Compare quadrilaterals for similarities and differences *

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1 OpenStax-CNX module: m Compare quadrilaterals for similarities and differences * Siyavula Uploaders This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License MATHEMATICS 2 Grade 9 3 QUADRILATERALS, PERSPECTIVE DRAWING,TRANSFORMATIONS 4 Module 22 5 COMPARE QUADRILATERALS FOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ACTIVITY 1 To compare quadrilaterals for similarities and dierences [LO 3.4] 1. Comparisons For the next exercise you can form small groups. You are given pairs of quadrilaterals, which you have to compare. Write down in which ways they are alike and in which ways they are dierent. If you can say exactly by what process you can change the one into the other, then that will show that you have really understood them. For example, look at the question on parallel sides at the end of section 3 above. Each group should work with at least one pair of shapes. When you work with a kite, you should consider both versions of the kite. Rhombus and square Trapezium and parallelogram Square and rectangle Kite and rhombus Parallelogram and kite Rectangle and trapezium If, in addition, you would like to compare a dierent pair of quadrilaterals, please do so! 1. Denitions A very short, but accurate, description of a quadrilateral using the following characteristics, is a denition. This denition is unambiguous, meaning that it applies to one shape and one shape only, and we can use it to distinguish between the dierent types of quadrilateral. * Version 1.1: Aug 13, :13 am

2 OpenStax-CNX module: m The denitions are given in a certain order because the later denitions refer to the previous denitions, to make them shorter and easier to understand. There is more than one set of denitions, and this is one of them. A quadrilateral is a plane (at) gure bounded by four straight lines called sides. A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of equal adjacent sides. A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel opposite sides. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel opposite sides. A rhombus is a parallelogram with equal adjacent sides. A square is a rhombus with four equal internal angles. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four equal internal angles. ACTIVITY 2 To develop formulas for the area of quadrilaterals intuitively [LO 3.4] Calculating areas of plane shapes. Firstly, we will work with the areas of triangles. Most of you know the words half base times height. This is the formula for the area of a triangle, where we use A for the area, h for the height and b for the base. Area = ½ base height; A = ½ bh; A = are various forms of the formula. But what is the base? And what is the height? The important point is that the height and the base make up a pair: the base is not any old side, and the height is not any old line. Figure 1 The height is a line that is perpendicular to the side that you choose as the base. Refer to the sketches above. The base and its corresponding height are drawn as darker lines. Below are three more examples showing the base/height pairs.

3 OpenStax-CNX module: m Figure 2 Take two other colours, and in each of the above six triangles draw in the two other matching pairs of base/height, each pair in its own colour. Then do the following exercise: Pick one of the triangles above, and calculate its area three times. Measure the lengths with your ruler, each time using another base/height pair. Do you nd that answers agree closely? If they don't, measure more carefully and try again. The height is often a line drawn inside the triangle. This is the case in four of the six triangles above. But if the triangle is right-angled, the height can be one of the sides. This can be seen in the fourth triangle. In the sixth triangle you can see that the height line needs to be drawn outside the triangle. Summary: In summary, if you want to use the area formula you need to have a base and a height that make a pair, and you must have (or be able to calculate) their lengths. In some of the following problems, you will have to calculate the area of a triangle on the way to an answer. Here is a reminder of the Theorem of Pythagoras; it applies only to right-angled triangles, but you will encounter many of those from now on. I In a right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. If you are a bit vague about applying the theorem, go back to the work you did on it before and refresh your memory. Using the formula, calculate the area of ABC where A = 90, BC = 10 cm and AC = 8 cm. A reasonably accurate sketch will be helpful. This is a two-step problem: rst use Pythagoras and then the area formula. When calculating the area of quadrilaterals, the same principle applies as with triangles: when we refer to height it is always with reference to a specic base. We can use the formula for a triangle's area to develop some formulae for our six quadrilaterals.

