UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT KNS 1461 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2 LABORATORY MANUAL (Edited : December 2008)

3 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2 KNS 1461 LABORATORY MANUAL CONTRIBUTED BY : Zamri Bujang Abdul Razak Abdul Karim Idawati Ismail Ismail Abusamat Nur Adha Abdul Wahab PREPARED BY : Jethro Henry Adam

5 TABLE OF CONTENT Lab Code Title Page S1 S2 S3 V1 V2 V3 V4 Shear Force Bending Moment Deflection of Beam Vertical Distance Measurement (Leveling) Angle and Distance Measurement Traverse Survey Setting Out Curve Appendix A B C D E Safety First Guidelines for Laboratory Report Form A Form B Form C

6 TITLE : S1 Shear Force THEORY : The shear force at any point along the beam is the total forces acting perpendicular to beam longitudinal axis up to the point. Given a horizontal beam with vertical loading the internal forces will be : a) for vertical equilibrium a shearing force in the section plane b) for equilibrium of moments a moment of resistance due to compression in the top half of the beam section and tension in the bottom half. OBJECTIVE : To determine the shear force at a particular section and compare with the theoretical calculations. APPARATUS : a) Spring balance b) Masses c) Load hanger PROCEDURE : Referring to Figure S1-1, the experimental beam is in two parts; experiment 1 and experiment 2. 1

7 Figure S1-1 The equation for shear at the section x-x for Figure S1-2 is as follow : Shear force, Sx W a = L W x a x L R A R B Figure S1-2 2

8 W 1 W 2 W 3 100mm 300mm 600mm R A R B Figure S1-3 A) Experiment 1 1. Check that the beam supports have been fixed at 900 mm span. 2. Position one load hanger 100 mm from A, the second hanger in the groove just to the right of the shear section C (310 mm from A) and the third hanger 400 mm from the right hand support B (500 mm from A). 3. The spring balance reading should be recorded as the 'no load' datum value. 4. Place a 10 N weight on the third hanger 400 mm from B and re-align the beam using the tensioning adjustments. 5. Read and record the spring balance force. 6. Repeat the procedure with 20 N on the third hanger. 7. Remove the 20 N loads and place 10 N on the second hanger. Re-align the beam and record the spring balance force. 8. Transfer the 10 N loads to the first hanger and re-align the beam. Record the spring balance force. 3

9 B) Experiment 2 1. Unload the beam and move the third hanger to 300 mm from B. 2. Align the beam and record the new 'no load' datum value of the spring balance. 3. Place 5 N on the first hanger and 12 N on the third. 4. Record the balancing shear force of the realigned beam as shown in Figure S Move the 2 N mass from the third to the second hanger. 6. Re-align the beam and record the spring balance force. 7. Replace the 2 N with a 10 N weight on the second hanger, re-align the beam and record the balancing force. RESULT : For each loading arrangement calculate the shearing force at the section, draw the shear force diagram, and compare the experimental and theoretical value. Be careful to use the correct sign convention for shear force. A) Experiment 1 a) Load on 3rd hanger (400 mm from B) N Spring balance force Shear Force, S E Theoretical Shear Force, S X Ratio S E /S X b) Load on 2nd hanger (310 mm from B) N Spring balance force Shear Force, S E Theoretical Shear Force, S X Ratio S E /S X

10 c) Load on 1st hanger (100 mm from B) N Spring balance force Shear Force, S E Theoretical Shear Force, S X Ratio S E /S X 0 10 B) Experiment 2 Load positions W 1 W 2 W Balance Shear Force, S Force S E S x Ratio DISCUSSION : 1) When the load was doubled in Part 1 of the experiment, did the shearing force double? 2) How well did the experimental results agree with the theoretical values? Use the average of the ratios Experiment 1/Theory 1. 5

11 TITLE : S2 Bending Moment THEORY : A length of material supported horizontally at two points in such a way that it will carry vertical loads is called a beam. The loading perpendicular to its longitudinal axis causes bending and in most cases transverse shearing. The bending moment at any point along the beam is equal to the area under the shear force diagram up to the point. Given a horizontal beam with vertical loading the internal forces will be a) for vertical equilibrium a shearing force in the section plane b) for equilibrium of moments a moment of resistance due to compression in the top half of the beam section and tension in the bottom half. OBJECTIVE : To determine the bending moment at particular sections and compare with the theoretical calculations. APPARATUS : a) Spring balance b) Masses c) Load hanger PROCEDURE : Referring to Figure S1-2, this experiment is divided into two parts; experiment 1 and experiment 2. 6

