IMAGE ACQUISITION FOR DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING OF THE SHELF AND METRIC CAMERAS
|
|
- Dorcas Sullivan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 IMAGE ACQUISITION FOR DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING OF THE SHELF AND METRIC CAMERAS Günter Pomaska FH Bielefeld, University of Applied Sciences Artilleriestr. 9, D32427 Minden KEY WORDS: Camera calibration, lens distortion, image deformation, image refinement, image co-ordinates, object resolution ABSTRACT: Photogrammetric recordings in fields like architecture or archaeology have to be taken in a rapid and easy manner. Therefore and under consideration of processing the images for getting data formats for interactive Web publishing, VRML or O2C for example, an overview about utilizing of the shelf cameras for dimensional analysis from photos is given. Most of the photo evaluation processes need the definition of an image co-ordinate system due to the mathematical model that is assumed as central projection. Model deviations should be parameterised and corrected. A major influence is provided by the interior orientation, the camera parameters. The position of the principle point and the amount of lens distortion should be known. Insufficient film flatness or in general image deformation is important while using lager format and film scanning. Typical device attributes like format, film or digital, SLR or viewfinder classify the cameras. It is not possible to cover the whole range of good camera equipment available. The cameras introduced here are representatives for their category. Camera calibration strategies and procedures are described from a practical point of view. Results from desktop image evaluation software will be discussed. 1 DIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION More or less any camera is suitable for photogrammetric applications. A camera can be used as a metric one if the position of the projection centre relatively to the image co-ordinate reference system is known and if the amount of lens distortion can be corrected. Film flatness in case of larger formats could be a problem of accuracy. Following a short overview about analogous film cameras, digital cameras and metric cameras is given. It is not possible to cover all the products complete. Only equipment with special features is mentioned here. CIPA Working Group VII provides on its Web site a collection of cameras with more technical details, (CIPA WG VII 2001). 1.1 ANALOGOUS FILM CAMERAS 35mm cameras are available as SLR types or equipped with a viewfinder. The wide range of lenses from 8 mm fisheye, 16mm or 22mm wide angle up to long focal length lenses of 500 mm provide solutions in extreme situations. A sample is given with the 8mm fisheye configuration and the spherical panorama calculated from two of those images, see figure 1. The newer APS film format is not recommended for metric applications since there are no benefits to detect. Image formats in the range of 60mm x 60mm are known as medium format cameras. Hasselblad, Pentax or Rollei for example are vendors of professional equipment. The here mentioned brands all provide modified solutions as metric versions using a réseau or vacuum for film flattening. Larger formats for landscape photography are for example the Mamiya 7II, a 6x7 cm format viewfinder camera or the Fuji GX617 panorama camera with an image format of 60x170mm. For the Mamiya a 4,5/50mm wide-angle lens is available in comparison to a 35 mm format this equals a 24 mm focal length. The image angle covers 84 degree. It is important to compare the focal length of a lens in respect to the image format or to focus on the image angle. 1.2 DIGITAL CAMERAS Digital cameras are still in a rapid changing development process. Their suitability for metric applications is not a question. Image format and resolution should be reviewed critical particular for architectural applications. One can group the types of digital cameras today into mega pixel cameras, 35 mm SLR cameras and digital data backs for medium formats. The Kodak DCS 290 is one of the low cost mega pixel cameras. A Matshushita MN3957OPT sensor comes in its physical size of 7,56*4,8 mm with a resolution of 1800 x1200 pixel. The aspect ratio of 3:2 is the same as for a 35mm film. Pixel size is 4.2 microns. Adopting RGB Bayer arrangement in colour filter array provides colour reproduction; see (G. Pomaska, 1999). Setting the zoom lens to one of the predefined positions and fixing the focus enables camera calibration. A calibration sample for the 35 mm focal length at infinity shows radial symmetric lens distortion of about maximum 0.030mm. A solution with modifications to metric requirements, provided by Rollei with the d7 or d30 metric digital cameras, closes the gap between mega pixel cameras and SLR cameras with changeable lenses or full format frames. The metric version was introduced 1999 (G. Pomaska, 1999). A further development including a 5 million pixel resolution sensor is introduced 2001 at the occasion of the CIPA Symposium.
