans. The measurement result that is displayed is averaged across the selected number of scans. Increasing the number of scans reduces the noise floor, but increases the measurement time. Set the sweep speed of the tunable laser by opening "Options..." and selecting the proper speed in "Phase Options": The higher the sweep speed the lower is the impact of environmental disturbances. Increasing sweep speed improves phase measurement accuracy. The maximum usable sweep speed depends on the device length to be tested. The dependency between sweep speed and device length is given in Dispersion Measurement Specifications on page If you have finished setting all the measurement parameters, click on the Next> button. Certain changes will invalidate the current reference data (see Changing Parameters Without Invalidating Reference Data on page 148). If the reference data has been invalidated, you must perform a new reference measurement before you can make further measurements. 3 Set up the Loss measurements. 146 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

147 Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Making Measurements a Select the Measurement Fast Loss To make just a loss measurement, using a single polarization state Reference measurements are optional for the Fast Loss measurement. Loss/PDL To make both loss and polarization dependent loss measurements, using four polarization states. Reference measurements are required. Off To skip the measurement of loss and polarization dependent loss b Select the light path Transmission To measure in the transmission path only. Reflection To measure in the reflection path only. Both To measure in both transmission and reflection paths. c d If you have set a phase measurement, select Use Phase settings to reuse the start and stop wavelengths, and the step size for the sweep that you set for the phase measurement. Or, set the start and stop wavelengths, and the step size for the sweep. For loss measurements, the maximum step size is 200pm. Select the Number of Sweeps to use for the measurement. Each sweep is performed at a different power sensor range, and the results are stitched together to provide an increased dynamic range. A single sweep provides a dynamic range of 35dB (typical), two sweeps provides a dynamic range of 50dB (typical), three sweeps provides the specified dynamic range of over 55dB in the transmission path and over 45dB in the reflection path. Increasing the number of sweeps increases the measurement time. To set the start of the power sensor range for your measurement, please refer to Setting the Start Range for the Power Sensor on page 149. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 147

148 Making Measurements Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters 4 If you have finished setting all the measurement parameters, click on Finish. Click on Yes to change the parameters. Click on No to preserve the current parameters. Certain changes will invalidate the current reference data (see Changing Parameters Without Invalidating Reference Data on page 148). If the reference data has been invalidated, you must perform a new reference measurement before you can make further measurements. Changing Parameters Without Invalidating Reference Data The reference data remain valid when you: increase the start wavelength or reduce the stop wavelength by any multiple of the step wavelength. (The grid of the measured data points is not affected), or switch from Both transmission and reflection to either Transmission or Reflection only. For loss measurement parameters, the reference data remain valid when you: change the PWM start range, change the number of sweeps, or switch from IL/PDL to Fast IL. For phase measurement parameters, the reference data remain valid when you: change the number of averages, or change the number of data points for averaging, as long as the resulting resolution bandwidth is below 200pm. If the resulting resolution bandwidth is larger than 200pm, the resolution bandwidth of the reference measurement and the DUT measurement have to match. 148 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

149 Checking or Setting the Measurement Parameters Making Measurements Setting the Start Range for the Power Sensor 1 Click on the Options button. 2 Select the start range for the power sensor for the Transmission path. The default value is Automatic, in which case the start range is chosen for a DUT with zero-loss. 3 Select the start range for the power sensor for the Reflection path. The default value is Automatic, in which case the start range is chosen for a DUT with zero-loss. Controlling the Quality of the Laser Signal 1 Click on the Options button. 2 Click beside Coherence Control to switch this on and off. Coherence Control has no effect on the time taken to make a measurement. 3 Select the maximum sweep speed. A faster sweep speed reduces the time taken for the measurement. A slower speed assists measuring devices with very steep spectral features or allow the instrument to use longer averaging times to reduce noise for weak signals from a high-loss DUT. The default value is Automatic. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 149

150 Making Measurements Entering Information for the DUT Entering Information for the DUT 1 In the Measurement toolbar, select. OR In the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup submenu, select DUT Information... The DUT information is displayed. 2 Click on the Edit button. 3 Enter the DUT identification and serial number. 4 If it is known, add the temperature of the DUT, and any additional comments you may have. 5 Click on the OK button. 150 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

151 Entering the Operator ID Making Measurements Entering the Operator ID 1 In the Measurement menu, in the Measurement Setup submenu, select Properties... The measurement information is displayed. 2 Click on the Edit button. 3 Enter the operator identification. 4 Click on the OK button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 151

152 Making Measurements Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results 1 In the Measurement toolbar, select OR In the Analysis menu, select Auto-Analysis Setup... 2 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside Loss Analysis or Phase Analysis, depending on which auto-analyses you want to perform. Click on the Next > button. 152 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

153 Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results Making Measurements 3 If you selected Loss Analysis. a Click on the boxes to set a check mark in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to perform (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). Click on the Next > button. b If you selected Peak Analysis, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, NdB Offset, and the ITU Channel Spacing. These parameters are described in greater detail in Reanalyze Loss... on page 89. c If you selected notch analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, Drop Range Bandwidth, and the ITU Channel Spacing. These parameters are described in greater detail in Reanalyze Loss... on page If you selected phase analyses, set the Resolution Bandwidth of the Chromatic Dispersion analysis by entering the number of adjacent samples used in the sliding window for the calculation. The resolution bandwidth is the product of the number of samples and the step size used for the wavelength sweep of the original measurement. 5 Click on the Finish button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 153

154 Making Measurements Saving the Current Measurement Setup Saving the Current Measurement Setup The measurement setup saved to disk includes the current hardware setup, the measurement parameters and the results of the reference measurements. To save the measurement setup with the current name 1 In the File menu, select Save Measurement Setup. Saving a Measurement Setup with a Different Name 1 In the File menu, select Save Measurement Setup As... 2 Enter the name for the file. 3 Click on the Save button. 154 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

155 Repeating Earlier Measurements Making Measurements Repeating Earlier Measurements There are two ways of repeating an earlier measurement for the same or a different DUT, either by Loading an Existing Measurement Setup, or by Using the Measurement Setup from a Previous Measurement that is already opened. Loading an Existing Measurement Setup NOTE If you load a measurement setup from another Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, or a measurement setup that is more than 24 hours old, you should make a new reference measurement, to ensure the system performs according to its specifications, before you make further measurements. The measurement setup loaded from disk includes the hardware setup, the measurement parameters and the results of the reference measurements. 1 In the File menu, select Open Measurement Setup. If the current measurement setup is new or has been changed since it was opened, you will be asked if you want to save it before you proceed. Click on Yes to save it before you proceed. Click on No to continue without saving the measurement setup. Click on Cancel to abort loading an existing measurement setup. 2 Select the file from which the measurement setup is to be loaded. 3 If you want to make sure the file cannot be overwritten, make sure the box beside Open As Read Only is checked. 4 Press on the OK button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 155

156 Making Measurements Repeating Earlier Measurements Using the Measurement Setup from a Previous Measurement NOTE If you use a measurement setup from a measurement made on another Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, or a measurement setup that is more than 24 hours old, you should make a new reference measurement, to ensure the system performs according to its specifications, before you make further measurements. 1 Make sure the measurement from which you want to use the measurement setup is open (see Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements on page 174) and that it is selected as the current measurement: a In the Measurement menu, select Set as Active Measurement. b Click on the measurement from the submenu that you want to set as the active measurement. 2 In the Measurement menu, select Create Setup from Active Measurement. If the current measurement setup is new or has been changed since it was opened, you will be asked if you want to save it before you proceed. Click on Yes to save it before you proceed. Click on No to continue without saving the measurement setup. Click on Cancel to abort creating the measurement setup from an previous measurement. 156 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

157 Zeroing the Power Sensors Making Measurements Zeroing the Power Sensors Click on. Or In the Instruments menu, select Zero all Power Sensors. Disconnect any fibers and put protective caps on the input and output of the Optical Test Head. Click on the Ok > button. The power sensors are zeroed. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 157

158 Making Measurements Performing a Realtime Measurement Performing a Realtime Measurement WARNING CAUTION The realtime measurement lets you check that your test device, and other components are connected correctly, and lets you confirm measurement parameters, such as the wavelength range. This can be particularly useful when measuring dispersion properties for devices such as Dispersion Compensating Gratings. Never look directly into the end of a fiber or a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal in the fiber. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. 1 If they are not already attached, attach patchcords to the input and output of the Optical Test Head. 2 Connect or splice the DUT from the input to the output of the Optical Test Head. Fix the DUT on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head, and fix the input and output fibers, using the fiber clamps. 3 Click on. Or In the Measurement menu, select Start Realtime Measurement. After a delay the first results are shown, and are then updated frequently (typically once a second, depending on the sweep range). 158 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

159 Performing a Realtime Measurement Making Measurements Pausing a Realtime Measurement Click on. Or In the Measurement menu, select Pause Realtime Measurement. You can now adjust your measurement setup. Restarting a Paused Realtime Measurement Click on. Or In the Measurement menu, select Start Realtime Measurement. Stopping a Realtime Measurement Click on. Or In the Measurement menu, select Stop Realtime Measurement. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 159

160 Making Measurements Performing a Reference Measurement Performing a Reference Measurement NOTE # To meet the full Loss and PDL specifications, please zero the power sensors before you perform a reference measurement. See Zeroing the Power Sensors on page 157 for information on how to zero the power sensors. Click on. Or In the Measurement menu, select Start Reference. WARNING CAUTION you Never look directly into a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal. 1 You are prompted to start the Initialization Reference. If the system has been initialized recently and the hardware and measurement setup has not been changed, click on the Next > button to skip the Initialization Reference. a It is recommended that you zero the power sensors before beginning the reference measurement. If the power sensors have been zeroed recently and the setup has not be changed, click on the box to remove the check mark. 160 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