12 Figure S2-1 A) Experiment 1 1. Check that the beam supports have been fixed at 900 mm span. 2. Position the first load hanger 100 mm from A, the second hanger in the groove just to the right of the section (300 mm from A) and the third hanger 300 mm from B. 3. Align the two parts of the beam using the adjustment on the spring balance and record the initial 'no load' reading. 4. Place a 10 N weight on the first hanger, re-align the beam and record the balance reading. 5. Move the weight to the second and third hangers in turn repeating the procedure. 6. Repeat the whole procedure using a 20 N weight. 7

13 B) Experiment 2 1. Without altering the load hangers put a 5 N weight on the second hanger, align the beam and record the balance reading. 2. Then add 10 N weights to the first and third hangers, align, and re-read the balance. Record the reading. 3. Move the third hanger to 400 mm from B and after aligning the beam record the new 'no load' reading. 4. Try two arrangements of the same total loading by placing 5N on the first hanger and 12N on the third hanger for one balance reading followed by moving the 10N from the third to second hanger for the next reading. RESULT : By subtracting the 'no load' value from each spring balance reading the net force causing the bending moment at C is found. Multiply this by the 150 mm lever arm to derive the beading moment. For every case the theoretical bending moment at C is to be calculated. In the first section of Experiment 2 the load hangers remain in the Experiment 1 positions. Hence the net force for a single load on any hanger can be derived as a proportion of the Experiment 1 values. As the system is a linear elastic structure the individual readings can be summed for multiple loading. Compare the net force when all three loads are applied with the sum of the values derived from Part 1. Draw the bending moment diagrams for the Experiment 2 loadings. 8

14 A) Experiment 1 Bending moment at C for loading shown; W 1 W 2 W 3 100mm 300mm 600mm R A R B Loading Positions Load Balance reading W 1 W 2 W 3 Force Balance reading Force Balance reading Force Load Bending Moment (Nmm) Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical

15 B) Experiment 2 a) W 1 W 2 W 3 Force R A R B Bending Moment (Nmm) Experimental Theoretical b) W 1 W 2 W 3 Force R A R B Bending Moment (Nmm) Experimental Theoretical DISCUSSION : 1) Show the calculations for every load cases. 2) Plot a graph, which compares your experimental results and theoretical results. 3) Did the experimental results verify the theory? 4) Explain briefly the importance of bending moment in civil engineering. 10

16 TITLE : S3 Deflection of Beam THEORY : The elastic bending of a beam leads to a linear relationship between the bending moment M and radius of curvature R at any point on the beam. It also shows that the radius depends on the modulus of elasticity E of the beam material and the second moment of area / of the beam section in the expression; EI R = M The more a beam curves (that is, the less the radius of curvature) the greater will be the deflections. OBJECTIVE : To verify the general expression for the deflection of a beam. APPARATUS : a) HST.I 12 frame b) Steel beam c) Masses d) Load hanger e) Dial gauge 11

17 PROCEDURE : This experiment is divided into three parts, experiment 1, experiment 2 and experiment 3. A) Experiment 1 : Deflection proportional to load 1. Set up the knife edge supports to a span of 1 m and lay the 25 x 5 mm beam in position. 2. Set up the dial gauge over the hanger clamp so that it will follow a downward deflection of mm. 3. Record the initial reading of the dial gauge (both the small and large outer dials) as the no-load datum. 4. Add 50 N load by 5 N increments placing the weights on gently. 5. Record the dial gauge readings for each load. 6. Unload the beam. B) Experiment 2 : Relationship between deflection and span 1. Change the beam span to 900 mm by moving each knife edge in by 50 mm. The dial gauge and load hanger will still be at mid-span. 2. Record the no-load datum reading of the dial gauge, and the reading when a 50 N load is placed on the hanger. 3. Unload the beam. 4. Repeat this procedure for beam spans of 800, 700, 600 and 500 mm. C) Experiment 3: Deflection inversely proportional to second moment of area 1. With the knife edge supports still at 500mm span change the beam for the 25 x 3mm cross section specimen.. The load hanger and dial gauge should be kept at mid-span. 2. Record the no-load and 50 N load readings. 12

18 I Depth, KNS 1461 Civil Engineering Laboratory 2 RESULT : For the present let it be accepted that the basic pattern of beam deflections y can be expressed in a form : 3 WL y = c EI which is in some way related to : 1 R = M EI A) Experiment 1 E value =. =. Width, b =. d =. Load Dial Gauge Reading Deflection (mm) (0.01 mm) Actual Theoretical B) Experiment 2 Beam span, L (mm) Dial Gauge Reading Deflection (mm) L 3 (0.01 mm) No Load 50 N Load Actual Theoretical