2 Figure 1: Standard SLR consumer camera with an 8 mm fish eye lens mounted on a panoramic head. Two of those shots with 180- degree different exposure directions can be converted to a full spherical panorama. A representative for the 35mm SLR digital professional cameras is the Nikon E2. This camera does not reduce the field of view due to a smaller sensor area compared to 35 mm film, a special feature not found on most other digital cameras. This means the full field of view of any lens will be preserved. The lenses can be calibrated on different fixed focusing stops. The 2/3 CCD sensor provides a resolution of 1280 x 1000 pixel. The sensitivity corresponds to ISO 800 or ISO The camera is compatible with almost all Nikon objectives (even older Nikkor objectives). Another examples for professional 35 mm digital cameras are the Kodak DCS professional series, which are widely used in photogrammetry today. Kodak with the Kodak Pro Back introduced one of the latest developments. The sensor size is approx 4 x 4 cm with a resolution of 16 million pixels. This data back can be mounted on different medium format camera bodies. 1.3 METRIC CAMERAS Known 35 mm camera modifications to fulfil metric requirements are the Rollei 35, the Ricoh KR-10M, Contax and at the high-end quality range the Leica R5. Ricoh and Leica are distributed by PMS AG, Switzerland. The Ricoh KR-10M, a low-cost camera distributed by PMS AG, offers an economic entry into photogrammetry. This camera does not provide quite the accuracy of the Leica R5 but it offers a new feature for photogrammetry; a zoom lens calibrated at the focal lengths 35mm, 50mm and 70mm. The Ricoh KR-10M is a suitable 35mm camera for smaller architectural projects, for the recording of minor accidents, for landscape planning wherever a medium accuracy suffices. A réseau with 3*3 crosses references the image co-ordinate system. Efficiency, optical and mechanical precision together with the outstanding Leica lenses are the features of the 35mm camera Leica R5. For use in the photogrammetric measuring systems the camera is modified. The built-in réseau grid plate in front of the film plane, and the lenses calibrated at fixed focusing stops, guarantee exact results. All Leica lenses are calibrated at two fixed focusing stops (close range and infinity focus). Probably the widest known metric camera for close-range applications is the Rolleiflex 6008 metric. A réseau camera with 121 x 121 crosses; mesh distance 5 mm. Insufficient film flatness can be corrected numerically due to the high density and the precision of the réseau. The lenses are equipped with click-stops for precise reproduction of the focal length. With the wide range of accessories available this camera is the ideal solution for photogrammetry in cultural heritage recording. Tomtecs A.G. Corporation presents the HIEI G4 a camera for aerial and ground photogrammetric systems. The Image format is 115 x 115 mm. This kind of camera is in a certain extend comparable with the former UMK from Jenoptik.
