Faculty:-Prof. Mrs. N. Soundarya Semester:-III Class: - C.E. Course Code:-CE -207-F

Transcription

1 Lecture Plan-1 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- I Fundamental Principals of Surveying Section-A Topic :-Definition, Objects, Classification, Fundamental Principles, Methods of Fixing Stations 1. A brief introduction on the Definition and Objective of Surveying Classifications of Survey- Based on nature of field, Based on Objective, Based on Methods employed, Based on instruments used Land Survey-Topographical, Cadastral, City, Engineering Fundamental Principles of Surveying- To work from Whole to Part, To fix the Positions of new Stations from Linear and Angular Measurements A brief summary of the above mentioned topics Define Surveying. What are its objectives? Enumerate the Classifications of Survey. What are the Fundamental Principles of Surveying? Q1.Write a Brief Note on the Fundamental Principals of Surveying.

2 Lecture Plan-2 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- II Measurement of Distances Section-A Topic :-Direct Measurement, Instruments for measuring distance, Instruments for marking Stations 1. A brief Introduction on main methods of determining distance Direct Measurement- Pacing, Passometer, Pedometer, Odometer, Speedometer, Perambulator, Judging Distance, Measurement and Chaining Instruments for measuring Distance- Types of Chains and Tapes Instruments for marking Stations- Pegs, Ranging Rods, Offset Rods, Laths, Whites, Plumb Bob A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics. Name the different methods of Direct Measurement. What are the different types of Chains? What are the different instruments for marking stations? Q1. Describe the different kinds of Chains commonly used in Surveying stating the special advantage of each. Draw the sketch of Metric Chain. Q2. Enumerate the different types of instruments for marking stations. Explain Ranging Rods or Ranging Poles with sketch/

3 Lecture Plan -3 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- II Measurement of Distances Section-A Topic :- Ranging out Survey Lines, Chaining a Line, Examples on Correction of Distance and Area, A brief introduction of Direct Ranging and Indirect Ranging Chaining of a Line- Duties of a Leader and Follower. Unfolding, Folding and Reading of Chain Examples on Corrections of Distance and Area. A brief summary of the above mentioned topics What are the duties of a Leader and a Follower? The length of a line measured with a 20m chain was found to be 634.4m. It was afterwards found that the chain was 0.05m too long. Find the true length of the line. Q1. The length of a line measured with a Gunter s chain was found to be 5000 links. If the chain was 0.2 link too short, find the true length of the line. Q2. The distance between two stations was measured with a 20m chain and found to be 1000m. The same distance was measured with a 30m chain and found to be m. If the 20m chain was 0.05m too short, what was the error in the 30m chain? Q3. An Engineer s chain was found to be 7.5cm too long after chaining 120m. It was found to be 15cm too long at the end of the day s work, after chaining a total distance of 210m. If the chain was correct before the commencement of chaining, find the true distance. Q4. The plan of an old survey plotted to a scale of 10m to 1cm was found to have shrunk so that a line originally 10cm long was found to measure 9.8cm. There was also a note on the plan that the 30m chain used in the survey was 0.03m too short. If the area of the plan measured now with a planimeter is cm 2, determine the true area of the survey.

4 Lecture Plan -4 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- II Measurement of Distances Section-A Topic :- Errors in Chaining, Mistakes in Chaining, Tape Corrections A brief introduction of the types of Errors in Chaining Compensating Errors Cumulative Errors- Positive and Negative Mistakes in Chaining Tape Corrections for:- Absolute Length, Temperature, Tension or Pull, Sag, Slope or Vertical Alignment A brief summary of the above mentioned topics. Enumerate the Compensating and Cumulative Errors. What are the mistakes in Chaining? Q1. Explain the types of Errors in Chaining. Q2. What are the mistakes in Chaining?

