C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition
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1 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition Chapter 11: Records (structs) Records (structs) struct: collection of a fixed number of components, accessed by name Components may be of different types Components of a struct are called the members of the struct struct is a reserved word C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 3 Objectives Records (structs) (continued) In this chapter you will: Learn about records (structs) Examine various operations on a struct Explore ways to manipulate data using a struct The general syntax of a struct is: C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 2 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 4 1
2 Accessing struct Members The syntax for accessing a struct member is: The dot (.) is an operator, called the member access operator C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 7 2
3 Assignment Comparison (Relational Operators) Value of one struct variable can be assigned to another struct variable of the same type using an assignment statement Compare struct variables member-wise To compare the values of student and newstudent: The statement: student = newstudent; copies the contents of newstudent into student C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 9 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 11 Assignment (continued) The assignment statement: student = newstudent; is equivalent to the following statements: student.firstname = newstudent.firstname; student.lastname = newstudent.lastname; student.coursegrade = newstudent.coursegrade; student.testscore = newstudent.testscore; student.programmingscore = newstudent.programmingscore; student.gpa = newstudent.gpa; Input/Output No aggregate input/output operations on a struct variable Data in a struct variable must be read one member at a time The contents of a struct variable must be written one member at a time C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 12 3
4 Input/Output (continued) cout << newstudent.firstname << " " << newstudent.lastname << " " << newstudent.coursegrade << " " << newstudent.testscore << " " << newstudent.programmingscore << " " << newstudent.gpa << endl; struct Variables and Functions Example 1: A struct variable can be passed as a parameter by value or by reference A function can return a value of type struct #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; void main() { struct studentrecord{ string name; int number; int marks[5]; }; studentrecord classa[2]; // defining struct for student // student name as a c-string // student number // 5 courses marks classa[0].name="ali"; // if the student number is larger then you should use another data type classa[0].number= ; classa[0].marks[0]=97; classa[0].marks[1]=88; classa[0].marks[2]=83; classa[0].marks[3]=90; classa[0].marks[4]=78; C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 14 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 16 4
5 Example 1: (continue) Example 2: (continue) classa[1].name="hala"; classa[1].number= ; classa[1].marks[0]=88; classa[1].marks[1]=79; classa[1].marks[2]=76; classa[1].marks[3]=92; classa[1].marks[4]=83; //printing the second students marks for(int i=0;i<5; i++) cout << classa[1].marks[i] << " "; } C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 17 Example 2: Summary struct: collection of a fixed number of components Components can be of different types struct is a reserved word No memory is allocated for a struct; memory is allocated for struct variables when declared Components of a struct are called members C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 20 5
6 Summary (continued) struct components are accessed by name Dot (.) operator is called the member access operator Members of a struct are accessed using the dot (.) operator The only built-in operations on a struct are the assignment and member access C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 21 Summary (continued) Neither arithmetic nor relational operations are allowed on structs struct can be passed by value or reference A function can return a value of type struct C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 22 6
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