3 Camera Image Format [mm] Res ppi Res ppi 35 mm Medium format View finder Larger format Canon EOS 36 x x x 2551 Pentax x 41, x x 4411 Mamiya 7II 69,5 x x x 5924 Fuji GX x x x 5924 Table 1: Analogue film cameras comparison of image Formats and resolution after film scanning. Camera Image Format [mm] Resolution Pixel size [microns] Megapixel SLR fixed lens SLR Medium format Kodak DC 290 7,6 x 4, x ,2 Rollei d-metric 8,8 x 6, x ,4 Kodak DCS 27,5 x 18, x ,1 DCS ProBack 36,7 x 36, x ,1 Table 2: Digital cameras comparison of sensor formats and resolution Camera Image Format [mm] Res ppi Res ppi 35 mm Medium format Larger formats Leica R5 36 x x x 2551 Rolleiflex x x x 6378 Tomtec 115* x x Table 3: Metric cameras from Leica, Rollei and Tomtec
4 1.4 DIGITIZING WITH DESKTOP SCANNERS A wide range of high quality image scanners with high optical resolution, good geometric quality and colour depth with 14 bit for each colour is available today. Applying 35 mm slide scanners can be difficult if the film frame must define the reference system for the image co-ordinates. The frame shown in the digital image can be identical with the scanners frame. Therefore as well as in case of scanning prints the reference system must be defined by a réseau or fiducials, see figure 2. Two samples of desktop scanners with transparency units are mentioned here. The Canon FB 1210 U flatbed scanner provides optical solution up to 1200 ppi. A Resolution of 2500 ppi can be reached with the AGFA DuoScan T2500. The scanning area covers larger formats, which is not the case with slide scanners. For 35 mm slides are scanners with resolutions up to 4000 ppi available. Metric cameras with a réseau are best suited for film scanning because of the control possibilities of image deformation caused by the scanning process. As shown in the camera comparison tables, the resolution of the professional Kodak DCS 760 can be easily reached with a standard analogous 35 mm camera and a film scanner. On the other hand larger film formats in combination with desktop scanners provide resolutions never reached by CCD cameras. Comparing the mentioned resolutions in tables 1 3 need to be focused to the object resolution. Image format, focal length and object size are the parameters, which impact those most important value for calculating accuracy and degree of detail for an application in advance. One example is given for a 25 m object size fitting the longer side of the image frame. With the Kodak DC 290 the average image scale is 1: 3300, one mm pixel should show 0.14 m of the object. In case of the Rolleiflex 6006 the image scale is 1: 420, object resolution of one pixel resulted from 2700 ppi scanning is 0.04 m of the object dimension. A first step to image co-ordinates is the transformation of the scanner coordinates to the cameras reference system. The highest accuracy provides a réseau grid in front of the film plane. Fiducial marks with known positions require mechanical film flattening. Two of those marks are at minimum necessary for defining a reference system. If a camera is not modified, the image frame itself can be used. Figure 2 displays different solutions. The Rollei réseau shape of the 6006 is shown left. A recommendation of EOS Systems with two fiducials enables scanning without use of the full format. The pixel position in a digital camera is already defined as the reference. Figure 2: Definition of reference systems for the photo (image) co-ordinate system. Left: Rèseau camera. Centre: Fiducial marks. Right: Image frame. 2 IMAGE REFINEMENT Correction of photo-coordinates is known as image refinement. The effects of image deformation result from different sources. Atkinson (K.B. Atkinson1996) separates the impact of lens distortion from geometric effects like lack of flatness or nonorthogonality. Since camera calibration is the determination of the parameters of the complete imaging data acquisition system, including camera and scanner, I prefer to handle lens distortion correction in the same context. The process is transform the device coordinates into the reference system, shift the co-ordinates into the images system take into consideration the principle point position and other image deformations, correct lens distortion and do interpolation with neighboured points. 2.1 IMAGE COORDINATE SYSTEM The image, or photo, co-ordinate system is defined as a right-handed orthogonal system in the projection centre of the camera as shown in figure 3. In case of terrestrial applications rotation about the y-axis is the exposure direction, rotation about the z-axis is named swing and rotation about the x-axis is named as tilt. The distance from the origin to the film plane is the focal length. The
5 entire pixels given in the digital image have to be shifted to the image coordinate system first. The difference between the cameras reference system and the origin of the image coordinate system are the coordinates of the principle point, which are given from the camera calibration. In other words, the position of the principle point relative to the reference system is part of the interior orientation of the camera. Figure 3: A camera s reference system to the image coordinate system in terrestrial applications. 2.2 THE LENS DISTORTION MODEL Variations in angular magnification with angle of incidence are usually interpreted as radial lens distortion. Tangential lens distortion results from misalignment of the components of a lens. Further parameters can be defined for higher accuracy, see K.B.Atkinson, The above-mentioned components are described in a balanced or unbalanced form in terms of polynomial series where the two lower order terms are significant here. Lens distortion graphs typically show the distortion in micrometers against the radial distance in millimetres, see figure 6. The balanced form is transformed by shifting the principle distance such that the mean value of the transformed curve out to a certain radial distance is zero. This distance, usually named r0, is chosen at approx. 2/3 of the half of the diagonal distance in an image 2.3 EXAMPLES OF IMAGE REFINEMENT The impact of image refinement can be made visible by a difference image. One of the photos taken for the purpose of calibration, see figure 5, is taken as the original and after image refinement as described above. The software used is the Rolleimetric DistortionFree Package that is distributed with the Rollei digital metric cameras. The difference image can be calculated with any image processing software like Adobe s Photoshop. Without any image distortion all grey values shown would have a zero value. Easily detectable in figure 4 are the both zero passings, one in the centre and the other at position r0. Viewing stereoscopic image pairs taken with non-metric wide-angle cameras displays curved surfaces where flat surfaces are estimated. Two samples can be viewed on CIPA s WG VII web site. Figure 4: Digital difference image of two photos. One image including all deformations without refinement, the second image after correction.