161 Performing a Reference Measurement Making Measurements b If you have changed the setup, or if you want to ensure meeting the specifications, click on the Start... button. If you are zeroing the power meters, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for the Initialization Measurement by disconnecting any fibers and putting protective caps on the input and output of the Optical Test Head. Click on the OK button. The power sensors are zeroed and the initialization reference is made. c If you are not zeroing the power meters, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for the Initialization Measurement by disconnecting any fibers from the input and the output of the Optical Test Head. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 161

162 Making Measurements Performing a Reference Measurement Click on the OK button. The Initialization Reference runs. 2 When the Initialization Reference finishes, press the Next button. You are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for the Reference Measurement. a Select the type of reference measurement you want to perform. b Click on the Start... button. 3 If you have selected a transmission reference measurement, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for this measurement. a b c d Connect or splice the Transmission Reference Fiber from the input to the output of the Optical Test Head. Place the Transmission Reference Fiber on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head. Click on the OK button. The reference transmission measurement runs in one or two cycles, depending on the measurements selected, to calibrate the transmission path for the Loss/PDL measurements and then for the GD/DGD measurements. Disconnect the Transmission Reference Fiber from the Optical Test Head. If there are other reference measurement tasks to be done, click on the Start... button. 162 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

163 Performing a Reference Measurement Making Measurements Transmission To measure a reference in the transmission path only. This option is only available if your measurement parameters specify only a measurement in the transmission path. Reflection To measure a reference in the reflection path only using a reflective reference device. This option is only available if your measurement parameters specify only a measurement in the reflection path. Terminated Reflection To measure a reference in the reflection path using a reflective reference device and include a reference with a termination device. This option is only available if your measurement parameters specify only a measurement in the reflection path. The measurement of the terminated reflection reference extends the time for the reference measurement, but adds to the overall accuracy of the results. Transmission and Reflection To measure a reference in both transmission and reflection paths. Transmission and Terminated Reflection To measure a reference in both transmission and reflection paths, including a termination reference. The measurement of the terminated reflection reference extends the time for the reference measurement, but adds to the overall accuracy of the results. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. NOTE 4 If you have selected a reflection reference measurement, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for this measurement. Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 163

164 Making Measurements Performing a Reference Measurement 5 Connect or splice the Reflectance Reference Device a b c d to the output of the Optical Test Head. Place the Reflectance Reference Fiber on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head. Fix the fiber using the fiber clamps. Click on the OK button. The reference reflection measurement runs in one or two cycles, depending on the measurements selected, to calibrate the reflection path for the Loss/PDL measurements and for the GD/DGD measurements. If there are other reference measurement tasks to be done, click on the Start... button. 6 If you have selected a terminated reflection reference measurement, you are prompted to set up the Optical Test Head for this measurement. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. a b Connect or splice a termination to the output of the Optical Test Head. You can make a termination as described in Making a Termination on page 51, or you can use any termination with a return loss greater than 70dB. Place the termination in the optical bench of the Optical Test Head. Fix the fiber using the fiber clamps. See Using the Termination Rod on page 51 and Using the Fiber Clamps on page 49 for more information on making a termination and fixing the fiber. 164 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

165 Performing a Reference Measurement Making Measurements c d Click on the OK button. The reference termination measurement runs. If there are other reference measurement tasks to be done, click on the Start... button. 7 Disconnect the fiber from the Optical Test Head. 8 Click on the Finish button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 165

166 Making Measurements Performing a Two-Port DUT Measurement Performing a Two-Port DUT Measurement WARNING CAUTION Never look directly into the end of a fiber or a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal in the fiber. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. 1 If they are not already attached, attach patchcords to the input and output of the Optical Test Head. 2 Click on OR From the Measurement menu, select Start DUT Measurement. 3 Click on.in the DUT Measurement Control panel. 4 Connect or splice the DUT from the input to the output of the Optical Test Head. Fix the DUT on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head, and fix the input and output fibers, using the fiber clamps. See Using the DUT Holder on page 52 and Using the Fiber Clamps on page 49 for more information on fixing the DUT and the fibers. The measurement runs, showing the measurement status as it progresses. When the measurement finishes, the results are shown. 5 When you have finished measuring your device, click on in the DUT Measurement Control panel. To measure further devices, click on, and repeat step 3 to step Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

167 Performing a Multi-Port DUT Measurement Making Measurements Performing a Multi-Port DUT Measurement WARNING CAUTION Never look directly into the end of a fiber or a connector, unless you are absolutely certain that there is no signal in the fiber. NOTE Please make sure that any optical connectors that you are using are clean before making a connection. 1 If they are not already attached, attach patchcords to the input and output of the Optical Test Head. 2 Click on OR From the Measurement menu, select Start DUT Measurement. 3 Click on. 4 Connect or splice the DUT from the input to the output of the Optical Test Head. Fix the DUT on the optical bench of the Optical Test Head, and fix the input and output fibers, using the fiber clamps. See Using the DUT Holder on page 52 and Using the Fiber Clamps on page 49 for more information on fixing the DUT and the fibers. The measurement runs, showing the measurement status as it progresses. When the measurement finishes, the results are shown. 5 Click on, and repeat step 3 to step 4 for the next output port. If you want to abort the measurement of a port, click on. This will affect only the port that is currently being measured. 6 When you have finished measuring all the ports of your device, click on. To measure further devices, click on, and repeat step 3 to step 6. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 167

168 Making Measurements Cancelling a Reference or DUT Measurement Cancelling a Reference or DUT Measurement To cancel the current reference or DUT measurement click the Cancel button in the measurement status box. The cancellation of the measurement can take several seconds. 168 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

169 Saving and Closing Measurements Making Measurements Saving and Closing Measurements If you want to use a measurement for further reference or analysis, you should save it. When you have finished analyzing a measurement, you should close it to remove it from memory. Saving a Measurement 1 In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Save. You can also save the active measurement, in the File menu, by selecting Save Active Measurement. Saving a Measurement with a Different Name 1 In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Save As... 2 Enter the name for the file. 3 Click on the Save button. You can also save the active measurement with a Different Name 1 In the File menu, select Save Active Measurement As... 2 Enter the name for the file. 3 Click on the Save button. Saving All Measurements 1 In the File menu, select Save All. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 169

170 Making Measurements Saving and Closing Measurements Closing Measurements 1 In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Close. You can also save the active measurement, in the File menu, by selecting Close Active Measurement. Closing All Measurements 1 In the File menu, select Close All. 170 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

171 5 Analyzing Results This chapter describes how to analyze recently measured and previously stored results. This includes configuring and analyzing graphical and tabular results, and how to export results for further analysis and save them. Opening a Previous Measurement for Analysis Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements.174 Selecting the Curves to Display Opening and Closing Graph Windows Eliminating Noisy Sections from the Displayed Graphs Examining the Measurement Conditions Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion Reanalyzing the CD Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Changing between Wavelength and Frequency Zooming In and Out Using Markers to Analyze Curves Analyzing PMD, or Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband Analyzing PMD Over Passband Analyzing Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband Using Results in Your Documentation Copying Graphs into Documentation Printing Graphs Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 171

172 Analyzing Results Printing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Changing between Wavelength and Frequency Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss Comparing Loss Analyses for Several Measurements Arranging the Analysis Table Exporting Data for Further Processing Exporting Trace Data Exporting the Jones Matrix Exporting the Mueller Matrix Saving and Closing Analyses Saving Measurements Closing Measurements Closing All Measurements Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

173 Opening a Previous Measurement for Analysis Analyzing Results Opening a Previous Measurement for Analysis If you want to open one or more previous measurements in the File menu, select Open on The Standard Toolbar use, or press CTRL+O on the keyboard to open a file browser window to select and load measurement results or analyses from files (*.omr). To open a single file: 1 Click on the file. 2 Click on the Open button. To open a number of files: If the files are listed one after the other, a b Click on the first file. Press SHIFT and click on the last file. c Click on the Open button. If the files are not listed one after the other, a b c d Click on the first file. Press CTRL and click on the next file. Repeat step b until all of the files you want to open are highlighted. Click on the Open button. The last measurement you open automatically becomes the active measurement. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 173

174 Analyzing Results Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements The curves that are displayed depend on two factors: which curves are selected for display, and which graph windows are open. Selecting the Curves to Display Loading a new measurement, or changing the active measurement, automatically displays all the curves and analysis tables associated with the new active measurement. Any curves or analysis tables for the previous active measurement are deselected. To view all the curves for the active measurement 1 In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the active measurement name, select Show Analysis and Measurement Data. To select a particular set of curves from the active and non-active measurements. 1 In the Workspace window, select the Curve View tab. 2 Click on beside a measurement name to see which results are available. 174 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