5 Lecture Plan -5 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- II Measurement of Distances Section-A Topic :- Tape Corrections Examples A brief introduction of the different types of Tape Corrections Tape Corrections for:- Absolute Length, Temperature, Tension or Pull, Sag, Slope or Vertical Alignment Numerical on Tape Correction A brief summary of the above mentioned topics. A 50m tape is suspended between the ends under a pull of 150N. The mass of the tape is 1.52Kg. Find the corrected length of the tape. Q1. A line was measured on a rising gradient of 1 to 10 and found to be 313.5m. It was afterwards found that the 30m chain was 5cm too long. Find the correct length of the line. Q2. A steel tape was exactly 30m long at 18 C when supported throughout its length under a pull of 80N. A line was measured with a tape under a pull of 120N and found to be 801m. The mean temperature during the measurement was 26 C. Assuming the tape to be supported at every 30m, compute the true length of the line, given that the cross-sectional area of the tape=0.04 cm 2, the mass density of steel is kg/cm 3, the coefficient of expansion= per C and the modulus of elasticity=21x10 6 N/cm 2.

6 Lecture Plan -6 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- III Compass and Chain Traversing Section-B Topic :- Methods of Traversing, Instruments for Measurement of Angles, Bearings of Angles A brief introduction of the main methods of determining direction of the survey lines(traversing) Main methods of Traversing:- by Chain Angles, By the Free or Loose Needle Method, Fast Needle Method, Measurement of Angles between Successive Lines Instruments for measurement of angles- Prismatic Compass, Surveyor s Compass Types of Bearings of Survey Lines Designation of Bearings- Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B.) and Reduced Bearing (R.B.), Fore Bearing and Back Bearing, Relations between W.C.B. and R.B. A brief summary of the above mentioned topics. What are the different methods of Traversing? Name the two Compass commonly used for measurement of bearing. Convert the W.C.B. to R.B.: (i) (ii) Convert the R.B. to W.C.B.: (i) S E (ii) N W The Bearing of a line AB is and the angle ABC is What is the bearing of BC? Q1. Explain the different methods of Traversing with sketches. Q2. Explain the salient features of Prismatic and Surveyor s Compass. Q3. The following Fore Bearings (F.B.) and Back Bearings (B.B.) were observed in running a compass traverse: (i) AB- F.B B.B (ii) BC-F.B B.B (iii) CD- F.B B.B. 1 0 (iv) DA- F.B B.B Calculate the interior angles of the traverse.

7 Lecture Plan -7 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- III Compass and Chain Traversing Section-B Topic :- Local Attraction, Examples A brief introduction of the definition of Local Attraction. Reasons of Local Attraction Examples on Local Attraction A brief summary of the above mentioned topics. Define Local Attraction. What are the reasons of it? Following are the bearings taken on a closed Compass Traverse: Line Fore Bearing Back Bearing BC CD DA At what stations do you suspect Local Attraction? Find the Corrected Bearings of the Lines. Q1. Below are the bearings observed in Traversing with a compass in place where Local Attraction is suspected. A t LINE FORE BEARING BACK BEARING BC CD DE w hea a At stations do you suspect Local Attraction? Find the Corrected Bearings of the lines. Also compute the internal angles of the traverse.

8 Lecture Plan -8 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- IV Levelling Section-B Topic :- Definition of terms used in Levelling, types of levels and staff, temporary adjustment of levels A brief introduction of the definition and Purpose of Levelling Important terms used in Levelling Parallax Instruments to determine the Elevations of Points Temporary Adjustments of a Level- Setting up of Level, Focusing the Eye-Piece and Object Glass A brief summary of the above mentioned topics. Define the following terms used in Levelling:- Horizontal Plane & line, Vertical Plane & Line, Bench Mark, Reduced Level, Line of Collimation, Axis of Bubble Tube, Back Sight, Fore Sight and Change Point What is Parallax? How it can be removed? Q1.Define the following terma used in Levelling:- (a) Bench Mark, (b) Reduced Level (c) Line of Collimation (d) Axis of Bubble Tube (e) Back Sight (f) Fore Sight and (g) Change Point Q2. What is Parallax? How it can be completely eliminated? Q3. Explain the operations performed for Temporary Adjustment of a Level.