19 I Depth, KNS 1461 Civil Engineering Laboratory 2 C) Experiment 3 E value =. =. Width, b =. d =. Load Dial Gauge Reading Deflection (mm) (0.01 mm) Actual Theoretical DISCUSSION : 1) Plot a graph of deflection versus mass for all three experiments both for actual and theoretical values. 2) Comment on the relationship between the mass and the beam deflection. 3) Based on the theoretical and actual deflections, does the equation accurately predict the behavior of the beam? 14

20 TITLE : V1 Vertical Distance Measurement (Leveling) THEORY : Leveling is the procedure used to determining differences in elevation between points that are some distance from each other. An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference datum. In surveying, the reference datum that is universally employed is the mean sea level (MSL). OBJECTIVE : To make a leveling survey and calculate the results relative to some chosen datum. APPARATUS : a) Leveling instrument b) Leveling staffs c) Tripod PROCEDURE : 1. The level is set up at position I1 and a BS taken to the first TBM, the foot of the staff being held on the TBM and the staff held vertically. (Figure V1-1) 2. The staff is moved to points A and B in turn and readings taken. Points A and B are intermediate sights. 3. The staff is moved to C (change point) and reading taken. This is an FS. 4. While the staff remains at C, the instrument is moved to another position, I2. A reading is taken from the new position to the staff at C. This is a BS. 5. The staff is moved to D (intermediate sight) and reading taken. 6. The staff is moved to E being another change point and reading taken. 15

21 7. The level is moved to I3 and a new reading is taken from the new position to the staff at E. 8. Repeat step 6 and 7 until the final staff position is at a point of known RL (TBM1). Figure V1 1 RESULT : Booking and Reduced Level Calculations : The booking and reduction of the readings can be done by the Rise and Fall Method. Record your booking in Form A (refer Appendix C). Precision of Leveling : The allowable misclosure for any leveling sequence is given by: Allowable misclosure = ± 5 n mm where n is the number of instrument positions. When the actual and allowable misclosures are compared and it is found that the actual value is greater than the allowable value, the leveling should be repeated. DISCUSSION : 1) Explain the difference between change points and bench marks. 2) Discuss the sources of error exist in leveling. 16

22 TITLE : V2 Angle and Distance Measurement THEORY : One of the basic purposes of surveying is to determine the relative positions of points on or near the earth s surface. Angles, as well as linear distances, are usually measured to compute the coordinates of any particular point. Angles are measured between two intersecting lines in either a horizontal plane or a vertical plane. They are usually expressed in terms of degrees, minutes and seconds of arc. OBJECTIVE : To take the reading, recording and reduction of angle and distance measurement data. APPARATUS : a) Total station b) Tripods c) Prism d) Nail e) Hammer f) Wooden peg PROCEDURE : 1. The total station is plumbed over peg 1 and accurately leveled. Prisms are plumbed over peg 2 and 3. (Figure V2-1). 2. Peg 2 is sighted on face left with theodolite set to the required horizontal angle. The reading is entered in the field book. 3. Peg 3 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken. 17

23 4. The instrument is set to face right (by transiting the telescope) and peg 2 is sighted again. 5. Peg 3 is sighted and the reading is taken. 6. To measure the distance, collimate the center of prism at peg 2. The reading is taken and entered in the field book. 7. The total station is moved to peg 3. Prisms are plumbed over peg 1 and 4. Peg 1 is sighted on face left with theodolite set to the reading taken from step 3 above. 8. Peg 4 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken. The instrument is set to face right and peg 1 is sighted again. Then peg 4 is sighted and the reading is taken. 9. Collimate the center of prism at peg 4 and the distance is taken Figure V2 1 RESULT : Booking and Calculations : Record your booking in Form B (refer Appendix D). DISCUSSION : 1) Calculate all the interior angles of your traverse. 2) Explain the accuracy of the angle measurement. 18

24 TITLE : V3 Traverse Survey THEORY : A traverse consists of an interconnected series of lines, running between a series of points on the ground called traverse stations. A traverse survey is performed to measure both the distances between the stations and the angle between the lines. Traverses have been used for local horizontal control over relatively small area or for precise control over relatively large area. OBJECTIVE : To make a traverse survey, reduce the field data and plot the results graphically. APPARATUS : a) Total station b) Tripods c) Prism d) Nail e) Hammer f) Wooden peg PROCEDURE : 1. The total station is plumbed over peg 100 and accurately levelled. Prisms are plumbed over peg 101 and 3. (Figure V3 1) 2. Peg 101 is sighted on face left with theodolite set to the required horizontal angle. The reading is entered in the field book. 3. Peg 3 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken. 4. The instrument is set to face right (by transiting the telescope) and peg 101 is sighted again. 19