175 Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements Analyzing Results Click on beside a measurement name to hide the results that are available for it. Click on the check box beside a measurement name to toggle between show ( ) and hide ( ) for all the results for that measurement. If the corresponding graph windows are not already open, they are opened automatically. Click on the check box beside a measurement path to toggle between show ( ) and hide ( ) for all the results for that measurement path. If the corresponding graph windows are not already open, they are opened automatically. Click on the check box beside a result to toggle between show ( ) and hide ( ) for the result. If the corresponding graph window is not already open, it is opened automatically. NOTE If a graph window is empty, it probably indicates the measured results for the DUT were outside the specified range of the All-Parameter Analyzer. For example, if you were to specify a reflection loss measurement for a patchcord, the resulting Loss Reflection graph window would be empty. See Opening and Closing Graph Windows on page 176 for information on how to open or close graph windows to display the curves you have selected, or to close empty graph windows. For information on the measurements, see Examining the Measurement Conditions on page 177. Showing the Calculation Curves for Loss and PDL To view the minimum and maximum loss curves, click with the right mouse button on Measurement Curves in the Curve View tab of the Workspace window to open the Curve View Root context menu. Select Show Min/Max Loss Curves to make the Loss Min and Loss Max curves available for display, in addition to the Loss Average curve which is normally displayed. You can now select these curves for display, as described above. The curves are displayed in the Loss graph window. To view the calculation loss curves used to calculate PDL, Select Show PDL Calculation Loss Curves to make the Loss: Linear Horizontal, Loss: Linear +45, Loss: Linear -45, and Loss: Right Circular available for display. The Linear Horizontal, Linear +45, Linear -45 and Right Circular are the measured loss curves. The Min, Max, Average and PDL curves are calculated from them. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 175

176 Analyzing Results Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements You can now select the linear horizontal, linear +45, linear -45, and right-hand circular polarization loss curves for display, as described above. The curves are displayed in the Loss graph window. Opening and Closing Graph Windows Any combination of Graph windows can be selected. The selected curves are displayed in the windows that are open. See Selecting the Curves to Display on page 174 for information on how to select curves. In the Graph menu, in the Transmission or Reflection submenu, select the graphs you want to view. Select Loss, PDL, GD, DGD, or CD in the submenu to activate any individual graph or combination of these graphs. If you want to view a particular curve immediately, In the Curve View tab of the Workspace window, double-click on the result, or click with the right mouse button on the result, select Activate. The curve is selected (if it is not already selected), and the graph window is opened. Eliminating Noisy Sections from the Displayed Graphs By defining a noise threshold, sections of the curves that contain no useful information can be suppressed on the screen. The Loss curve in the measurement path for the currently active graph is compared with the threshold that you enter. For any wavelength on the Loss curve that has a signal strength below the noise threshold the curve is eliminated in the all corresponding graph windows for the measurement path. Noise suppression can only be applied to measurements that use the same parameters as the loss measurement. The full Loss curve continues to be displayed. 1 Identify the lowest signal level of interest on the loss curve. 2 In the Graph menu, select Noise Suppression... 3 Enter the value for the threshold and click on the OK button. 176 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

177 Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements Analyzing Results Examining the Measurement Conditions To examine the DUT information, the measurement parameters or the instrument setup, 1 In the Workspace window, click on the Measurement View tab. 2 Make sure the measurement you want to examine is expanded (click on, if necessary) 3 Double-click on DUT Information to see, or edit, the information about the device under test. Double-click on Measurement Parameters to see the parameters used for the measurement. Double-click on Instrument Setup to see the setup used for the measurement. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 177

178 Analyzing Results Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion The initial curve for chromatic dispersion (CD) is determined by how you configured the automatic phase analysis. See Setting up the Auto- Analysis of Results on page 152 for information on setting up the automatic analysis. Reanalyzing the CD If you did not configure a phase analysis, or if you would like to reanalyze the chromatic dispersion, or to apply the same analysis to a number of measurements so you can compare them: 1 In the Analysis menu, select Reanalyze Phase... 2 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside the measurements you want to reanalyze. 3 Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the Chromatic Dispersion analysis by entering the number of adjacent samples used in the sliding window for the calculation. The resolution bandwidth is the product of the number of samples and the step size used for the wavelength sweep of the original measurement. 4 Click on the OK button. 178 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

179 Analyzing Chromatic Dispersion Analyzing Results Reanalyzing CD for the Active Measurement This is an alternative to reanalyzing CD when you just want to change the analysis for the active measurement. 1 In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Reanalyze Phase. 2 Set the Resolution Bandwidth of the Chromatic Dispersion analysis by entering the number of adjacent samples used in the sliding window for the calculation. The resolution bandwidth is the product of the number of samples and the step size used for the wavelength sweep of the original measurement. 3 Click on the OK button. The chromatic dispersion is shown as a graph for the available light paths for the measurement. See Viewing Curves for New and Previous Measurements on page 174 for details on how to display the chromatic dispersion curve. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 179

180 Analyzing Results Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window The Graph window lets you view the detail on the curves, and position markers on the curves to measure values and differences. Changing between Wavelength and Frequency To change the position values on the graph to wavelength (nm): In the X-Axes Dimension toolbar, select OR in the Options menu, in the X-Axes Dimension submenu, select Wavelength. To change the position values on the graph to frequency (THz): In the X-Axes Dimension toolbar, select OR in the Options menu, in the X-Axes Dimension submenu, select Frequency. 180 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

181 Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Analyzing Results Zooming In and Out Zooming In on the Curves in a Graph Window 1 Click on one corner of the area of interest and, holding down the left mouse button, drag a rectangle to the opposite corner of the area of interest. 2 Release the mouse button. If you can only zoom along the y-axis, check that the zoom is selected for the main curves (see Zooming on the Orientation Curve on page 187 for information on returning to normal zooming). Returning to the Previous Zoom for a Graph Window Double-click anywhere in the graph window. Zooming All Graphs Identically If you have zoomed in on an area of interest in one graph window, and want to compare the same wavelength range for all the graph windows: 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Synchronize X Axis. The X-axis of all open graph windows is synchronized. The zooming in the Y-axis is unaffected. If you want to zoom in the Y-axis, you should do this before synchronizing the X-axis. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 181

182 Analyzing Results Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Zooming Out Fully for a Graph Window 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Zoom. 3 Select Zoom Out. The same function is available by double-clicking twice in the graph window. Zooming Out Fully for All Graph Windows Click on the icon. OR In the Graph menu, select Zoom Out All. 182 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

183 Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Analyzing Results Using Markers to Analyze Curves Four markers are provided. Use the two vertical markers, λ/ν 1 and λ/ν 2, to determine wavelength or frequency on the curves. Use the two horizontal markers, like (Loss 1 and Loss 2, GD 1 and GD 2, or DGD 1 and DGD 2, depending on the graph window) to determine loss, GD, DGD, etc. on the curves. The positions of the markers are given at the bottom of the Graph window. The third pair of values shows the difference in wavelength or frequency, λ/ ν, between the positions of the vertical markers, and the difference in loss, GD, DGD or CD,, between the horizontal markers. Moving Vertical Markers 1 Move the cursor over the vertical marker. When the cursor is over the marker it changes to. 2 Click on the marker and drag it to the new position. If the markers are locked together, the horizontal marker corresponding to the vertical marker you have moved will move to the point where the vertical marker intersects the curve of the active measurement. See Locking the λ/ν and Loss/Delay/Dispersion Markers Together on page 183 for information on locking the vertical and horizontal markers together. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 183

184 Analyzing Results Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Moving Horizontal Markers 1 Make sure the marker is free (see Positioning the Four Markers Freely on page 184). If the horizontal markers are not free, you can only position them by moving the corresponding vertical marker, as described in Moving Vertical Markers on page Move the cursor over the horizontal marker. When the cursor is over the marker it changes to. 3 Click on the marker and drag it to the new position. Positioning Both Markers on the Curve 1 Make sure the markers are locked together (see Locking the λ/ν and Loss/Delay/Dispersion Markers Together on page 183). 2 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window on the curve at the point where you want to position the markers - when you are on the curve the cursor is shown. Select Lock Marker AC to position the λ/ν 1, and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 1 marker at the point where you clicked. Select Lock Marker BD to position the λ/ν 2, and Loss/Delay/Dispersion 2 marker at the point where you clicked. Positioning the Four Markers Freely 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Marker. 3 Select Free. You can now position the vertical and horizontal markers independently. 184 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

185 Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Analyzing Results Locking the λ/ν and Loss/Delay/Dispersion Markers Together 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Marker. Select Locked to Curve so that as you move the λ/ν marker it moves smoothly along the curve. The corresponding Loss/Delay/Dispersion marker will show the loss, GD, DGD or CD on the curve. Select Locked to sample so that as you move the λ/ν marker it steps from measurement sample to measurement sample. The corresponding Loss/Delay/Dispersion marker will show the loss, GD, DGD or CD on the curve. Switching the Markers Off Click on the icon. OR 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Marker. 3 Select Off. To turn the markers back on again: Click on the icon again. OR In the Graph menu, select Show Markers. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 185

186 Analyzing Results Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Using the Orientation Curve The Orientation Curve puts the Loss Average curve for the measurement path in the background of the graph window to give you a common element to help comparisons between different curves. The axis for the orientation curve is shown at the right side of the graph. Orientation Curve Axis Main Curve Orientation Curve Turning On the Orientation Curve in All Graph Windows Click on the icon. OR In the Graph menu, select Show Orientation Curves. Turning On or Off the Orientation Curve in a Graph Window 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Select Loss Orientation Curve. 186 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

187 Analyzing a Curve in the Graph Window Analyzing Results Zooming on the Orientation Curve If you need to see more detail on the Orientation Curve to correlate information from two different graph windows: 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Zoom. 3 Select Orientation Curve. You can now zoom on the orientation curve: 1 Click at the top of the area of interest and, holding down the left mouse button, drag to the bottom of the area of interest. 2 Release the mouse button. The Orientation Curve will be zoomed in the y-axis only. The main curve and the zooming in the x-axis are unaffected. To return to normal zooming 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Zoom. 3 Select Main Curves. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 187

188 Analyzing Results Analyzing PMD, or Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband Analyzing PMD, or Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband In many cases you are interested in Analyzing PMD Over Passband or Analyzing Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband. 188 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