9 Lecture Plan -9 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- IV Levelling Section-B Topic :- Principles of leveling, Reduction of Levels, Booking of Staff Readings, Examples A brief introduction of the Principles of Leveling- Simple and Differential Classification of Levelling Reduction of Levels- The Collimation System, The Rise and Fall System Comparison of the two systems Booking of Staff Readings Arithmetical check of the two systems Examples on each System. A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and 4m staff on continuously sloping ground at a common interval of 30m ON A, 1.535, 1.955, 2.430, 2.985, 3.480, 1.155, 1.960, 2.365, 3.640, 0.935, 1.045, and ON B. The Reduced Level of the first point was Rule out a page of a Level Field Book and enter the above readings. Calculate the reduced level of the points by Collimation method and also the gradient of the line joining first and last points. Q1. The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and 4m staff on continuously sloping ground at a common interval of 30m on A, 0.936, 1.953, 2.846, 3.644, 3.938, 0.962, 1.035, 1.689, 2.534, 3.844, 0.956, 1.579, on B. The Reduced Level of the first point was Rule out a page of a Level Field Book and enter the above readings. Calculate the reduced level of the points by Collimation method and also the gradient of the line joining first and last points. Q2. The following consecutive readings were taken with a Dumpy Level , 3.346, 2.932, 1.952, 0.854, 3.796, 2.639, 1.542, 1.934, 0.864, The level was shifted after the fifth and the eighth readings. The first reading was taken on the B.M. of R.L Calculate the Reduced Levels of the Change Points using Rise and Fall method and the difference of Level between the first and last points.

10 Lecture Plan -10 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- IV Levelling Section-B Topic :- Contouring, Characteristics of Contour Lines A Brief introduction of Contouring- Definition, Contour interval, Horizontal Equivalent Characteristics of Contour Lines Uses of Contours. A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Define the following terms: (a) Contour Line (b) Horizontal Equivalent (c) Contour Interval What are the uses of Contour Maps? Q1. Define the following Terms:- (a) Contour Line (b) Horizontal Equivalent (c) Contour Interval Q2. Write the characteristics and Use of Contour Maps

11 Lecture Plan -11 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- IV Levelling Section-B Topic :- Locating Contours, Interpolation of Contours 5 A brief introduction of the methods of calculation of Volume of Earth Works 35 Locating Contours- Direct Method (Method of Radial Lines), Indirect Method (By Cross-Sections, By Squares, By Tacheometric Method) Interpolation of Contours (By Estimation, By Arithmetical Calculation, By Graphical Method). 5 A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. What are the different methods of locating contours? Q2. What do you understand by interpolation of contours? 5 Q1. Explain any one direct method and any one of the indirect methods of locating contours. Q2. What do you understand by interpolation of contours? Describe any one method of interpolation.

12 Lecture Plan -12 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- IV Levelling Section-B Topic :- Calculations of Volume of Earth Works by means of Contour Lines A brief introduction of the different methods for calculations of volume of Earth works Prismatic method Trapezoidal method Examples A brief Summary of the above-mentioned topics A Road at a constant R.L runs from North to South. The ground from East to West is Level. The ground levels along the centre-line of the road are as follows: Chainage Ground R.L Find the Volume of the embankment in m3 for a road 7.2m wide at formation level with side slopes 1.5 to 1. Q1. A ROAD AT A CONSTANT R.L. OF RUNS FROM NORTH TO SOUTH. THE GROUND FROM EAST TO WEST IS LEVEL. THE SURFACE LEVELS ALONG THE CENTRE LINE OF THE ROAD ARE AS FOLLOWS: CHAINAGE IN m: LEVEL IN m: COMPUTE THE VOLUME OF CUTTING, GIVEN THAT THE WIDTH AT FORMATION LEVEL IS 8m AND THE SIDE SLOPES 1.5 TO 1. Q2. A ROAD EMBANKMENT 6m WIDE AT FORMATION LEVEL WITH SIDE SLOPES 2 TO 1 AND WITH AN AVERAGE HEIGHT OF BANK OF 2.4m IS CONSTRUCTED WITH AN AVERAGE GRADIENT OF 1 IN 50 FROM 60m CONTOUR TO 204m CONTOUR. FIND (a) LENGTH OF THE ROAD IN km. (b) THE VOLUME OF THE EMBANKMENT IN m 3.

