Trigonometry for Surveyors p. 1 Trigonometry p. 1 Angles and Their Measurement p. 1 Expressing the Fractional Part of a Degree in Minutes and Seconds

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1 Trigonometry for Surveyors p. 1 Trigonometry p. 1 Angles and Their Measurement p. 1 Expressing the Fractional Part of a Degree in Minutes and Seconds p. 1 Expressing an Arc in Radians p. 2 Angle Conversions p. 3 Operations with Angles Expressed in Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds p. 4 Areas of Triangles p. 6 Interior Angles of Triangle p. 7 Exterior Angles of a Triangle p. 8 Pythagorean Theorem p. 8 Standard Position for an Angle p. 8 Trigonometric Ratios p. 9 Trigonometric Functions on a Calculator p. 10 Field Notes p. 25 Reason for Field Notes p. 25 Requirements for Good Notes p. 25 Types of Field Books p. 26 Kinds of Notes p. 26 Arrangement of Field Notes p. 26 Suggestions on Recording Notes p. 28 Proper Methods p. 30 Significant Figures p. 34 Rounding Off Numbers p. 35 Horizontal Distances p. 42 Methods of Measurement p. 42 Pacing p. 42 Odometer Readings p. 43 Horizontal Sights by Stadia p. 43 Electronic Distance Measurements p. 45 Precision of Various Measuring Methods p. 45 Taping p. 46 Slope Taping Procedure p. 47 Corrections p. 50 Slope Computations p. 51 Stationing p. 52 Notekeeping p. 54 Sources of Error p. 54 Common Mistakes p. 55 Transits p. 61 General Information p. 61

2 Differences between Transits and Theodolites p. 63 Relationships of Angles and Distances p. 63 Telescopic Sight p. 64 Line of Sight p. 65 Verniers p. 65 Transit Geometry p. 67 The Compass p. 69 Magnetic Declination p. 69 Variations in Magnetic Declination p. 69 Local Attraction p. 70 Sources of Error in Compass Work p. 70 Mistakes in Compass Work p. 71 Determining an Accurate Compass Bearing p. 71 Measuring a Horizontal Angle p. 72 Field Records p. 72 Recording the Field Notes p. 74 Sources of Error in Transit Work p. 74 Leveling p. 84 Introduction p. 84 Types of Leveling p. 84 Leveling Equipment p. 84 Orders of Accuracy p. 88 Level Bench Marks p. 88 Differential Leveling p. 89 Sight Distances p. 90 Balancing Foresights and Backsights p. 91 Curvature and Refraction p. 92 Adjusting the Level p. 92 Field Procedure p. 94 Recording p. 95 Profile Leveling p. 97 Trigonometric Leveling p. 99 Angle Measurement p. 121 General Information p. 121 Direction p. 121 Measuring Angles by Repetition p. 121 Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle by Angles p. 125 Kinds of Horizontal Angles p. 126 Closing the Horizon p. 127 Azimuth p. 127 Bearings p. 129

3 Comparison of Bearings and Azimuths p. 129 Bearing Calculations p. 130 Computing Azimuths p. 131 Factors Affecting Angle Observations p. 131 Common Mistakes p. 133 Traverses p. 143 Definitions p. 143 Use of Traverses p. 143 Traverse Field Work p. 143 Traverse Computations p. 145 Working a Connecting Traverse p. 154 Topographic Surveys p. 173 Definition of Topographic Surveying p. 173 Scales p. 173 Topographic Representation p. 173 Contour Lines p. 174 Field Methods p. 177 Cross-Section Method p. 177 Plotting the Points p. 179 Interpolating p. 179 Other Methods of Obtaining Topography p. 180 Coordinate Square Method p. 180 Geometric Location of Contour Points p. 182 Sources of Error in Topographic Surveys p. 184 Construction Surveys p. 194 Introduction p. 194 Methods p. 194 Transfer from Stakes to the Improvement p. 194 Baseline and Offset Control p. 195 Angle-and-Distance Method p. 196 Complex Plans: Coordinate Method p. 199 Establishing Line in the Field: Marking Position p. 200 Establishing Grade: Marking Elevations p. 201 Methods of Giving Grade p. 201 Slope Staking p. 219 Definition p. 219 Method p. 219 Information Required p. 220 Summing up Slope Staking Procedures p. 226 Field Notes p. 226 Earthwork p. 239

4 Importance of Earthwork p. 239 Cross Sections p. 239 Areas p. 239 Counting-the-Squares Method p. 240 Geometric Method p. 241 Stripper Method p. 242 Double-Meridian-Distance Method p. 242 Area by Coordinates p. 245 Volumes p. 246 Volume by Average End Areas p. 246 Volume by End-Areas Table p. 247 Volume by Prismoidal Formula p. 250 Horizontal Curves p. 267 Introduction p. 267 Types of Horizontal Curves p. 267 Elements of a Simple Curve p. 267 Simple Curve Formulas (Arc and Chord Definitions) p. 270 Solution of a Simple Curve p. 271 Staking Out a Simple Horizontal Curve p. 272 The Compound Curve p. 277 Vertical Curves p. 300 Why Vertical Curves Are Used p. 300 Definitions p. 300 Computing Vertical Curves: The Stage Method p. 301 Computing Vertical Curves: The Direct Method p. 304 Vertical Curve in Sag p. 306 Drawing Maps p. 334 Introduction p. 334 Types of Maps p. 334 Horizontal Ties p. 334 Vertical Ties p. 337 Map Scale p. 339 Map Drafting p. 339 Plotting the Control p. 340 Plotting Angles p. 340 Topographic Symbols p. 342 Placing the Map on a Sheet p. 342 Meridian Arrow p. 342 Title p. 344 Paper p. 344 Sources of Error in Mapping p. 345

5 Index p. 357 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

R13 PART-A PART-B. 2. a) Explain method of intersection in Plane table surveying b) What is error of closure? How is it balanced graphically?

R13 PART-A PART-B. 2. a) Explain method of intersection in Plane table surveying b) What is error of closure? How is it balanced graphically? SET - 1 1. a) Write the classifications of surveying? b) Distinguish between closed traverse and open traverse. c) Define contouring. What do you understand by contour interval and on what factors it depends?