6 3 CALIBRATION STRATEGY There are several calibration strategies existing, which fit very well to their applications. In case of applications in cultural heritage recording, architecture or archaeology on-the-job calibration is not possible due to the environment, object shape and exposure arrangement. A field calibration in advance provides the parameters for the imaging data acquisition system. Camera calibration does not need a high accurate 3D control point field today. A plane field of automatic detectable points is sufficient. Images from different positions with variations in the camera swing on the same position have to be taken. Image point measurements are performed by automatic point detection methods. Additional observations in object space are the definition of a local co-ordinate system and a scale. A bundle adjustment procedure calculates the camera s interior orientation, the photo positions and the co-ordinates of the calibration points. Standard deviation of the image co-ordinate measurement and the accuracy of the point co-ordinates indicate the accuracy. Figure 5 is a photo used for calibration of a non-metric camera with a 22 mm lens. Since the photo frame is sometimes difficult to detect, some pre-processing is recommended. Numbering the control points in the image is only done here for demonstration purposes. The negatives are scanned with 1200 ppi on a Canon FB 1210 U flatbed scanner. Point measurement was done manually with a standard deviation of mm, point accuracy is in the range of 4 mm. Distortion model including affine distortion increases the accuracy about 50 %. Total 12 photos were used from three positions. Figure 6 displays the result of the lens distortion calculation graphically for this example. According to the above-described calibration strategy, which is used at Rollei Fototechnic, is a procedure recommended by EOS Systems. The company provides a file with a calibration shape. A large format plot should be photographed from eight positions. An additional scale must be measured. Image point detection is automatically done. An adjustment procedure calculates the interior orientation of the camera. Figure 5: Calibration field at Rollei Fototechnic, image prepared for further processing. Figure 6: Balanced form of radial-symmetric lens distortion of a 22 mm zoom lens. CONCLUSION: An overview about different types of cameras and its features particular regarding format is given. Definitions of references for the image co-ordinate systems and their usage are described. Image deformations and their corrections are discussed. A camera calibration strategy is presented. The impact of image deformations of a non-metric camera is shown by the calibration result and application samples, view stereoscopic images at Non-metric cameras of the shelf can be applied to photogrammetry if the model deviations are corrected and the requirement to accuracy is not the highest. REFERENCES : K. B. Atkinson, Close Range Photogrammetry and Machine Vision. Whittles Publishing, Bristol CIPA WG VII, EOS Systems. Software manual for Photomodeler G.Pomaska, First Experiences with the Digital Camera Rollei d7 metric. CIPA International Symposium Recife, Brasil Rollei Fototechnic. Manuals for the Softwaresystemens CDW and DistortionFree
Exterior Orientation Parameters
Exterior Orientation Parameters PERS 12/2001 pp 1321-1332 Karsten Jacobsen, Institute for Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, University of Hannover, Germany The georeference of any photogrammetric product
More informationTERRESTRIAL AND NUMERICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 1. MID -TERM EXAM Question 4