13 Lecture Plan -13 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- V Theodolite and Theodolite Traversing Section-C Topic :- Theodolites, Temporary Adjustment of Theodolite A brief introduction of Theodolites-definition, use and purpose Components of a Theodolite- Levelling Head, The Two Spindles, The Lower Plate, The Upper Plate, The Level Tubes, The Standards, The Compass, The Telescope, The Vertical Circle, The Index Bar. Temporary Adjustments of Theodolite- Setting up to a Theodolite over a station, Levelling up, Elimination of Parallax- by focusing the Eye-piece and by focusing the Object Glass. A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics What is the use and purpose of a Theodolite? What are the main components of a transit Theodolite? How the temporary adjustment of a Theodolite is done? Q1. Define a Theodolite. What is the use and the purpose of a Theodolite? Q2. What are the main components of a transit Theodolite? Q3. Explain the methods of the Temporary Adjustments of a Theodolite?

14 Lecture Plan -14 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- V Theodolite and Theodolite Traversing Section-C Topic :- Measurement of Angles, Repetition and Reiteration Method A brief introduction of the measurement of angles by a Theodolite Measurement of Angles- Method of measuring a horizontal angle by a Theodolite To measure a horizontal angle by Repetition Errors that are eliminated in the method of Repetition To measure horizontal angles by Reiteration A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. Explain in brief how the horizontal angles are measured by a Theodolite? Q1. Explain the Method of Repetition to measure a horizontal angle by a Theodolite. What are the Errors that are eliminated in this process? Q2. Explain the method of Reiteration to measure a horizontal angle by a Theodolite. How is it different from the method of Repetition?

15 Lecture Plan -15 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- V Theodolite and Theodolite Traversing Section-C Topic :- Traverse Survey with the Theodolite, Checks in Closed Traverse in Surveying, Checks in Open Traverse in Surveying, Adjustment of Closed Traverse. A Brief introduction of the methods of determination of relative direction of the lines of a Traverse. Checks in Closed Traverse in Surveying- (1) Check on Angular Measurement- (a) Traverse by Included Angles (b) Traverse by Deflection Angles (c) Traverse by direct observation of bearings (2) Check on Linear Measurement Checks in Open Traverse in Surveying Adjustment of Closed Traverse- Error of Closure, Distribution of Angular Error, Adjustment of Bearings A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. What are the checks in a closed traverse? Q2. How the closing error is distributed in a closed traverse? Q1.Discuss the Checks on Linear Measurement and Angular Measurement in Closed Traverse in Surveying? Q2. How the closing error is distributed in a closed traverse? Explain.

16 Lecture Plan -16 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- V Theodolite and Theodolite Traversing Section-C Topic : Special Features of Modern Theodolites, Optical readings Theodolite, Electronic Theodolite A brief introduction of the various types of Theodolites Transit Theodolite Optical Reading Theodolite- Special Features Zeiss Th2 Theodolite, Wild T2 Universal Theodolite, Gyro Theodolite, Electronic Theodolite A brief summary of the above mentioned topics Q1. What are the different types of Theodolites? Q2. Explain the special features of Electronic Theodolite. Q1. What are the various types of Theodolites? Explain the special features of Optical Reading Theodolite. Q2. Explain the use and working of an Electronic Theodolite.

17 Lecture Plan -17 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- V Theodolite and Theodolite Traversing Section-C Topic :- Examples on Theodolite Traversing A Brief introduction of Traversing with Theodolite Numerical Examples of Theodolite Traversing A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics. 1. FROM THE FOLLOWING DATA, CALCULATE THE DEFLECTION ANGLES AND THE BEARINGS OF BC, DC AND DE. BEARING OF AB= INCLUDED ANGLE ABC= INCLUDED ANGLE BCD= INCLUDED ANGLE CDE= FOLLOWING ARE THE LENGTHS AND BEARINGS OF A TRAVERSE ABCD. CALCULATE THE LENGTH AND BEARING OF THE LINE DA. LINE LENGTH IN m BEARINGS AB BC CD Assignment to be given: Q2. FOR A CLOSED TRAVERSE ABCDE, THE LENGTH AND THE BEARINGS OF LINES WERE MEASURED WITH TAPE AND THEODOLITE AS FOLLOW COMPUTE THE CONSECUTIVE COORDINATES AND CLOSING ERROR. ADJUST THE COORDINATE LINE LENGTH (m) BEARING AB 365 N W BC 205 N 35 0 E CD 160 S E DE 197 S E EA 275 S W

