464 Index. Associative memory paradigms

Transcription

1 Index ABC analysis 5 Adaline 27 Adaptive resonance theory (ART) 56-9, 300, 309 architecture of 58 ART3 59 ARTMAP 63 bottom up weights 59 components of 57 fuzzy ART 63 gain control 58 learning algorithm 59 LTM (Long Term Memory) 58 networks orienting subsystem 57 pattern matching 57 STM (Short Term Memory) 58 subsystem 57 top down weights 59 vigilance value 59 winner-take-all network 278 Adaptive back-propagation ABP1 energy/sliding based method 361 ABP2 energy/smoothing based method 361 learning mechanism 360 total sum of squared errors (TSS) Adaptive neurocontrol 383 Adaptive control in manufacturing 399 methods, indirect approach 400 methods, traditional 400 model reference (MRAC) 401 systems, characteristics of Artificial neural network architectures mechanisms 303 competitive 303 cooperative 303 decoder 303 direct object based 292 encoder 303 normalization 303 performance analysis of 299 sequence decoder 303 sequence encoder 303 Artificial neural network 4, paradigm selection in manufacturing 352 systems in manufacturing vision based inspection ART-1 network 27, , 207 fast learning 207 slow learning 207 Artificial life 72 Artificial intelligence 3, 4 in process planning Associative memory 309 Associative memory paradigms adaptive resonance theory (ART) 312 bidirectional associative memory (BAM) 310 Boltzmann machine 314 fuzzy associative memory (FAM) 313 Hopfield network 312 learning vector quantizer (L VQ) 312 linear associative memory (LAM) 310

2 464 Index Associative memory paradigms contd optimal linear associative memory (OLAM) 312 self organizing map (SOM) 313 sparse distributed memory (SDM) 313 temporal associative memory (TAM) 313 Automated assembly fixed, high volume design 196 flexible general purpose system 196 single flexible programmable robot 196 systems 195 Automatic feature recognition 231 Average linkage cluster analysis 113 Axon 39 Backpropagation 27, 28, 48-9 BAM (Bidirectional Association Memory) 27, 309 Batch updating 300 Bayes' theorem 12 Bayesian decision rule 345 Behavior generation system 14 Benchmarks accuracy problem 329 control problem 337 encoding decoding problem 324 inverted pendulum 337 logic arithmetic operations 325 n-parity problem 321 sequencing problem 336 sin(x)sin(y) problem 330 static/dynamic mapping problem controllability 333 observability 333 TC problem 332 bounded perceptron 332 diameter limited perceptron 332 gamba perceptron 332 order restricted perceptron 332 random perceptron 332 travelling salesman problem (TSP) 328 truck backer upper 337 two spiral problem 322 XOR problem 321 Bias term 41 Blackboard system 31 Blackboard data structure 32 Boltzmann machine 27, 175 Bond energy method 114 Bottleneck machine 115 Boundary contour system 276 decision regions representation 230 Brain state in a box 151, 152 encoding 152 modified encoding and recall 153 recall 152 CAD (Computer Aided Design) 6 Calibration tool 224 CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) 6 Camera calibration CAPP (Computer Aided Process Planning) 144 neural networks applications 150 Category formation 315 Characteristics of design problem 93-5 of group technology 111 of scheduling problem Classification 315 Classification model for Hybrid intelligent systems 73-7 Classification and coding 112 Cluster analysis identification 114 Common discriminatory functions 306 binary threshold 306 hyperbolic 306 linear ramp 306 sigmoid 306 tangent 306 Competing type network 161 Competition model 119 network Competitive learning 43, Computational problems 315 Computer memory storage for variables 319 Conceptual design problem