189 Analyzing PMD, or Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband Analyzing Results Analyzing PMD Over Passband The PMD over passband can only be measured on the Differential Group Delay curve, as the wavelength-averaged DGD. 1 Click with the right mouse button on the DGD graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Marker. 3 Select Averaging/PMD Window 4 If it is not already being displayed, select the Loss Orientation Curve (as described in Using the Orientation Curve 186). 5 Position the two markers at the lower and upper wavelengths or frequencies of the passband: a Move the cursor over the vertical marker. When the cursor is over the marker it changes to. b Click on the marker and drag it to the new position. When both of the markers are positioned, the value for the PMD as averaged DGD in the highlighted passband is shown below the graph. If there is more than one curve in the window, right click on the curve - when you are on the curve the cursor is shown - and select Apply Averaging/PMD Window. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 189

190 Analyzing Results Analyzing PMD, or Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband Analyzing Average Loss, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion Over Passband The average can be measured on the PDL or Loss Average, Group Delay or Chromatic Dispersion curve. 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Click on Marker. 3 Select Averaging/PMD Window. 4 If it is not already being displayed, select the Loss Orientation Curve (as described in Using the Orientation Curve 186). 5 Position the two markers at the lower and upper wavelengths or frequencies of the passband: a Move the cursor over the vertical marker. When the cursor is over the marker it changes to. b Click on the marker and drag it to the new position. When both of the markers are positioned, the value for the average in the highlighted passband is shown below the graph. 190 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

191 Using Results in Your Documentation Analyzing Results Using Results in Your Documentation You can print graphs, or paste the contents of the graph windows into your other documents. For information on using tabular results in your documentation, see Exporting Data for Further Processing on page 207. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 191

192 Analyzing Results Using Results in Your Documentation Copying Graphs into Documentation NOTE Before you start to copy a graph for use in a documentation, make sure the graph is displayed on the screen as you want to use it in your documentation. That is Make sure the correct area is zoomed. Make sure the markers are positioned correctly. Make sure the orientation curve is selected or deselected, as required. Make sure the size and aspect ratio of the graph are more or less correct for use in your documentation. You can adjust these in most word processing packages, but large adjustments can mean that the axis labelling becomes illegible, or that the resolution is insufficient. Choosing a small size increases the relative label size. 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. 2 Select Copy to Clipboard. You can now paste the graph into your document (assuming this is supported by the application you are using to generate your documentation). 192 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

193 Using Results in Your Documentation Analyzing Results Printing Graphs Setting up the Printer Before you print any graphs, make sure the printer is set up correctly. To do this you In the File menu, select Printer Setup... The rest of the procedure is specific to your printer, but the graph will be formatted to fit the size and orientation of the selected paper, so in particular make sure the correct size of paper and the correct orientation (Portrait or Landscape) is selected. Printing Individual Graphs Before you print a graph, make sure it is displayed on the screen as you want to print it. That is Make sure the correct area is zoomed. Make sure the markers are positioned correctly. Make sure the orientation curve is selected or deselected, as required. 1 Click with the right mouse button on the graph window away from the curve - when you are away from the curve the,,,, or cursor is shown. If you want to check your graph before you print it, a select Print Preview. b If the layout is correct, click on the Print button. If the layout is not correct, click on the Close button, make the necessary adjustments and repeat the procedure. If you just want to print the graph, select Print Graph... 2 Make sure the correct printer is selected, and the settings of your printer driver are okay. 3 Click on the OK button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 193

194 Analyzing Results Using Results in Your Documentation Printing Results A printout of the results of a measurement includes the measurement and analysis setup any graphs which contain one or more curves (including such graphs that are currently minimized on the screen), and the tables for the active measurement result or analysis. Before you print a result, make sure any graphs in the result are displayed on the screen as you want to print them. That is Make sure correct area is zoomed. Make sure the markers are positioned correctly. Make sure the orientation curve is selected or deselected, as required. 1 If you want to check your printout before you print it: a b In the File menu, select Print Preview. If the layout is correct, click on the Print button. If the layout is not correct, click on the Close button, make the necessary adjustments and repeat the procedure. If you just want to print the result: In the File menu, select Print. 2 Make sure the correct printer is selected, and the settings of your printer driver are okay. 3 Click on the OK button. 194 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

195 Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Analyzing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Loading a new measurement, or changing the active measurement, automatically displays all the curves and analysis tables associated with the new active measurement. Any curves or analysis tables for the previous active measurement are deselected. To display the results of more than one measurement in the analysis tables, the analyses must be equivalent. This is described in Comparing Loss Analyses for Several Measurements on page 205. The initial values in the peak and notch loss analysis tables are determined by how you configured the automatic loss analysis. See Setting up the Auto-Analysis of Results on page 152 for information on setting up the automatic analysis. Changing between Wavelength and Frequency To change the position values in the table to wavelength (nm): In the X-Axes Dimension toolbar, select OR in the Options menu, in the X-Axes Dimension submenu, select Wavelength. To change the position values in the table to frequency (THz): In the X-Axes Dimension toolbar, select OR in the Options menu, in the X-Axes Dimension submenu, select Frequency. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 195

196 Analyzing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss NOTE If you want to compare a number of different loss analyses, see Comparing Loss Analyses for Several Measurements on page 205. NOTE Meaningful results for Peak and Notch analyses are only possible for measurements of devices with peak or notch characteristics. If you did not configure an automatic loss analysis, or if you would like to reanalyze the generic, peak or notch loss, or to apply the same analysis to a number of measurements to make the data comparable in external applications: 1 In the Analysis menu, select Reanalyze Loss... 2 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside the measurements you want to reanalyze. Click on the Next > button. The results of the generic analysis are shown on the Generic tab of the Analysis table window. The columns displayed are: Color Measurement Light Path Curve Indicates the color of the corresponding graph The name of the file in which the measurement is stored. Whether the measurement was made in the transmission or reflection light path The type of measurement (PDL, Loss,...). 196 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

197 Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Analyzing Results loss Wvl or Frq at Min Min Loss λ/ν Wvl or Frq at Max Max Loss Min Loss [db] Wvl at Min [nm] Frq at Min [THz] Max Loss [db] Wvl at Max [nm] Frq at Max [THz] The minimum loss measured. The wavelength or frequency at which the minimum loss was measured The maximum loss measured. The wavelength or frequency at which the maximum loss was measured 3 If you selected peak analysis, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, NdB Offset, and the ITU Channel Spacing. The ITU Channel Spacing (in the frequency domain) defines which of the channels, as defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), are being used. NOTE The Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer uses THz as the ITU Channel 0 frequency. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 197

198 Analyzing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table The Channel Bandwidth is the nominal value of the width of each channel, centered around the ITU channel frequency. loss ITU Channel Spacing Channel Bandwidth ITU Channel n ITU Channeln+1 ν The NdB Offset defines a change in signal loss indicating the effective width of the channel. For example, for a 3dB bandwidth, the value for NdB Offset should be set to 3. NdB Offset The results of the peak analysis are shown on the peak tab of the Analysis table window. The columns displayed are: Color Measurement Light Path Curve Indicates the color of the corresponding graph The name of the file in which the measurement is stored. Whether the measurement was made in the transmission or reflection light path The type of measurement (PDL, Loss,...). Channel Bandwidth loss Loss at Peak Max Loss Passband λ/ν Peak Wavelength or Frequency 198 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

199 Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Analyzing Results Peak Wavelength [nm] Peak Frequency [THz] Max Loss Passband [db] Loss at Peak [db] The wavelength or frequency at which the minimum loss was measured. The maximum loss measured in the passband centered at the peak wavelength or frequency with the specified channel bandwidth. The value of the minimum loss. loss Channel Bandwidth Min Loss ITU-Ch Loss at ITU Max Loss ITU-Ch λ/ν ITU Wavelength or Frequency ITU-Ch ITU Wavelength [nm] ITU Frequency [THz] Loss at ITU [db] Min Loss ITU-Ch [db] Max Loss ITU-Ch [db] The number of the ITU Channel closest to the peak wavelength or frequency The center wavelength or frequency of the ITU Channel The loss at the ITU center wavelength or frequency The minimum loss in the ITU Channel centered at the ITU wavelength or frequency, with the specified channel bandwidth. The maximum loss in the ITU Channel centered at the ITU wavelength or frequency, with the specified channel bandwidth. n db Bandwidth loss NdB Offset Loss at Center n db Center λ/ν Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 199

200 Analyzing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table n db Center [nm] n db Center [THz] Loss at Center [db] n db Bandwidth [nm] n db Bandwidth [THz] The wavelength or frequency half way between the points on either side of the peak that are offset from the peak loss by the value specified for NdB Offset. The loss at the wavelength or frequency half way between the two NdB points. The bandwidth between the two NdB points. loss Channel Bandwidth Crosstalk Adjacent Ch. Short Wvl. Crosstalk Adjacent Ch. Long Wvl. ITU Channel n+1 ITU Channel n ITU Channel n-1 λ loss Channel Bandwidth Crosstalk Adjacent Ch. Long Wvl. Crosstalk Adjacent Ch. Short Wvl. ITU Channel n-1 ITU Channel n ITU Channel n+1 ν Crosstalk Adjacent Ch. Short Wvl. [db] Crosstalk Adjacent Ch. Long Wvl. [db] The difference between the maximum loss in the ITU channel, and the minimum loss in the next ITU channel at a shorter wavelength/longer frequency. The difference between the maximum loss in the ITU channel, and the minimum loss in the next ITU channel at a longer wavelength/lower frequency. 200 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