18 Lecture Plan -18 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VI Plane Table Surveying Section-C Topic :- Plane Table, Advantage and Disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying, Operations in Orienting the Plane Table A brief introduction of definition of Plane Table Surveying Accessories used in Plane Table Surveying- Drawing Board Mounted on a Tripod, Alidade, Trough compass, Plumbing Fork or U Frame with a Plumb Bob, Water- Proof Cover, Paper, Pencil, Eraser, Scale, Pins Etc. Advantages of Plane Tabling Disadvantages of Plane Tabling Operations in Setting up the Plane Table, Operations in Orienting the Table- by Magnetic Needle and by Backsighting A brief summary of the above mentioned topics. Q1. Define Plane Table Surveying. What are the accessories used in Plane Table Surveying? Q2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying? Q1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Plane Table Surveying? Q2. Explain the different methods of Orientation of Plane Table. Q3. Define Plane Table Surveying. What are the accessories used in a Plane Table Surveying?

19 Lecture Plan -19 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VI Plane Table Surveying Section-C Topic :- Methods of Plane Table Surveying A Brief introduction of different methods of Plane Table Surveying. Methods of Plane Table Surveying- (i) Radiation (ii) Intersection (iii) Traversing (iv) Resection-Cases of Resection. A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. What are the different methods of Plane Table Surveying? Q1. Explain the different methods of Plane Table Surveying with sketches.

20 Lecture Plan -20 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VI Plane Table Surveying Section-C Topic :- Two Point Problem and Three Point Problem A brief introduction of two cases of method of resection Solution of Two point Problem Solution of Three Point Problem- Mechanical method, Graphical Method, Trial and Error Method Lehmann s Rule for locating the position of station on sheet A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics. What is the solution of Two Point Problem? Q1.Give the statement of Two Point Problem in Plane Table Surveying?. How it can be solved? Explain with neat sketch. Q2. Give the statement of Three Point Problem in Plane Table Surveying. Explain the solution by any one of the methods.

21 Lecture Plan -21 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VII Tacheometry Section-D Topic : Uses of Tacheometry, Principle of Tacheometric Surveying A brief introduction of definition of Tacheometry Tacheometry- Definition and Objective Instruments used in Tacheometry Essential characteristics of a Tacheometer A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. Define Tacheometry. What is its objective? Q2. What are the instruments used in Tacheometry? Q3. What are the essential characteristics of a Tacheometer? Q1. Define Tacheometry. What is the objective of Tacheometry? Q2. Name the instruments used in Tacheometry and discuss their salient features. Q3. Explain the essential characteristics of a Tacheometer.

22 Lecture Plan -22 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VII Tacheometry Section-D Topic : Tacheometry methods, Principle of Tacheometry methods A brief introduction to Tacheometry methods Tacheometry methods Principle of Tacheometry methods- (i) Fixed Hair method (ii) Movable Hair method A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. What are the divisions of Tacheometry methods? Q2. What is the difference between Fixed Hair method and Movable Hair method? Q1.What are the main divisions of Tacheometry methods? Q2. Explain Fixed Hair Method and Movable Hair Method in Stadia Method.

23 Lecture Plan -23 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VII Tacheometry Section-D Topic :- Determination of Distance and Elevation by Stadia Method A brief introduction of Calculation of Distance and Elevation by Tacheometry Determination of Distance and Elevation by Stadia Method Case-I When the line of Collimation or Sight is horizontal and staff is held vertically Case-II When the line of Collimation or Sight is inclined to the horizontal and the staff is held vertically (When the observed angle is an angle of elevation or depression) Case III- When the line of Collimation or Sight is inclined to the horizontal and Staff is held normal to the Line of Collimation (When the observed angle is an angle of elevation or depression) A brief summary of the above-mentioned topic Q1. How the Distance and Elevation is calculated for the case of inclined line of sight and staff held vertical as well as normal? Q1. Derive an expression for the Distance D of a vertical Staff from a Tacheometer, if the line of sight of telescope is horizontal and Staff held vertical/ Q2. Write the expression for the Distance D of a vertical Staff from a Tacheometer and Elevation of the Staff Station when the observed angle is an angle of elevation as well as for the angle of depression. Q3. Write the expression for the Distance D of a normal Staff from a Tacheometer and Elevation of the Staff Station when the observed angle is an angle of elevation as well as for the angle of depression.