3 Index 465 Confusion matrix 351 Constraint optimization 159 Constructive solid geometry 230 Content addressable memory 26 Controller (master slave) paradigm 33 Control mechanism 32 Cooperative process and boundary completion Coordinate mapping 219 Counter-propagation 27 Coupling or intercommunication 76 Coupling intercommunication continuum 68 Credit assignment problem 23 Crisp set 98 Data capture card 201 Decision making in intelligent manufacturing 67 Decision functions Declarative knowledge representations 23 Defuzzification 106 Dendogram 113 Dendrites 39 Description problem 22 Design mapping paradigm 95 characteristics 95 parameters 95 Detection of oriented edges Direct clustering 114 Discrete event simulation 80 Domain of neural net based recognition Dynamic feedback 28 Entropy 9 Error backpropagation 28 correction learning 27 correction network 161 estimation 351 Expert system 19, 78 Forcing term 41 Function approximation 309 replacement 76 replacement continuum 68 Functional requirements 95 Fuzzification 421 Fuzzy associative memory (FAM) 100, 309, 313 cantorian or crisp sets 414 centric approach 417 control 413 dissemblance index 425 introduction to 98 knowledge representations linguistic variable 414 logic 31 max-min method 421 max-product method 421 membership function 414 neural architectures 417 neural control 413 neural network 424 implementation performance 430 neuro centric approach 418 rules 415 set 414 operations 414 sets 9 systems 79 universe of discourse 414 Gain constant 162 Gaussian potential function network (GPFN) 283 Generalization and specialization 22 Generalized delta rule 49, Generative approach 146 Generic assembly cell 198 neural network 25 steps of design process 95 Genetic algorithms 79 Geometrically complete models 229 Graph based systems 232 Guidance 201 Hebbian learning 100 Hidden layer 50 markov models 34 units 26 Hierarchical approach 30 Hierarchical levels in manufacturing coordination level 7 organization level 7

4 466 Hopfield networks 27, 161, 309 for recognition 290 Hopfield net applications multiple travelling salesman problem 169 optimization problems 170 scheduling problems 170 simulated annealing 174 Human assisted feature recognition 231 Hybrid intelligent system (HIS) 30-34, 67, 71 neural network 71 solutions 67 synapse chips 71 Image acquisition 215 analysis 217 pre-processing 202, 215 segmentation 277 Implementation and realization analog 300 discrete 300 software 300 Independence axiom 95 Inductive learning 21 Information axiom 95 processing 68 Injection molding 404 Input operator 307 feedback 307 sigma Pi 307 simple linear 307 thermodynamic 307 weighted sum 307 Input layer 50 Input PEs 41 Inputs and outputs 40 Inspection 111 Integrated module approach 33 Intelligence 3 Intelligent computing techniques 67 machine, theory of 10 Manufacturing Systems 3, 14 systems architecture design techniques 17 technologies 70 Interactive activation 119 Interconnections 42 Index Interfield connections 42 Interpolative recall 26 Intrafield connections 42 Inverse process neurocontrol 382 Jaynes' principle 12 JIT (Just-in-time systems) 6 Knowledge based systems 18 Knowledge engineering 19 flow 9 sources 31 Kohonen's model 126 Linear Associative Memory (LAM) 309 Lateral connections 2 Learning algorithm 300 by analogy 21 by deduction 21 by instruction 21 by observation and discovery 22 logic 28 Off line 300 On line 300 parameters 300 procedure 300 rate 56 rules 42, 308 2nd and LMS 308 exact least squares 308 generalized delta rule 308 gradient descent 308 greedy delta rule 308 Hebb's rule 308 updating exact least squares 308 Widrow-Hoff rule 308 vector quantizer (L VQ) 27, 309 Least mean square (LMS) 345 Linear function 25 interpolation 356 Logistic sigmoid threshold function 29 Loss function 339 Lyapunov function 163 Machine vision system for robot guidance 200

5 Index 467 Machine cell formation 124 intelligence 17 part family formation 111 Madaline 27 Manufacturing Feature Recognition multisegment profile neural net recognition of features 235 3D feature identification 235 feature based modelling 234 identification 234 recognition 234 primary or principal feature face 237 secondary feature face 237 Manufacturing decision making problems 68-9 feature identification 229 flexibility 6, 7 problem solving Masks 276 Material requirements planning 6 Mathematical optimization 80 Matrix clustering 115 manipulation methods 114 Max-min composition 100 Maximum distance 345 entropy 10 Measures for recall Bhattacharya distance 352 divergence distance 352 Kolmogorov variational distance 352 Kullback-Leibler number 352 Matusita's distance 352 Measures for network selection 351 Membership function 98 matrix 99 Metrics from measure 347 Minimum distance classifier 347 Min-max solution 344 Misclassification cost 351 Modeling and matching strategies Multi layer perceptron (MLP) 300, 309 network 182 Multi sensor automata 315 Multiple integrated technologies 80 neural networks 79 N-P complete problems 160 Nanotechnology 72 Nearest neighbor decision procedure recall 26 Network functionality 300 model 303 size 300 topology 300 topology and classification 304 discriminatory function 304 functionality 304 input operator 304 learning rules 305 node functionality 304 topology 304 transfer function 304 Neural network architecture 49, 309 networks in continuous process diagnostics 435 for diagnostics 436 space initialization 354 Neuro control architecture 406 general learning 407 indirect learning 406 Neurocomputing for intelligent manufacturing 91 execution level applications 369 Neuron 25, 39 Non-linear classifiers 347 separation 48 Nonlinear ramp function 26 Normalization 355 Numeric processing 68 Optimal Linear Associative Memory (OLAM) 309 Optimization by simulated annealing 174, 179 crew scheduling problems 180 quadratic assignment problems 178 scheduling problems 179 using Hopfield net 162