201 Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Analyzing Results 4 If you selected notch analysis, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, Drop Range Bandwidth, and the ITU Channel Spacing. The ITU Channel Spacing (in the frequency domain) defines which of the channels, as defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), are being used. NOTE The Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer uses THz as the ITU Channel 0 frequency. The Channel Bandwidth is the nominal value of the width of each channel, centered around the ITU channel frequency. loss ITU Channel Spacing Channel Bandwidth ITU Channel n ITU Channeln+1 ν The Drop Range Bandwidth is the bandwidth to the edges of the passband. loss Channel Bandwidth Passband Passband Drop Range Bandwidth ν The results of the notch analysis are shown on the notch tab of the Analysis table window. The columns displayed are: Color Measurement Light Path Curve Indicates the color of the corresponding graph The name of the file in which the measurement is stored. Whether the measurement was made in the transmission or reflection light path The type of measurement (PDL, Loss,...). Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 201

202 Analyzing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table loss λ/ν Notch Wavelength or Frequency Loss at Notch Notch Wavelength [nm] Notch Frequency [THz] Loss at Notch [db] The wavelength or frequency at which the maximum loss was measured The value of the maximum loss. loss Channel Bandwidth Min Loss ITU-Ch Loss at ITU Max Loss ITU-Ch λ/ν ITU Wavelength or Frequency ITU-Ch ITU Wavelength [nm] ITU Frequency [THz] Loss at ITU [db] Min Loss ITU-Ch [db] Max Loss ITU-Ch [db] The number of the ITU Channel closest to the notch wavelength or frequency The center wavelength or frequency of the ITU Channel The loss at the ITU center wavelength or frequency The minimum loss in the ITU Channel centered at the ITU wavelength or frequency, with the specified channel bandwidth. The maximum loss in the ITU Channel centered at the ITU wavelength or frequency, with the specified channel bandwidth. 202 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

203 Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Analyzing Results Min Loss Short Wvl Channel Bandwidth Min Loss Long Wvl Max Loss Short Wvl Max Loss Long Wvl Drop Range Bandwidth λ loss Min Loss Long Wvl Channel Bandwidth Min Loss Short Wvl Max Loss Long Wvl Max Loss Short Wvl ν Drop Range Bandwidth Min Loss Short Wvl Passband [db] Max Loss Short Wvl Passband [db] Min Loss Long Wvl Passband [db] Max Loss Long Wvl Passband [db] The minimum loss measured at shorter wavelengths/higher frequencies, outside the drop range. The maximum loss measured at shorter wavelengths/higher frequencies, outside the drop range. The minimum loss measured at longer wavelengths/lower frequencies, outside the drop range. The maximum loss measured at longer wavelengths/lower frequencies, outside the drop range. 5 Click on the Finish button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 203

204 Analyzing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss for the Active Measurement 1 in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Reanalyze Loss. 2 Click on the boxes to set a check mark in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to perform (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). Click on the Next > button. 3 If you selected peak analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, NdB Offset, and the ITU Channel Spacing. 4 If you selected notch analyses, enter the values for the Channel Bandwidth, Drop Range Bandwidth, and the ITU Channel Spacing. 5 Click on the Finish button. The loss analyses are shown in the Analysis Table window. See The View Menu on page 95 for details on how to display the Analysis Table window. 204 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

205 Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Analyzing Results Comparing Loss Analyses for Several Measurements Comparing the loss analyses for several measurements temporarily reanalyzes the generic, peak and notch loss analyses for the selected measurements with analyses based on the analysis parameters of the active measurement, and adds the resulting analyses to the analysis tables. The analyses and analysis parameters for the selected measurements are not altered in the file or the measurement. If you change the active measurement, the analyses for the comparison are deleted. To change the analyses for a measurement, see Reanalyzing the Generic, Peak and Notch Loss on page In the Analysis menu, select Compare Loss Analysis with Active Measurement... To compare the loss analyses for any individual non-active measurement with the active measurement, in the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, use Compare Loss Analysis with Active Measurement. 2 Click on the boxes to set a check mark beside in the row and column corresponding to the loss analyses you want to compare with the active measurement (generic, peak and notch analyses, in the transmission and reflection paths). 3 Click on the Finish button. The loss analyses of the active measurement and the measurements selected for comparison are shown in the Analysis Table window. See The View Menu on page 95 for details on how to display the Analysis Table window. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 205

206 Analyzing Results Selecting the Results Displayed in the Analysis Table Arranging the Analysis Table Reordering the Table You can reorder the table according to the data in any column by doubleclicking on the header for that column. For example, after you have first opened a file, double-clicking on Min Loss [db] will sort the table in the order of ASCENDING minimum losses. Double clicking on Min Loss [db] a second time will sort the table in the order of DESCENDING minimum losses. Rearranging Columns in the Table You can rearrange the columns in the table by clicking once on the header, then clicking on the header and, holding down the left mouse button, dragging the column to its new position. While you are dragging the column, the cursor changes to. The position where the column will be reinserted into the table is shown as a red line. Resizing and Hiding Columns You can resize a column by clicking on the division between this column and the column to its right. The cursor changes to when you are over the division between columns. Hold down the mouse button and drag the column to the new width. You can hide a column by reducing its width to zero. You can resize a hidden column by moving over the gap between columns where the hidden column is, until the cursor changes to. Hold down the mouse button and drag the column to the new width. 206 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

207 Exporting Data for Further Processing Analyzing Results Exporting Data for Further Processing Exporting Trace Data To export the trace data for the active measurement as a commadelimited ASCII text file: 1 In the File menu, select ASCII Export... 2 Click on the measurement for which you want to export results. 3 Click on the Next button. 4 Make sure the only boxes checked are beside the parts of the measurement you want to export. 5 Select the number of samples you want to export for each curve. If you select All, all of the samples used to draw the measurement curve will be exported. If you select a number, that number of equally spaced samples will be exported. This makes it easier for you to compare curves, to generate consistent curves in an external application, or to reduce the quantity of data for post-processing by other applications. 6 Click on the Next button. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 207

208 Analyzing Results Exporting Data for Further Processing 7 Enter the name for the file and click on the Finish button. The selected results are exported to an ASCII text file using comma (,) separated values (.csv). The Trace Data Export File The file starts with three lines listing the name and revision of the library and software used. Each section of the file starts with an empty line followed by a section header in angled brackets, for example: <Measurement parameters>. The remaining sections are repeated for each measurement selected for export. The sections for DUT Settings and Measurement parameters, are followed by a number of lines, each starting with a label, followed by the parameter corresponding to that label, separated by commas. Some of the labels are indented (the line starts with a comma), such as the loss parameters, for example: <Measurement parameters> Loss measurement,pdl,measure transmission,on,measure reflection,on,start wavelength [nm],1535,stop wavelength [nm],1575,wavelength step [nm],0.005,coherence control,off... The section for the Instrument setup has The first line contains the labels for the data columns (Resource, Serial number, Software version), separated by commas. The following rows contain the instrument setup data, separated by commas, for example: <Instrument setup> Resource,Serial number,software version GPIB0::24::INSTR[POL(8169A)],3425G00857,V2.0 GPIB0::30::INSTR[8164A],DE ,V3.50(87702) Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

209 Exporting Data for Further Processing Analyzing Results The remaining sections contain the Measurement traces. For each trace: The first line contains information on the number of samples that follow (the number of rows of data). The next line contains the labels for the data columns, separated by commas. The following rows contain the trace data, separated by commas, for example: <Measurement traces> <DATA_ 201 samples> Lambda[nm],DGD Ch.1 Tx[s],GD Ch.1 Tx[s], , e-014, e-008, , e-014, e-008, 1553, e-014, e-008, , e-014, e-008, , e-014, e-008, , e-014, e-008, , e-014, e-008, ,... Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 209

210 Analyzing Results Exporting Data for Further Processing Exporting the Jones Matrix NOTE You can only export the Jones Matrix for GD and DGD measurements where this matrix was generated at the time that the measurement was made. See Setting the Measurement Parameters for All Parameter Mode on page 140, and Setting the Measurement Parameters in Expert Mode on page 144 for information on generating the Jones Matrix. To export the Jones Matrix for the active measurement as a comma - delimited ASCII text file: 1 In the File menu, select ASCII Export Jones Matrix... 2 Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The selected results are exported to an ASCII text file (.txt) using comma separated values. The Jones Matrix Export File The first three lines start with a %, and contain the name and revision of the software and the labels for the data. The second line contains the labels for the data columns. The first column for each reference or DUT measurement is the wavelength, and the following 8 columns correspond to the elements of the amplitude and phase matrices (interleaved), as indicated by the label. The third line contains the label for the measurement (the channel number, whether it is in transmission or reflection, and whether it is a reference or a DUT measurement). The labels are positioned in their respective columns by commas. The remaining lines contain the data for the matrices for each wavelength, separated by commas. For example: 210 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

211 Exporting Data for Further Processing Analyzing Results Exporting the Mueller Matrix NOTE The Mueller Matrix information can only be generated from PDL measurements. See Setting the Measurement Parameters for All Parameter Mode on page 140, and Setting the Measurement Parameters in Expert Mode on page 144 for information on specifying the measurement of PDL. The Mueller Matrix information is restricted to the four first-row coefficients used in the calculation of PDL. To export the Mueller Matrix data for the active measurement as a comma -delimited ASCII text file: 1 In the File menu, select ASCII Export Mueller Matrix... 2 Enter the name for the file and click on the Save button. The selected results are exported to an ASCII text file (.txt) using comma separated values. The Mueller Matrix Export File The first three lines start with a %, and contain the name and revision of the software and the labels for the data. The second line contains the labels for the data columns. The first column for each reference or DUT measurement is the wavelength, and the following 4 columns correspond to the elements of the matrix, as indicated by the label. The third line contains the label for the measurement (the channel number, and whether it is in transmission or reflection). The labels are positioned in their respective columns by commas. The remaining lines contain the data for the first row of the matrices for each wavelength, separated by commas. For example: Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 211