24 Lecture Plan -24 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VII Tacheometry Section-D Topic :- Tangential Method, Constants of a Tacheometer A brief introduction on Tangential Method of Tacheometry Tangential Method- Case-I When both the observed angles are angles of elevation Case-II When both the observed angles are angles of depression Case-III When one of the observed angles is an angle of elevation and the other angle an angle of depression Disadvantages of tangential method Determinations of constants of a Tacheometer A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. How the Tacheometric constants are determined? Q2. Write the expression for determination of distance between instrument and Staff station and elevation of Staff station by Tangential Method for each of the cases. Q1. How the Multiplicative constant and Additive constant of a Tacheometer are determined? Q2. Write the expression for determination of distance between instrument and Staff station and Elevation of the Staff station by Tangential method when (i) both the angles are angles of elevation (ii) both the angles are angles of depression and (ii) when one of the observed angles is an angle of elevation and the other angle an angle of depression. Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia

25 Lecture Plan -25 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VII Tacheometry Section-D Topic :-Examples on determination of Distance and Elevation by Tacheometric methods A Brief introduction on determination of distance and elevation by Stadia and Tangential methods Numerical1: To determine the constant multiplier of a Tacheometer. Numerical2: Determination of Distance and Elevation of Staff station when line of sight is horizontal and staff is held vertical. Numerical3: Determination of Distance and Elevation of Staff station when line of sight is inclined and staff held vertical. Numerical4: Determination of distance and Elevation of Staff station by Tangential method A brief summary of the above-mentioned topic Q1. To determine the constant multiplier of a Tacheometer, the following observations were taken on a Staff held vertically at distances measured from the instrument. Observation Horizontal distance Vertical angle Stadia Reading , , , Find the mean value of the constant, given that the additive constant was 0.25m Q1. To determine the constant multiplier of a Tacheometer, the following observations were taken on a Staff held vertically at distances measured from the instrument. Observation Horizontal distance Vertical angle Stadia Reading , , , Find the mean value of the constant, given that the additive constant was 0.25m Q2. A Staff was held vertically at distances of 45m and 120m from the centre of a Theodolite fitted with Stadia hairs and the staff intercepts with the telescope horizontal were and respectively. The instrument was then set over station P of R.L m and the height of the instrument was 1.45m. The hair readings on a staff held vertically at station Q were 1.20, 1.93 and 2.66m while the vertical angle was Find the distance PQ and R.L. of Q. Q3. A Tacheometer fitted with an anallatic lens was used to observe the following. The value of the constant was 100 and the staff was held vertically determine the length and gradient of AB. From To Bearing Vertical Angle Hair Readings C A , 1.721, C B , 2.199, Q4. Two observations are taken upon a vertical staff by means of a Theodolite, the R.L. of its trunnion axis being In the case of the first, the angle of elevation was 4 36 and the staff reading In the case of second observation, the staff reading was 3.45 and the angle of elevation 5 48.Calculate the R.L. of staff station and its distance from instrument. Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia

26 Lecture Plan -26 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VIII Curves Section-D Topic :- Classification of Curves, Elements of Simple Circular Curve A brief introduction on the Types of Curves Classification of curves: Simple Curve, Compound Curve, Reverse Curve Elements of Simple Circular curve- Tangent Length, Length of Long Chord, Length of the curve, Apex Distance, Versine of the curve A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. Define different types of curves. Q2. Give the expression of the following elements of a simple circular curve: (a) Tangent Length (b) Length of the circular curve (c) Length of the long chord (d) Versine of the curve Q1. Define Simple, Compound and Reverse Curve. Q2. Give the expression of the following elements of a simple circular curve with a neat sketch: (a) Tangent length (b) Length of the Long Chord (c) Length of the circular curve (d) Versine of the curve Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia

