IA32 Stack. Stack BoDom. Region of memory managed with stack discipline Grows toward lower addresses. Register %esp contains lowest stack address
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1 IA32 Procedures 1
2 IA32 Stack Region of memory managed with stack discipline Grows toward lower addresses Stack BoDom Increasing Addresses Register contains lowest stack address address of top element Stack Pointer: Stack Grows Down Stack Top 2
3 IA32 Stack: Push pushl Src Fetch operand at Src Decrement by 4 Write operand at address given by Stack BoDom Increasing Addresses Stack Pointer: -4 Stack Grows Down Stack Top 3
4 IA32 Stack: Pop Stack BoDom Increasing Addresses Stack Pointer: +4 Stack Grows Down Stack Top 4
5 Procedure Control Flow Use stack to support procedure call and return Procedure call: call label Push return address on stack Jump to label Return address: Address of the next instrucbon right acer call Example from disassembly e: e8 3d call 8048b90 <main> : 50 pushl %eax Return address = 0x Procedure return: ret Pop address from stack Jump to address 5
6 Procedure Call Example e: e8 3d call 8048b90 <main> : 50 pushl %eax call 8048b90 0x110 0x110 0x10c 0x10c 0x x x104 0x x108 0x104 %eip 0x804854e %eip 0x8048b90 %eip: program counter 6
7 Procedure Return Example : c3 ret ret 0x110 0x110 0x10c 0x10c 0x x x104 0x x x104 0x108 %eip 0x %eip 0x %eip: program counter 7
8 Stack-Based Languages Languages that support recursion e.g., C, Pascal, Java Code must be Reentrant MulBple simultaneous instanbabons of single procedure Need some place to store state of each instanbabon Arguments Local variables Return pointer Stack discipline State for given procedure needed for limited Bme From when called to when return Callee returns before caller does Stack allocated in Frames state for single procedure instanbabon 8
9 Call Chain Example yoo( ) { who(); who( ) { (); (); ( ) { (); Example Call Chain yoo who Procedure () is recursive 9
10 Stack Frames Contents Local variables Return informabon Temporary space Management Space allocated when enter procedure Set-up code Deallocated when return Finish code Frame Pointer: Stack Pointer: Previous Frame Frame for proc Stack Top 10
11 Example Stack yoo( ) { who(); yoo who yoo yoo 11
12 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { who(); (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 12
13 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { ( ) who(); (); { (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 13
14 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { ( ) who(); (); { ( ) (); { (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 14
15 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { ( ) who(); (); { ( ) (); { (); ( ) { (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 15
16 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { ( ) who(); (); { ( ) (); { (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 16
17 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { ( ) who(); (); { (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 17
18 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { who(); (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 18
19 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { ( ) who(); (); { (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 19
20 Example Stack yoo( ) { who( ) { who(); (); (); yoo who yoo yoo who 20
21 Example Stack yoo( ) { who(); yoo who yoo yoo 21
22 IA32/Linux Stack Frame Current Stack Frame ( Top to BoDom) Argument build: Parameters for funcbon about to call Local variables If can t keep in registers Saved register context Old frame pointer Caller Stack Frame Return address Pushed by call instrucbon Arguments for this call Frame pointer Stack pointer Caller Frame Arguments Return Addr Old Saved Registers + Local Variables Argument Build 22
23 RevisiWng swap int course1 = 15213; int course2 = 18243; void call_swap() { swap(&course1, &course2); Calling swap from call_swap call_swap: subl $8, movl $course2, 4() movl $course1, () call swap void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; &course 2 &course 1 Rtn adr ResulWng Stack subl call 23
24 RevisiWng swap void swap(int *xp, int *yp) { int t0 = *xp; int t1 = *yp; *xp = t1; *yp = t0; swap: pushl movl, pushl %ebx movl 8(), %edx movl 12(), %ecx movl (%edx), %ebx movl (%ecx), %eax movl %eax, (%edx) movl %ebx, (%ecx) popl %ebx popl ret Set Up Body Finish 24
25 swap Setup #1 Entering Stack ResulWng Stack &course2 yp &course1 xp Rtn adr Rtn adr Old swap: pushl movl, pushl %ebx 25
26 swap Setup #2 Entering Stack ResulWng Stack &course2 yp &course1 xp Rtn adr Rtn adr Old swap: pushl movl, pushl %ebx 26
27 swap Setup #3 Entering Stack ResulWng Stack &course2 &course1 Rtn adr yp xp Rtn adr swap: pushl movl, pushl %ebx Old Old %ebx 27
28 swap Body Entering Stack ResulWng Stack Offset relawve to &course2 &course1 Rtn adr yp xp Rtn adr Old Old %ebx movl 8(),%edx # get xp movl 12(),%ecx # get yp... 28
29 swap Finish Stack Before Finish popl %ebx popl ResulWng Stack yp xp Rtn adr Old Old %ebx yp xp Rtn adr Observation Saved and restored register %ebx Not so for %eax, %ecx, %edx 29
30 Disassembled swap <swap>: : 55 push : 89 e5 mov, : 53 push %ebx : 8b mov 0x8(),%edx b: 8b 4d 0c mov 0xc(),%ecx e: 8b 1a mov (%edx),%ebx : 8b 01 mov (%ecx),%eax : mov %eax,(%edx) : mov %ebx,(%ecx) : 5b pop %ebx : 5d pop : c3 ret Calling Code 80483b4: movl $0x ,0x4() # Copy &course bc: movl $0x ,() # Copy &course c3: call <swap> # Call swap 80483c8: leave # Prepare to return 80483c9: ret # Return 30