212 Analyzing Results Saving and Closing Analyses Saving and Closing Analyses If you have changed the analysis of a measurement, you may want to save it, either replacing the original measurement, or using a different name to preserve the original analysis. When you have finished analyzing a measurement, you should close it to remove it from memory. Saving Measurements In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Save. You can also save the active measurement, in the File menu, by selecting Save Active Measurement. Saving a Measurement with a Different Name In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Save As... Enter the name for the file. Click on the Save button. You can save the active measurement with a Different Name In the File menu, select Save Active Measurement As... Enter the name for the file. Click on the Save button. Saving All Measurements In the File menu, select Save All. 212 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

213 Saving and Closing Analyses Analyzing Results Closing Measurements In the Measurement View tab of the Workspace window click with the right mouse button on the measurement name, select Close. You can also save the active measurement, in the File menu, by selecting Close Active Measurement. Closing All Measurements In the File menu, select Close All. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 213

214 Analyzing Results Saving and Closing Analyses 214 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

215 System Specifications 6 System Specifications Performance Specifications Loss and Polarization Dependent Loss Measurement Specifications Dispersion Measurement Specifications Supplementary dispersion measurement characteristics Ordering instructions Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 215

216 System Specifications Performance Specifications Performance Specifications Guaranteed Specifications Each 81910A is individually tested for each specification and has passed test limits which are tighter than what is displayed as specification. The test and specification process follows strict guidelines and is controlled by our metrology laboratory. The system specifications are traceable to national standards or equivalent according to Agilent guidelines. Offering a thorough data sheet backed by stringent quality control measures guarantees best performance and application fit over time. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-parameter Analyzer Configuration for Measurement of Spectral Loss, Polarization Dependent Loss, Group Delay and Differential Group Delay The specifications given in this section are valid after warm-up, at the stated operating conditions and measurement settings, at uninterrupted line voltage, and after a reference measurement. Constant ambient temperature ±1 K after reference measurement. All optical patchcords and fibers fixed and settled for Š 3 minutes. Wavelength range for warranted operation Technical Specifications 1520 nm to 1620 nm Operating wavelength range nm to 1620 nm (option #001 and #002) 1477 nm to 1620 nm (option #003 or #004) Operating conditions Conditions for specified operation Warm-up time Environmental storage conditions Measurement time Ambient temperature 5 C to 45 C, relative humidity <80%, non-condensing conditions; environmental conditions suitable for precise optical measurements Ambient temperature 23 C ±5 K, relative humidity <80%, non-condensing conditions; environmental conditions suitable for precise optical measurements 1 hour -40 to +50 C Typically 60 seconds for a fully specified measurement of a narrow-band device, including all loss and dispersion measurements in transmission and reflection. Includes instrument initialization, measurement of device under test, data acquisition and display. Reference measurements excluded. 216 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

217 Performance Specifications System Specifications Loss and Polarization Dependent Loss Measurement Specifications Loss uncertainty a Transmission Reflection b loss 0.5 db ±0.010 db ±0.020 db loss 10 db ±0.015 db ±0.025 db loss 30 db c ±0.025 db ±0.040 db loss 40 db c ±0.050 db Loss range (typical) > 55 db > 45 db Polarization dependent loss (PDL) uncertainty d loss 0.5 db ±(0.040 db + 3% of device PDL) typ.: ±(0.030 db +3% of device PDL) ±(0.040 db + 3% of device PDL) typ.: ±(0.030 db +3% of device PDL) loss 10 db ±(0.050 db + 3% of device PDL) ±(0.055 db + 3% of device PDL) loss 30 db ±(0.060 db + 3% of device PDL) ±(0.100 db + 3% of device PDL) Absolute wavelength uncertainty e Relative wavelength uncertainty e Wavelength repeatability (typical) ±4 pm (±1.5 pm typ.) ±3 pm (±0.8 pm typ.) ±0.3 pm Measurement settings as follows: 2 pm step size; 5 nm/s sweep speed; coherence control off; after zeroing of power meters. For measurements of, and around, steep slopes, choose sweep speed in nm/s 200 divided by slope in db/nm for a device loss 10 db, else sweep speed in nm/s 50 divided by slope in db/nm. Device PDL 1 db. a For polarization dependent devices, the measurement result corresponds to the loss for non polarized light. Valid for PDL 0.1 db if loss 0.5 db, and PDL 0.4 db if loss 10 db. b Loss results are relative to the loss of a reference reflector (with return loss 0.3 db) used in the reference measurement. Note: the reference gold reflector supplied with the test head has a return loss of typ. (0.16 ± 0.13) db. c Source spontaneous emission (SSE) of tunable laser sources (TLS) limits the measurable loss dynamic range of components with narrow stop band and broad transmission band (like Fiber Bragg Gratings in transmission). This means an additional loss uncertainty in the stop band depending on the amount of total SSE of the source used. The Signal-to-total-SSE ratio of the Agilent 81600B #160 TLS at wavelengths up to 1610 nm is 55 db. d Excludes the polarization dependent loss of all optical connections to the optical test head. In reflection, PDL uncertainty specifications are typical if the straight or angled reference kit has been used e Valid in the wavelength range of an H 13 C 14 N molecular gas cell (NIST SRM 2519), nm. Outside this range add typ. ±1 pm. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 217

218 System Specifications Performance Specifications Dispersion Measurement Specifications Group Delay (GD) Transmission Reflection Group Delay dynamic range (typical) 10 ns Group Delay loss range (typical) Group Delay resolution Group Delay uncertainty a b Group Delay noise c d Group Delay relative uncertainty f 30 db <0.1 fs < ± 50 fs (< ± 35 fs typical) e ±1.5 % of device relative Group Delay Differential Group Delay (DGD) Transmission Reflection Differential Group Delay measurement range 0.5 ns (typical) Differential Group Delay loss range (typical) DGD resolution Differential Group Delay uncertainty a Differential Group Delay noise cd Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) uncertainty g (typical) 30 db <0.1 fs < ± 80 fs (< ± 55 fs typical) e <±5.0 fs n/a Absolute wavelength uncertainty h Maximum device optical path length (typical) ± 1.5 pm 15 m (80 nm/s sweep speed) 30 m (40 nm/s sweep speed) 60 m (20 nm/s sweep speed) 120 m (10 nm/s sweep speed) a Any 50 nm within 1520 and 1620 nm. b For polarization dependent devices, the measurement result corresponds to the GD for non polarized light. c 30 measurements averaged, wavelength resolution bandwidth 30 pm, 40 nm/s sweep speed.. For a detailed relation between uncertainty, resolution, and number of averages, please refer to the supplementary dispersion measurement characteristics. This relation allows you to choose the best parameter fit for an individual application. d Measuring a patch cord, made of 2 m standard single mode fiber and a 0.1 m section of polarization maintaining fiber with ~0.1 ps DGD in transmission. In reflection, measuring a patch cord, made of 1 m standard single mode fiber and a 0.1 m section of polarization maintaining fiber with ~0.1 ps DGD, terminated by a gold reflector. e 30 measurements averaged, wavelength resolution bandwidth 30 pm, 80 nm/s sweep speed over full operating wavelength range. f Measuring a GD peak of ~16.5 ps amplitude at wavelength nm of a H 13 C 14 N molecular gas cell (NIST SRM 2519). The peak GD value is derived from spectral loss data using the Kramers-Kronig relation. Double pass of the cell in reflection. 30 measurements averaged, wavelength resolution bandwidth 10 pm. g Measurement of NIST Standard Reference Material 2518 (Mode-coupled PMD artifact, 50 nm wavelength range from 1520 to 1570 nm, PMD ~300 fs). h Valid in the wavelength range of an H 13 C 14 N molecular gas cell, nm. Outside this range uncertainty values are typical. Between 1595 nm and 1620 nm uncertainties are as given in the Loss and PDL section. For a detailed relation between uncertainty, resolution and number of averages, please refer to the supplementary dispersion measurement characteristics allowing to choose best parameter fit for an individual application. 218 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

219 Performance Specifications System Specifications Supplementary dispersion measurement characteristics Group Delay and Differential Group Delay measurement uncertainty can be customized to any application requirements in terms of accuracy, resolution, and measurement time by adjusting resolution bandwidth and number of averaged sweeps. The relation between accuracy, resolution bandwidth and averages is shown in Figure 17 and Figure 18. Figure 17 Group Delay noise as a function of resolution bandwidth and number of averages NOTE Graphics depict the performance of a representative unit measured on an optical bench. Note that with 30 pm spectral averaging and 30 averages a Group Delay uncertainty of 25 fs is achieved. Valid between 1520 and 1620 nm at 40 nm/s. Figure 18 Differential Group Delay noise as a function of resolution bandwidth and number of averages Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 219