25 5. Peg 3 is sighted and the reading is taken. 6. To measure the distance, collimate the center of prism at peg 3. The reading is taken and entered in the field book. 7. The total station is moved to peg 3. Prisms are plumbed over peg 100 and 4. Peg 100 is sighted on face left with theodolite set to the reading taken from step 3 above. 8. Peg 4 is sighted and the horizontal angle is taken. The instrument is set to face right and peg 100 is sighted again. Then peg 4 is sighted and the reading is taken. 9. Collimate the center of prism at peg 4 and the distance is taken. 10. Repeat step 7 and 8 until the final total station position is at peg 100. Figure V3-1 20

26 RESULT : Record your booking in Form B (refer appendix D) and Form C (refer Appendix E). Accuracy : The allowable misclosures for any traversing depend on the class of survey. For the first class survey, the maximum misclosure permissible is 1:8000 and the maximum angular misclosure permissible is DISCUSSION : 3) Prepare the survey plan for your control traverse. 4) Discuss the sources of error that may arise when measuring traverse angles. 21

27 TITLE : V4 Setting Out Curve THEORY : The centre lines of the highways and railroads consist of a series of straight lines connected by curves. The shape of the curves must be computed by the surveyor so they can be located on the ground for construction. OBJECTIVE : To perform calculations to fix the positions of points forming a horizontal curve. APPARATUS : a) Total station b) Tripods c) Prism d) Nail e) Ranging pole f) Hammer g) Wooden peg h) Measuring tape PROCEDURE : 1. The total station is set up, centered and leveled at survey station 1, and the final bearing to point 2 is set on the instrument or set 180 to point 2. (Figure V4 1). 2. The horizontal distance to point 2 is measured as a check. 3. The total station is rotated until you get the required bearing and horizontal distance to the first setting-out point, C1. 22

28 4. Hold ranging pole (with prism) vertically at the approximate position of the point to be set out. 5. The prism is set up, centered and leveled at that approximate position and the prism is then moved until you get the required bearing and distance. 6. Inserts a peg, re-checks the complete operation and when satisfied that it is correct, moves to the next setting-out location, C2. 7. With station C1 set, measure the chord length from it and stake station C2, where the line of sight of the instrument, now set to the required bearing for C2 intersects the end of that chord. 8. Repeat the procedure 3-7 for all the remaining pegs to be set out. Figure V4 1 23

29 RESULT : Record your booking in Form B (refer Appendix D) and Form C (refer Appendix E). All curve, calculation and setting out should be submitted in your report. Accuracy : The allowable misclosure for any traversing depends on the class of survey. For the first class survey, the maximum misclosure permissible is 1:8000 and the maximum angular misclosure permissible is DISCUSSION : Prepare the survey plan for your control traverse and your design curve. 24

30 APPENDIX A SAFETY FIRST Follow all instructions carefully. Appropriate clothing must be worn in the lab. No loose clothing or jewelry around operating equipment. Do not wear open toe shoes or sandal in operating laboratories. Do not operate equipment or carry on experiments unless the instructor/technician is present in the laboratory. Assure that necessary safety equipment is readily available and in usable condition. Become familiar with safety precautions and emergency procedures before undertaking any laboratory work. All injuries, no matter how small, must be reported. 25

31 APPENDIX B GUIDELINES All laboratory works should be conducted within the period given. The laboratory rules and regulations apply throughout the lab sessions. Lab report should be submitted ONE (1) WEEK after every lab session. Each lab group is to submit only ONE (1) report per lab session (GROUP SUBMISSION). Attendance for every lab session is COMPULSORY. No mark will be given to any report(s) submitted without attending the lab session(s). Reports must be written in the following format :- Formatting guidelines Font type & size : Times new roman, 12 Spacing : 1.5 spacing Margin : left (1.5 ), right (1.25 ), top (1 ) and bottom (1 ) Front Cover : See below Tape binding Content guidelines Cover page Table of content Lab code & title of experiment Theory / Introduction } Objectives Your own word! Do NOT copy/scan Procedure from the lab manual!!!!! Result Discussion Conclusion &/ recommendation References 26

32 Cover page format 27

33 APPENDIX C Form A RISE & FALL METHOD BS IS FS Rise Fall Initial RL Adj. Adj. RL Remarks 28

34 APPENDIX D Form B STATION BEARING FROM TO FACE LEFT FACE RIGHT MEAN FROM STN FINAL BEARING TO STN VERTICAL ANGLE DISTANCE FINAL DISTANCE 29

35 APPENDIX E Form C STN FROM TO BEARING DISTANCE REF. LATITUDE DEPARTURE N+ S- E+ W- COORDINATES 30

DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GREATER NOIDA Department of CIVIL Engineering Semester: III Branch: CIVIL Session: Subject: Surveying Lab

DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GREATER NOIDA Department of CIVIL Engineering Semester: III Branch: CIVIL Session: 2015-16 Subject: Surveying Lab 1. To measure bearings of a closed traverse by prismatic