TERRESTRIAL AND NUMERICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 1. MID -TERM EXAM Question 4 23 November 2001 Two-camera stations are located at the ends of a base, which are 191.46m long, measured horizontally. Photographs
More informationChapters 1-4: Summary
Chapters 1-4: Summary So far, we have been investigating the image acquisition process. Chapter 1: General introduction Chapter 2: Radiation source and properties Chapter 3: Radiation interaction with
More informationChapters 1 7: Overview
Chapters 1 7: Overview Chapter 1: Introduction Chapters 2 4: Data acquisition Chapters 5 7: Data manipulation Chapter 5: Vertical imagery Chapter 6: Image coordinate measurements and refinements Chapter
More informationChapters 1 5. Photogrammetry: Definition, introduction, and applications. Electro-magnetic radiation Optics Film development and digital cameras
Chapters 1 5 Chapter 1: Photogrammetry: Definition, introduction, and applications Chapters 2 4: Electro-magnetic radiation Optics Film development and digital cameras Chapter 5: Vertical imagery: Definitions,
More informationCOMPARISON OF CAMERA CALIBRATION PARAMETERS USING PHOTOMODELER AND AUSTRALIS
COMPARISON OF CAMERA CALIBRATION PARAMETERS USING PHOTOMODELER AND AUSTRALIS Fazli Abd. Rahman*, Halim Setan*, Albert K.Chong**, Zulkepli Majid* & Anuar Ahmad* *Department of Geomatic Engineering, Faculty
More informationBUYING DSLR and MIRRORLESS CAMERAS
BUYING DSLR and MIRRORLESS CAMERAS CAMERA BUYING GUIDE for Digital SLR and Mirrorless Cameras - 2018 Fall Edition - Copyright 2018 Easy Photo Class All Rights Reserved 1 DSLR & Mirrorless Camera Recommendations
More informationVisual Communication: Basics of Photography Appendix 2
11. Basics of Photography Synopsis This module provides an overview of the basics of photography.. Lectures 11.1 Cameras 11.2 Aperture 11.3 Shutter Speed 11.4 Light 11.5 Composition 11.6 Creative Exercises
More informationF l e x A d a p t o r
F l e x A d a p t o r GETTING STA RT E D PostScript Picture (black logo) Phase One A/S Roskildevej 39 DK-2000 Frederiksberg Denmark Tel +45 36 46 01 11 Fax +45 36 46 02 22 Phase One U.S. 24 Woodbine Ave
More informationRodenstock Products Photo Optics / Digital Imaging
Go to: Apo-Sironar digital Apo-Macro-Sironar digital Apo-Sironar digital HR Lenses for Digital Professional Photography Digital photography may be superior to conventional photography if the end-product
More informationCamera model and multiple view geometry
Chapter Camera model and multiple view geometry Before discussing how D information can be obtained from images it is important to know how images are formed First the camera model is introduced and then
More informationChapters 1 5. Photogrammetry: Definition, introduction, and applications. Electro-magnetic radiation Optics Film development and digital cameras
Chapters 1 5 Chapter 1: Photogrammetry: Definition, introduction, and applications Chapters 2 4: Electro-magnetic radiation Optics Film development and digital cameras Chapter 5: Vertical imagery: Definitions,
More informationPhotographed by AORTA with an X1D-50c XCD 90mm (1/250 sec; ƒ/5.6; ISO 800)
Hasselblad Lenses Photographed by AORTA with an X1D-50c XCD 90mm (1/250 sec; ƒ/5.6; ISO 800) All Hasselblad lenses are engineered to ensure optimal performance and image quality, whether shooting film
More informationCAMBO Wide RC 400 series CAMBO. Wide RC 400 series INSTRUCTION MANUAL REV
CAMBO Wide RC 400 series CAMBO Wide RC 400 series REV-10-2012 E INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1 Copyright 2012 Cambo fotografische Industrie. All rights reserved. Revised 15-10-2010 2 CAMBO Wide RC 400 series Strap
More informationSTRAIGHT LINE REFERENCE SYSTEM STATUS REPORT ON POISSON SYSTEM CALIBRATION