27 Lecture Plan -27 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VIII Curves Section-D Topic : Location of Tangent Points- Chain and Tape methods, instrumental methods A brief introduction of different methods of location of tangent points Location of Tangent Points- Chain and Tape methods- (a) by offset or ordinates from the long chord (b) by successive bisection of arcs (c) by offsets from the tangents (d) by offsets from chords produced Instrumental methods- Rankine s method of Tangential angles A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. Write the expression of offsets from the long chord if Radius and Length of long chord is given. Q2. Explain the Rankine s method of Tangential angles for setting out the simple curve. Q1. Explain the method of location of Tangent Points by offset or ordinates from the long chord with a neat sketch. Q2. Explain the Rankine s method of Tangential angles for location of Tangent points with a neat sketch. What is the check in this method? Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia

28 Lecture Plan -28 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VIII Curves Section-D Topic: - Examples of Simple Curves A Brief introduction of different methods to solve the problem of location of Tangent points Numerical 1: Calculation of Ordinates of a Circular Curve by Offset from Long Chord. Numerical 2: Calculation of the offsets of a Circular curve by offset from the Tangent. Numerical3: Calculation of all the data necessary for setting out a curve by Rankine s method of deflection angles. A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. Calculate the ordinates at 7.5m intervals for a circular curve, given that the length of the long chord is 60m and the radius 180m. Q1. Calculate the ordinates at 7.5m intervals for a circular curve, given that the length of the long chord is 60m and the radius 180m. Q2. Calculate the offsets at 15m intervals along the tangents to locate the curve having a radius of 360m. Q3. Two tangents intersect at Chainage 1190m, the deflection angle being 36. Calculate all the data necessary for setting out a curve with a radius of 300m by deflection angles. Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia

29 Lecture Plan -29 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VIII Curves Section-D Topic : Transition Curves, Types of Transition Curves A brief introduction of Transition Curves- definition and objective Advantages of a Transition Curve Requirements of a Transition Curve Types of the Transition Curve- Cubic Parabola, Clothoid, Lemniscates A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics. Q1. What are the advantages of a Transition Curve? Q2. What are the requirements of a Transition curve? Q3. What are the types of Transition curve? Q1. What are the advantages as well as requirements of a Transition curve? Q2. What are the different types of Transition Curves? Mention salient features of each type. Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia

30 Lecture Plan -30 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VIII Curves Section-D Topic: - SuperElevation, Length of Transition curve A brief introduction of SuperElevation Definition and Objective of SuperElevation The Amount of SuperElevation Length of Transition Curve- By an Arbitrary Gradient, By the Rate, By the Rate of Change of Radial Acceleration A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics. Q1. Why SuperElevation is provided on curves? Q2. Give the expression for length of the transition curve by rate of change of radial acceleration. Q1.What are the various methods to find length of a transition curve. Q2. Two straights on the centre-line of a proposed Railway line intersect at 2610m, the deflection angle being 46. A circular curve with 400m radius and transition curves are to be intersected, the latter being 90m in length. Make all necessary calculations to set out this curve by deflection angles. Pegs are to be set out at every 30m of continuous Chainage. Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia

31 Lecture Plan -31 Subject: Surveying-I Unit:- VIII Curves Section-D Topic :- Necessity and types of Vertical Curves A brief introduction of vertical curves definition Gradient or Grades Types of Vertical curves Length of the Vertical Curve- Centrifugal Effect, Sight Distances Examoles on Vertical curves A brief summary of the above-mentioned topics Q1. Find the length of the vertical curve connecting two uniform grades of +0.8% and -0.6% with rate of change of grade 0.1% per 30m. Q1. With the help of neat sketches, describe different types of Vertical curves and Horizontal curves. Q2. Calculate length of the vertical curve if Sight Distance= twice the length of the vertical curve and g1=+1%, g2=-0.5%, h=1.12m. Q3. Calculate length of the vertical curve if Sight Distance= half the length of vertical curve and g1=1.5%, g2=-2.5%, h=1.12m. Reference Readings:- 1. Surveying and Levelling-II- T.P. Kanetkar 2. Surveying and Levelling-II- B.C. Punmia