6 468 Index Output layer 50 Output PEs 41 Overlapping part 115 p-median 114 Part family identification 121 Pattern recognition 206 in CAD/CAM integration 230 in stationary time domain and frequency domain 379 Pattern isolation and center computation 204 Pattern extraction for recognition 205 Perceptron 27, 43-8 Performance analysis capability 315 capacity 316 credit assignment 316 data extraction 316 representation 316 learnability 316 network design 316 operation issues 316 resource requirements 317 training issues 316 Performance issues 316 measures requirements 317 Polymorphic replacement 76 Popov-like bounding functions 358 Power supply board assembly Predicting features in a view 285 Probabilistic network 161 Problem solving methods for manufacturing 75 taxonomy 68 Procedural approach 23 Process control Process monitoring , and control 371 neural network models functions 372 Process planning 143 Processing elements (PE) 25, 40 Production flow analysis 112 Qualifying performance benchmark problems 320 capability of creating new categories 320 computation time of each epoch 319 computational requirements 318 convergence 320 data representation 319 fault tolerance 320 generalization test 320 limit cycle 320 memory requirements 318 memory capacity vs network size 320 network capacity 318 size 319 number of epochs for convergence 319 overtraining 320 problem scalability 319 processing speed 318 spurious state 320 stability 320 static and dynamic problems 320 turning 319 uncle Bernie's rules 318 Quickprop 56 Radial basis function networks (RBFs) 282 robust viewer centered object representation Rank order clustering 114 Recurrent connections 26, 42 Reinforcement learning 27 Relaxation labelling 276 Representation of 3D objects aspect graph 271 constructive solid geometry 272 discontinuity based representation 270 dual spherical representation 270 Gaussian sphere 269 moment based 270 octrees 272 shape polynomial 270 space curve 270 superquadrics 271 surface based representation 269 volumetric representation 271 Ridge regression 340

7 Index 469 Robust object representation 283 Rote learning 21 Route optimizer 224 Rule induction 78 Rule-based approach 232 Sagittal diagram 99 Scaling 357 Scheduling Searching type network 161 Self-organization map (SOM) 185, 309, 313 Self organization 315 Sensory data processing 315 Sensory processing system 14 Sequential updating 300 Sigmoid function 41 Sigmoid threshold function 26 Similarity coefficient based methods 113 Simulated annealing 161, 314 travelling salesman problem 176 Simulation paradox Single linkage cluster analysis 113 Single technique based tool 67 Situation-identification problem 22 Sparse distributed memory (SDM) 309, 313 SPC (Statistical Process Control) 6 Specialized signal filtering 379 Step threshold function 26 Stepwise regression 340 Stimulus response learning 22 Stochastic learning 27 Sub symbolic adaptive processing 72 processing 68 Supervised control 381 learning 27, 42 Symbolic knowledge processing 72 processing 68 Synapse 39 Taxonomy of clustering methodologies 117 TMI-nuclear reactor 442 Tools that increase performance TQC (Total Quality Control) 6 Traditional clustering methodologies 113 Traditional feature identification 231 Training time 55 Training the perceptron complex object graphical pattern trainer 262 object with intersecting features with simple features 255 simple features 251 Training and validation 300 data format 300 quality 300 training size 300 Trajectory planning 35 Transfer function 41-2 Travelling salesman problem Tree structure of design decision 98 Unsupervised learning 27, 43 Value judgement system 14 Variant process planning Viewer position estimation 285 Viewer centred object recognition Vision based inspection systems Weight matrices 55 World model 14 Zernike moments 293