4 OpenStax-CNX module: m Figure 3 A square consists of two identical triangles, as in the sketch. Let us call the length of the square's side s. Then the area (A) of the square is: A = 2 area of 1 triangle = 2 (½ base height) = 2 ½ s s = s 2 = side squared. You probably knew this already!

5 OpenStax-CNX module: m Figure 4 It works the same for the rectangle: The rectangle is b broad and l long, and its area (A) is: A = rst triangle + second triangle = (½ base height) + (½ base height) = (½ b l) + (½ l b) = ½ bl + ½ bl = bl = breadth times length. You probably knew this already! Figure 5

6 OpenStax-CNX module: m The parallelogram is a little harder, but the sketch should help you understand it. If we divide it into two triangles, then we could give them the same size base (the long side of the parallelogram in each case). If we call this line the base of the parallelogram, we can use the letter b. You will see that the heights (h) of the two triangles are also drawn (remember a height must be perpendicular to a base). Can you convince yourself (maybe by measuring) that the two heights are identical? And what about the two bases? The area is: A = triangle + triangle = ½ bh + ½ bh = bh = base times height. A challenge for you: Do the same for the rhombus. (Answer: A = bh, like the parallelogram). Figure 6 Let's see what we can do to nd a formula for the trapezium. It is dierent from the parallelogram, as its two parallel sides are NOT the same length. Let us call them Ps1 and Ps2. Again, the two heights are identical. Then from the two triangles in the sketch we can write down the area: A = triangle 1 + triangle 2 = ½ Ps 1 h + ½ Ps 2 h = ½ h (Ps 1 + Ps 2 ) = half height times sum of parallel sides. (Did you notice the factorising?)

7 OpenStax-CNX module: m Figure 7 Finally, we come to the kite, which has one long diagonal (which is the symmetry line) and one short diagonal, which we can call sl (symmetry line) and sd (short diagonal). The kite can be divided into two identical triangles along the symmetry line. Because a kite has perpendicular diagonals, we know that we can apply the formula for the area of a triangle easily. This means that the height of the triangles is exactly half of the short diagonal. h = ½ sd. Look out in the algebra below where we change h to ½ sd! Both sorts of kite work the same way, and give the same formula. Refer to the sketches.

8 OpenStax-CNX module: m Figure 8 Area = 2 identical triangles = 2( ½ sl h) = 2 ½ sl ½ sd = sl ½ sd = ½ sl sd = half long diagonal times short diagonal. In the following exercise the questions start easy but become harder you have to remember Pythagoras' theorem when you work with right angles. Calculate the areas of the following quadrilaterals: 1 A square with side length 13 cm 2 A square with a diagonal of 13 cm (rst use Pythagoras) 3 A rectangle with length 5 cm and width 6,5 cm 4 A rectangle with length 12 cm and diagonal 13 cm (Pythagoras) 5 A parallelogram with height 4 cm and base length 9 cm 6 A parallelogram with height 2,3 cm and base length 7,2 cm 7 A rhombus with sides 5 cm and height 3,5 cm 8 A rhombus with diagonals 11 cm and 12 cm (What fact do you know about the diagonals of a rhombus?) 9 A trapezium with the two parallel sides 18 cm and 23 cm that are 7,5 cm apart 10 A kite with diagonals 25 cm and 17 cm 6 Assessment LO 3 continued on next page

9 OpenStax-CNX module: m Space and Shape (Geometry)The learner will be able to describe and represent characteristics and relationships between two-dimensional shapes and threedimensional objects in a variety of orientations and positions. We know this when the learner: 3.2 in contexts that include those that may be used to build awareness of social, cultural and environmental issues, describes the interrelationships of the properties of geometric gures and solids with justication, including: transformations. 3.3 uses geometry of straight lines and triangles to solve problems and to justify relationships in geometric gures; 3.4 draws and/or constructs geometric gures and makes models of solids in order to investigate and compare their properties and model situations in the environment. Table 1