Surface Tension. Liquid Effects in The Last of Us. Eben Cook Lead Visual Effects Artist, Naughty Dog Inc. Wednesday, March 19, 14
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1 Surface Tension Liquid Effects in The Last of Us Eben Cook Lead Visual Effects Artist, Naughty Dog Inc.
2 Surface Tension Liquid Effects in The Last of Us Eben Cook Lead Visual Effects Artist, Naughty Dog Inc.
3 Game Blood Review
4
5 Visual Target
6
7 Visual Target
8 Visual Target Wanted liquid to live until it hit a surface
9 Visual Target Wanted liquid to live until it hit a surface Wanted to model the physics of liquids as much as possible in very little time per frame
10 Visual Target Wanted liquid to live until it hit a surface Wanted to model the physics of liquids as much as possible in very little time per frame Wanted blood to be exagerated, but believable
11 Visual Target Wanted liquid to live until it hit a surface Wanted to model the physics of liquids as much as possible in very little time per frame Wanted blood to be exagerated, but believable Wanted blood to make it feel like there were consequences to combat
12 First Attempt
13 First Attempt Tried to use ribbons and sprites
14 First Attempt Tried to use ribbons and sprites Resulted in high particle counts
15 First Attempt Tried to use ribbons and sprites Resulted in high particle counts Needed a lot to happen between frame 0 and frame 1 to get good looking blood shapes to happen with the ribbons
16 First Attempt Tried to use ribbons and sprites Resulted in high particle counts Needed a lot to happen between frame 0 and frame 1 to get good looking blood shapes to happen with the ribbons Could not define initial state
17 First Attempt Tried to use ribbons and sprites Resulted in high particle counts Needed a lot to happen between frame 0 and frame 1 to get good looking blood shapes to happen with the ribbons Could not define initial state Ribbons didn t break up into drops and so expanded gaining more mass
18 This blood was going to be a tough problem. So we looked at it more closely.
19 The problem could be broken into two major challenges.
20 The problem could be broken into two major challenges. Animation
21 The problem could be broken into two major challenges. Animation Shading
22 Animation
23 Video Copilot: Action Essentials 2
24
25
26
27
28 Compensate for scaling
29 Animation Overall expansion (scaling) Border contraction
30 Animation Overall expansion (scaling) > Sprite scaling Border contraction > Shader
31 Animation: Border Contraction From Glops to Drops
32 Animation: Border Contraction From Glops to Drops
33 Animation: Border Contraction From Glops to Drops Threshold animation
34 Animation: Border Contraction From Glops to Drops Threshold animation Rule of Threshold Animation: Every frame must be contained within the borders of the previous frame.
35 Animation: Border Contraction From Glops to Drops Rule of Threshold Animation: Every frame must be contained within the borders of the previous frame.
36 How can we create these threshold maps? First attempt: hand paint Result didn t feel natural Labor intensive Decided to try fluid particle sim
37 Tried filling hand sculped shape
38 Now we use a shape created in Real Flow
39 Surface tension makes it condense somewhat
40 But remember, the shape is expanding...
41 Give all particles outward initial velocity Zoom the camera out at the same rate
42 Divide pixel values by number of frames, then add images all together
43 Then you have a threshold texture that breaks into strings and drops...
44
45
46 Its animation is very close to the rendered simulation...
47
48
49 ...and resembles an element in the reference
50 The problem could be broken into two major challenges. Animation Shading
51 The problem could be broken into two major challenges. Shading
52
53 Passes
54
55 Shading Reflection and Refraction Sample screen texture with UV offset Offset direction is opposite for reflection and refraction
56
57 Normals Needed for UV distortion for reflection and refraction. Needed for fresnel. Needed for specular lighting.
58 Normals What should they look like, and where would they come from?
59 Normals What should they look like, and where would they come from? They should change as the shape changes from threshold animation.
60 Normals What should they look like, and where would they come from? They should change as the shape changes from threshold animation. Normals from the simulation would have been dandy, but we wanted to avoid flipbooks. So I had to generate normals procedurally.
61
62 The normals need to animate along with the border.
63 How can we derive these regions and generate normals for them?
64 How can we derive these regions and generate normals for them?
65 How can we derive these regions and generate normals for them?
66 How can we derive these regions and generate normals for them?
67 Range of 0.02 and 0.05 Range of 0.05 and 0.1 Range of 0.1 and 0.3 Remap the values in the threshold texture to get a gradients within each of the regions. Then use the gradients to blend between upward pointing normals and normals that point perpendicular to the borders.
68 0 = normals pointing perpendicular to border (flip for interior region) 1 = normals pointing up (sprite s normal) Next question: How do we get normals pointing perpendicular to the borders?
69 To get normals pointing perpendicular to borders... Treat threshold texture as height map and generate normals Make blue channel 50% gray (eliminate z component) Normalize Vectors
70 Generating Animating Normals Take these normals... Blend them using the gradients in these regions... To get these normals that animate with the border.
71 That s the bulk of it.
72 And in the end, they are on screen for about a second. :-/
73
74 Q&A
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