31 Today Switch statements IA 32 Procedures Stack Structure Calling ConvenBons IllustraBons of Recursion & Pointers 31
32 Register Saving ConvenWons When procedure yoo calls who: yoo is the caller who is the callee Can register be used for temporary storage? yoo: movl $15213, %edx call who addl %edx, %eax ret who: movl 8(), %edx addl $18243, %edx ret Contents of register %edx overwriuen by who This could be trouble something should be done! Need some coordinabon 32
33 Register Saving ConvenWons When procedure yoo calls who: yoo is the caller who is the callee Can register be used for temporary storage? ConvenWons Caller Save Caller saves temporary values in its frame before the call Callee Save Callee saves temporary values in its frame before using 33
34 IA32/Linux+Windows Register Usage %eax, %edx, %ecx Caller saves prior to call if values are used later %eax also used to return integer value %ebx, %esi, %edi Callee saves if wants to use them, special form of callee save Restored to original values upon exit from procedure Caller-Save Temporaries Callee-Save Temporaries Special %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi 34
35 Today Switch statements IA 32 Procedures Stack Structure Calling ConvenBons IllustraBons of Recursion & Pointers 35
36 Recursive FuncWon /* Recursive popcount */ int pcount_r(unsigned x) { if (x == 0) return 0; else return (x & 1) + pcount_r(x >> 1); Registers %eax, %edx used without first saving %ebx used, but saved at beginning & restored at end pcount_r: pushl movl, pushl %ebx subl $4, movl 8(), %ebx movl $0, %eax testl %ebx, %ebx je.l3 movl %ebx, %eax shrl %eax movl %eax, () call pcount_r movl %ebx, %edx andl $1, %edx leal (%edx,%eax), %eax.l3: addl $4, popl %ebx popl ret 36
37 Recursive Call #1 /* Recursive popcount */ int pcount_r(unsigned x) { if (x == 0) return 0; else return (x & 1) + pcount_r(x >> 1); AcWons Save old value of %ebx on stack Allocate space for argument to recursive call Store x in %ebx %ebx x pcount_r: pushl movl, pushl %ebx subl $4, movl 8(), %ebx x Rtn adr Old Old %ebx 37
38 Recursive Call #2 /* Recursive popcount */ int pcount_r(unsigned x) { if (x == 0) return 0; else return (x & 1) + pcount_r(x >> 1); movl $0, %eax testl %ebx, %ebx je.l3.l3: ret AcWons If x == 0, return with %eax set to 0 %ebx x 38
39 Recursive Call #3 /* Recursive popcount */ int pcount_r(unsigned x) { if (x == 0) return 0; else return (x & 1) + pcount_r(x >> 1); movl %ebx, %eax shrl %eax movl %eax, () call pcount_r AcWons Store x >> 1 on stack Make recursive call Effect %eax set to function result %ebx still has value of x %ebx x Rtn adr Old Old %ebx x >> 1 39
40 Recursive Call #4 /* Recursive popcount */ int pcount_r(unsigned x) { if (x == 0) return 0; else return (x & 1) + pcount_r(x >> 1); movl %ebx, %edx andl $1, %edx leal (%edx,%eax), %eax Assume %eax holds value from recursive call %ebx holds x AcWons Compute (x & 1) + computed value Effect %eax set to function result %ebx x 40
41 Recursive Call #5 /* Recursive popcount */ int pcount_r(unsigned x) { if (x == 0) return 0; else return (x & 1) + pcount_r(x >> 1); L3: addl$4, popl%ebx popl ret AcWons Restore values of %ebx and Restore Rtn adr Old Old %ebx %ebx Old %ebx 41
42 ObservaWons About Recursion Handled Without Special ConsideraWon Stack frames mean that each funcbon call has private storage Saved registers & local variables Saved return pointer Register saving convenbons prevent one funcbon call from corrupbng another s data Stack discipline follows call / return pauern If P calls Q, then Q returns before P Last-In, First-Out Also works for mutual recursion P calls Q; Q calls P 42
43 Pointer Code GeneraWng Pointer /* Compute x + 3 */ int add3(int x) { int localx = x; incrk(&localx, 3); return localx; Referencing Pointer /* Increment value by k */ void incrk(int *ip, int k) { *ip += k; add3 creates pointer and passes it to incrk 43
44 CreaWng and IniWalizing Local Variable int add3(int x) { int localx = x; incrk(&localx, 3); return localx; Variable localx must be stored on stack Because: Need to create pointer to it Compute pointer as -4() 8 4 x Rtn adr 0 Old First part of add3-4 localx add3: = x pushl -8 movl, -12 Unused subl $24, # Alloc. 24 bytes movl 8(), %eax -16 movl %eax, -4()# Set localx to x
45 CreaWng Pointer as Argument int add3(int x) { int localx = x; incrk(&localx, 3); return localx; Use leal instrucwon to compute address of localx Middle part of add3 movl $3, 4() # 2 nd arg = 3 leal -4(), %eax# &localx movl %eax, () # 1 st arg = &localx call incrk 8 x 4 Rtn adr 0 Old -4 localx Unused
46 Retrieving local variable int add3(int x) { int localx = x; incrk(&localx, 3); return localx; Retrieve localx from stack as return value Final part of add3 movl -4(), %eax # Return val= localx leave ret 8 x 4 Rtn adr 0 Old -4 localx Unused
47 IA 32 Procedure Summary Important Points Stack is the right data structure for procedure call / return If P calls Q, then Q returns before P Recursion (& mutual recursion) handled by normal calling convenwons Can safely store values in local stack frame and in callee-saved registers Put funcbon arguments at top of stack Result return in %eax Pointers are addresses of values On stack or global Caller Frame Arguments Return Addr Old Saved Registers + Local Variables Argument Build 47
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