220 System Specifications Ordering instructions Ordering instructions The Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer must be ordered with option #001 or #002, #003, or #004. Option #005 can be combined with any of these options A #001: complete system. Includes 81600B #160 tunable laser, 8164B mainframe, 8169A polarization controller, 81634B power meters, system controller, licensed software, three reference kits, accessories and optical test head. Each reference kit consists of transmission fiber and pigtailed reflector equipped with straight or angled connectors or with bare fibers. System controller may be used as host PC A #002: same as #001, but integrates a pre-owned tunable laser. Customer has to send back either one tunable laser source 81640A, 81680A/B, or 81480A/B for conversion into an 81600B #160 tunable laser and integration in the system, or a tunable laser source 81600B #160 or 81640B with option #072 (angled connector) for integration A #003: same as #001, but includes a 81600B #200 tunable laser A #004: same as #003, but integrates a pre-owned 81600B #200 tunable laser. Customer has to send back one tunable laser source 81600B #200 to Agilent Technologies for integration in the system A #005: system without DGD and PMD measurement functions. If these capabilities are required later, they can be added by ordering 81911A retrofit DGD and PMD measurement function. Every system shipped is verified for DGD and PMD measurement accuracy, whether or not #005 is ordered, to ensure upgrading is possible A: retrofit DGD and PMD measurement function to an 81910A with option #005. The upgrade is carried out on site by an Agilent Technologies representative. Performance verification is included. Please state the 81910A system serial number when ordering. Optional: if a second PC is used as a host, the following performance is required: PC with min. 500 MHz CPU, 192 MB RAM or more, Windows XP, Windows 2000 or Windows NT with SP6, 200 MB free hard disk space; 2 free PCI slots; 81910A operated by a SW revision greater Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

221 Performance Verification 7 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test Performing Diagnostics Verification Test Condensed Performance Verification Test Introduction General Procedures Wavelength Calibration Loss and Polarization Dependent Loss Calibration Group Delay and Differential Group Delay Calibration Performance Test for the 81910A Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 221

222 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test Operational Verification Test Purpose Although this verification is a subset of the total process for verifying the system s conformance to specifications, this procedure can be used alone as a functional test and can be helpful in the following ways: It can be used at incoming inspection to check that no major degradation has occurred in the system during shipment It provides a means to periodically monitor measurement stability It can help isolate the cause of incorrect measurement results. (When the system passes the test, you will have confidence the system is operating correctly and any problem is in the setup or with the DUT) Introduction This chapter covers the verification procedure for the 81910A All- Parameter Analyzer. Before running the verification procedures, turn the system on and allow it to warm up for one hour (1 h). Please close the hood of the optical test head before making any measurement. PC with Photonic Analysis Toolbox and System Controller software Polarization Controller Lightwave Measurement System Optical Test Head Figure A All-parameter Analyzer Setup 222 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

223 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification Equipment Required Required equipment to perform the operational verification test is delivered with the 81910A All-parameter Analyzer system. For reference, the additional accessories required during the operational verification test are listed in the table below. Qty Part Number Part Description 1 ea Reference Fiber Kit Angled, incl. 16 m Transmission Reference Fiber 8 m Reflection Reference Fiber with Reflector 2.2 m SMF/PMF Mixed Fiber for Transmission 1.1 m SMF/PMF Mixed Fiber with Reflector 2 ea 81000FI + Protective Cap FC/PC Connector Interface NOTE Make sure that all optical connections for the test setups given in the procedure are dry and clean. DO NOT USE INDEX MATCHING OIL. For cleaning, use the cleaning instructions given in Cleaning on page 270. CAUTION DO NOT DISCONNECT AND CLEAN THE FIBERS CONNECTED TO THE THREE POWERMETERS. These fibers have a special antireflection (AR) coating that is removed by cleaning the connectors with anything other than clean and compressed air. Removing this coating results in performance degradation. Fix the DUT on the bench of the Optical Test Head and fix the optical cables, using the fiber clamps, to ensure minimum cable movement during the tests. Ensure you run the recommended tests after exchanging the Optical Test Head adapter patchcords for maintenance. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 223

224 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test Performing Diagnostics Before taking any measurements, make sure the system passes the diagnostics. The Diagnostic Tool is a part of the software installed with the Photonic Analysis Toolbox application on the PC. It can be accessed through the windows start menu. Please visit our website for the latest release of the Diagnostic Tool. The tests are performed in a hierarchical sequence, starting with general requirements and finishing with testing specific power levels in different configurations. The last step requires user interaction and the following equipment transmission reference fiber reflection reference fiber caps to darken optical input and output Sequence 1 On the PC, where the Photonic Analysis Toolbox is installed, start the Diagnostic Tool. Click on the Windows Start menu. Select Programs and then Photonic Tools. In Photonic Tools select Diagnostic Tool. 2 In the Diagnose menu, select All. 3 Follow the instructions as required while the program executes the Optical Layer Test. The tests are, in detail: Operating System Layer Purpose: Verification of the system requirements to successfully run measurements User Interaction: none Software Layer Purpose: Check availability and revision of required libraries and licenses User Interaction: none Controller Layer Purpose: Triggering and verification of self-test status of the system controller User Interaction: none 224 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

225 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification Instrument Layer Purpose: Verification of hardware test setup, check availability of required instruments User Interaction: none Optical Layer Purpose: Verification of instrument setup, cabling and performance of subparts User Interaction: yes The optical layer test requires following user interactions: a Verification that no DUT is connected to the Optical Test Head b Connection of reference patchcord to the Optical Test Head c Connection of a reference reflection to the Optical Test Head If the optical layer test fails, a dialog box gives further advice on how to proceed. Please follow the advise in order to resolve the issue. If the error cannot be resolved by following the suggestions given in the diagnostic analyzer, contact your Agilent Service representative. Please save a log of the diagnostic test. Please find below a schematic drawing for your reference. The diagnostic tool lists the power readings according to the scheme below. Figure 20 Schematic Drawing of the Optical Architecture Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 225

226 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test Problem Analysis and Solution warning Low monitoring power cause Patchcord to power module in slot 1 description potentially affected components solution The Diagnostic Tool has found at least one expected power value within the given test limit, but the test for monitoring power failed. This indicates, the connection to the Optical Test Head is ok, but the connector or fiber to the power module in slot 1 has too much insertion loss Connection to power module in slot 1 Using clean and dry air, blow clean the connection of the power module in slot 1 (fiber connector and module input lens) but do not physically touch or otherwise clean the special treated fiber connector warning cause description potentially affected components solution Low transmission power Adapter patchcord on the optical input of the Optical Test Head Patchcord used as device under test Patchcord to power module slot 3 The Diagnostic Tool has found monitoring and reflection power levels are within test limits, but the transmission power is below test limit. This indicates a high insertion loss for the transmission measurement Adapter patchcord on the input of the Optical Test Head (right connector) Transmission device under test Patchcord to power module in slot 3 Clean the connectors of the adapter patchcord connected to the input of the Optical Test Head and the patchcord used as device under test Use another adapter patchcord on the optical input of the Optical Test Head Use another patchcord as device under test Using clean and dry air, blow clean the connection of the power module in slot 3 (fiber connector and module input lens) but do not physically touch or otherwise clean the special treated fiber connector 226 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

227 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification warning cause description potentially affected components solution Low reflection power Adapter patchcord on the optical output of the Optical Test Head Reflection device under test Patchcord to power module slot 2 The Diagnostic Tool has found monitoring and transmission power levels are within test limits, but the reflection power is below test limit. This indicates a high insertion loss for the reflection measurement Adapter patchcord on the output of the Optical Test Head (left connector) Reflection device under test Patchcord to power module in slot 2 Clean the connectors of the adapter patchcord connected to the output of the Optical Test Head and the reflection device Use another adapter patchcord on the optical output of the Optical Test Head Use another reflection device Using clean and dry air, blow clean the connection of the power module in slot 2 (fiber connector and module input lens) but do not physically touch or otherwise clean the special treated fiber connector warning cause description potentially affected components solution Low monitoring, transmission and reflection power Connection TLS - Polarization Controller - Optical Test Head has a high loss Leading fibers from Optical Test Head to power modules defect (fiber break or connector loss) The Diagnostic Tool has found power values at all power modules in slot 1, 2 and 3 are below test limit; indicating an unusually high loss at the beginning of the optical path (TLS to Optical Test Head). Short and long semi-rigid fibers Connections on TLS, Polarization Controller and Optical Test Head Clean the semi-rigid fibers connections and reconnect. Do not apply stress to the short semi rigid fiber. Using clean and dry air, blow clean the connections on the 3 power modules 1, 2 and 3 (fiber connector and module input lens) but do not physically touch or otherwise clean the special treated fiber connectors Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 227

228 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test warning cause description potentially affected components solution Low transmission and reflection power Adapter patchcords on the optical input and output of the Optical Test Head Reflection device used as device under test Connection TLS - Polarization Controller - Optical Test Head has a high loss The Diagnostic Tool has found low transmission and reflection power, while the monitoring power was within test limits. This may happen if either the adapter patchcords / DUT has too high a loss or if the connection to the Optical Test Head has a high insertion loss. Adapter patchcords within Optical Test Head Reflection / Transmission device under test Connection TLS Polarization Controller Optical Test Head Three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Optical Test Head Clean the connectors of the adapter patchcords and the device under test Use another adapter patchcord on the optical output of the Optical Test Head Clean the semi-rigid fibers connections and reconnect them warning Low monitoring power, high reflection and transmission power cause Patchcord to power module slot 1 description potentially affected components solution The Diagnostic Tool has found the power value at power module in slot 1 to be below the given test limit, while the power values for slot 2 and 3 were above the upper test limit. This failure is a result of two different errors, but proceed with suggested solution first (second failure is: High transmission or reflection power) Connection to power module in slot 1 Using clean and dry air, blow clean the connection of the power module in slot 1 (fiber connector and module input lens) but do not physically touch or otherwise clean the special treated fiber connector 228 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

229 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification warning High monitoring power cause Wrong optical connection to power module in slot 1 description potentially affected components solution The Diagnostic Tool has found the power value at power module in slot 1 exceeds the upper limit. If this happens, the fiber optic connections are incorrect. Please refer to the installation description. All fiber optic connections Optical Test Head Connect the correct patchcord to the power module in slot 1 warning cause description potentially affected components solution High reflection power High reflection from input connector (normal if your connector optical output power is straight) NOTE! This test will fail for all straight ended connections due to the high back reflection (low return loss). No action is needed if a bare fiber or a straight output connector is used. To run an extensive test, change the adapter patchcord to angled connections and verify whether this test passes or fails. This test may fail also, if the output connection of the Optical Test Head shows too little return loss due to wear or physical damage (scratches) Adapter patchcord at the output of the Optical Test Head (left connector) If a straight or bare adapter patchcord is connected to the optical output of the Optical Test Head, this test is intended to fail If an adapter patchcord with angled output connector is connected to the optical output, then a clean this adapter patchcord, b use another angled adapter patchcord at the optical output Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 229

230 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test warning cause description potentially affected components solution High transmission or reflection power Semi-rigid fiber connection The Diagnostic Tool has found too much power is applied to the power modules in slot 2 and 3, leading to over ranging when starting a measurement. This failure is really rare and might only happen if the state of polarization at the input of the polarization controller is near to an ideal linear input state. Disconnecting, bending and reconnecting the semi-rigid fibers resolves this failure. Short and long semi-rigid fiber connections Reconnect the semi-rigid fibers Reconnect the short semi-rigid fiber with flipped connections (that is, connecting what was previously the TLS output to Polarization Controller input, and vice versa.) warning cause description potentially affected components The power expected in transmission and reflection are interchanged Two patchcords to power modules have been interchanged The Diagnostic Tool has found the expected power values for transmission and reflection measurements to be interchanged. This can happen if either the adapter patchcords within the Optical Test Head or the patchcords to the power module in slot 2 and 3 are interchanged. Three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Optical Test Head Adapter patchcords within Optical Test Head solution Interchange patchcords to power module in slot 2 and Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

231 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification warning cause description potentially affected components Transmission power equal to expected monitoring power Two patchcords to power modules have been interchanged The Diagnostic Tool has found unexpected power values applied to power module in slot 1 and 3. This can happen if either the adapter patchcords within the Optical Test Head or the patchcords to the power module in slot 1 and 3 are interchanged. Three patchcords in the tubing from the back of the Optical Test Head Adapter Patchcords within Optical Test Head solution Interchange patchcords to power module in slot 1 and 3 warning cause description potentially affected components Reflection power equal to expected monitoring power Two patchcords to power modules have been interchanged The Diagnostic Tool has found unexpected power values applied to power module in slot 1 and 2. This can happen if either the adapter patchcords within the Optical Test Head or the patchcords to the power module in slot 1 and 2 are interchanged. Connection to power module in slot 1, 2 and 3 Adapter patchcords within Optical Test Head solution Interchange patchcords to power module in slot 1 and 2 warning cause description potentially affected components solution Internal optical loss failure WRU failure The power values detected at the Optical Test Head internal wavelength reference unit (WRU) are too low Optical Test Head Contact your Agilent Service representative Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 231

232 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test warning cause description potentially affected components solution Internal optical loss failure Local oscillator failure The power values at the Optical Test Head internal oscillator are too low Optical Test Head Contact your Agilent Service representative warning cause description potentially affected components solution Internal optical loss failure WRU or local oscillator failure Diagnostic has detected too much power at the Optical Test Head internal wavelength reference unit (WRU) or at the internal oscillator Optical Test Head Contact your Agilent Service representative 232 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

233 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification Verification Test If the diagnostic tool has passed all layer tests, start testing the functionality of the system. Transmission Measurements Test Setup and Measurement 1 If the system has been warmed up for an hour, start the Photonic Analysis Toolbox. 2 Set up the measurement with the following parameters: Parameters Measurement Direction Test Settings Start Wavelength Stop Wavelength Wavelength Step Number of Scans 30 Range of Data Points for Averaging 30 Dynamic Range Coherence Control Maximum Sweep Speed Power Sensor Start Range, Transmission Power Sensor Start Range, Reflection GD / DGD and Loss/PDL Transmission 1.0 pm Low (One Sweep) 3 Start the reference measurement a Perform the Initialization Reference, including the Zero Power Sensor function, using protective caps on the connectors of the Optical Test Head to prevent light from entering the fibers. b Connect the transmission reference device (16 m fiber) to the output and input of the Optical Test Head. Allow 3 min. for the fiber to settle. c Perform the Transmission Reference. This will be used for the phase measurement verification (GD and DGD). d Press Finish. 4 Disconnect the transmission reference device and connect the 2.2 m mixed-fiber transmission device to the output and input of the Optical Test Head. Fix the fiber on the Test Head so that it does not move during the measurements. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 233 Off 5 nm/s automatic n/a

234 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test 5 Start the DUT Measurement. The result will be used to verify the measurement of GD and DGD. 6 When the measurement is finished, and particularly if the test limits are exceeded, save the measurement results to a file. a) If not already set as active measurement, set as active measurement in the Curve View tab. b) From the File menu, select Save Active Measurement. 7 Analyze the GD and DGD measurement curves to verify the phase measurements in transmission. Sample results are shown below. Figure 21 Group Delay (GD) There is a linear increase of GD vs. wavelength due to fiber dispersion. The fluctuation in GD other than this increase should stay within the test limit. Test limit: ±0.05 ps around the fitted regression of the GD curve. 234 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

235 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification Figure 22 Differential Group Delay (DGD) Test Limit: ± 0.08 ps around the mean of the DGD curve. The mixed test fiber provides a DGD of about ps. 8 Leaving the mixed-fiber transmission device attached and unmoved, repeat the Transmission Reference measurement. It is not necessary to repeat the initialization reference. 9 Then reposition the mixed fiber device without disconnecting. For example flip the coils of the fiber over. The goal is to change the polarization states inside the fiber. Fix the fiber again so it does not move. Then wait 3 minutes for the fiber to settle. 10 Start the DUT measurement. The result will be used to verify the measurement of IL and PDL. 11 When the measurement is finished, and particularly if the test limits are exceeded, save the measurement results to a second file. 12 Analyze the IL and PDL measurement curves to verify the loss measurements in transmission. Sample results are shown below. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 235

236 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test Figure 23 Insertion Loss (IL) Test limit: ±0.010 db Figure 24 Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL)) Test limit: ±0.040 db 236 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

237 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification Reflection Measurements Test Setup and Measurement 1 If the system has been warmed up for an hour, start the Photonic Analysis Toolbox. 2 Set up the measurement with the following parameters: Parameters Measurement Direction 3 Start the Reference Measurement a Perform the Initialization Reference, with no fibers attached to the connectors of the Optical Test Head. (If the Zero Power Sensor function was already used before the transmission measurement it does not need to be repeated.) b Connect the reflection reference device (8 m fiber) to the output of the Optical Test Head. Allow 3 min. for the fiber to settle. c Perform the Reflection Reference. This will be used for the phase measurement verification (GD and DGD). (It is not necessary to make the Termination Reference for these verifications so select only Reflection from the drop-down menu on the reference tab). d Press Finish. Test Settings GD / DGD and Loss/PDL Reflection Start Wavelength Stop Wavelength Wavelength Step Number of Scans 30 Range of Data Points for Averaging 30 Dynamic Range Coherence Control Maximum Sweep Speed Power Sensor Start Range, Transmission Power Sensor Start Range, Reflection 1.0 pm Low (One Sweep) 4 Disconnect the reflection reference device and connect the 1.1 m mixed-fiber reflection device to the output of the Optical Test Head. Fix the fiber on the Test Head so that it does not move during the measurements. 5 Start the DUT Measurement. The result will be used to verify the measurement of GD and DGD. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 237 Off 5 nm/s n/a automatic

238 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test 6 When the measurement is finished, and particularly if the test limits are exceeded, save the measurement results to a third file. 7 Analyze the GD and DGD measurement curves to verify the phase measurements in reflection. Sample results are shown below. Figure 25 Group Delay (GD) There is a linear increase of GD vs. wavelength due to fiber dispersion. The fluctuation in GD other than this increase should stay within the test limit. Test limit: ± 0.05 ps around the fitted regression of the GD curve. 238 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition

239 Operational Verification Test Performance Verification Figure 26 Differential Group Delay (DGD) Test Limit: ± 0.08 ps around the mean of the DGD curve. The mixed test fiber provides a DGD of about ps. 8 Leaving the mixed-fiber reflection device attached and unmoved, repeat the Reflection Reference measurement. It is not necessary to repeat the initialization reference. 9 Then reposition the mixed fiber device without disconnecting. For example flip the coils of the fiber over. The goal is to change the polarization states inside the fiber. Fix the fiber again so it does not move. Then wait 3 minutes for the fiber to settle. 10 Start the DUT measurement. The result will be used to verify the measurement of IL (RL) and PDL. 11 When the measurement is finished, and particularly if the test limits are exceeded, save the measurement results to a fourth file. Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition 239

240 Performance Verification Operational Verification Test 12 Analyze the IL and PDL measurement curves to verify the loss measurements in reflection. Sample results are shown below. Figure 27 Insertion Loss (IL) / Return Loss (RL) Test Limit: ± db. Figure 28 Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) Test Limit: ±0.040 db. 240 Agilent 81910A Photonic All-Parameter Analyzer, Fourth Edition