STRAIGHT LINE REFERENCE SYSTEM STATUS REPORT ON POISSON SYSTEM CALIBRATION C. Schwalm, DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract For the Alignment of the European XFEL, a Straight Line Reference System will be used
More informationLenses for Digital Photography
Lenses for Digital Photography Lenses optimized for digital technology for adjustable professional cameras with digital area sensor or scan backs Note: This brochure can also be downloaded as a PDF file
More informationImage Formation. Antonino Furnari. Image Processing Lab Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica Università degli Studi di Catania
Image Formation Antonino Furnari Image Processing Lab Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica Università degli Studi di Catania furnari@dmi.unict.it 18/03/2014 Outline Introduction; Geometric Primitives
More informationDESIGN AND TESTING OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR A FULL-SPHERICAL CAMERA ON THE BASIS OF A ROTATING LINEAR ARRAY SENSOR AND A FISHEYE LENS
DESIGN AND TESTING OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR A FULL-SPHERICAL CAMERA ON THE BASIS OF A ROTATING LINEAR ARRAY SENSOR AND A FISHEYE LENS Danilo SCHNEIDER, Ellen SCHWALBE Institute of Photogrammetry and
More informationSharp Eyes for Large Format Photography
Sharp Eyes for Large Format Photography The lens is a primary link in the quality chain that begins with the initial conception and ends with the printed page. Sinar supplies lenses under its own trademark
More informationPhoto Optics digital and analog
Photo Optics digital and analog Lenses for digital and analog photography that meet the highest professional demands, quality filters and aspherical magnifiers Go to: Digital Photography Analog prof. Photography
More informationrepro The Sinar repro Camera System Your Solution Provider for Archiving and Reproduction Photography
repro The Sinar repro Camera System Your Solution Provider for Archiving and Reproduction Photography Premium Products Made in Switzerland The premium brand Sinar stands for selected products developed
More informationMODERN DIMENSIONAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES BASED ON OPTICAL PRINCIPLES
MODERN DIMENSIONAL MEASURING TECHNIQUES BASED ON OPTICAL PRINCIPLES J. Reichweger 1, J. Enzendorfer 1 and E. Müller 2 1 Steyr Daimler Puch Engineering Center Steyr GmbH Schönauerstrasse 5, A-4400 Steyr,
More informationLEICA SUMMILUX-M 35 mm f/1.4 ASPH. 1
LEICA SUMMILUX-M 35 mm f/1.4 ASPH. 1 The LEICA SUMMILUX-M 35 mm f/1.4 ASPH. is a further revised version of the popular wide-angle lens of the Leica M rangefinder system. Thanks to the latest developments
More informationLEICA ELMARIT-M 28 mm f/2.8 1
LEICA ELMARIT-M 8 mm f/.8 This is a classic standard wide-angle lens: It delivers very good imaging performance at full aperture. Its barrel distortion is very small and unobtrusive. In cases where light
More informationdigital backs
The Hasselblad CF line of digital backs offers 22 and 39 megapixel digital solutions with the Hasselblad I- open camera interface, and the ability to add true-color, Multi-shot capture. The CF backs bring
More informationCAMBO Wide RS 1200 series CAMBO. Wide RS 1200 series INSTRUCTION MANUAL
CAMBO Wide RS 1200 series CAMBO Wide RS 1200 series E Rev-10-2012 INSTRUCTION MANUAL 1 Copyright 20 12 Cambo fotografische Industrie. All rights reserved. Revised 15-10-2010 2 CAMBO Wide RS 1200 series
More informationLEICA ELMAR-M 24 mm f/3.8 ASPH. 1
LEICA ELMAR-M 4 mm f/.8 ASPH. The LEICA ELMAR-M 4mm f/.8 ASPH. is an extremely compact lens, especially for such a wide angle, which also offers outstanding imaging performance. Even with at full stop,
More informationLEICA SUMMILUX-M 21 mm f/1.4 ASPH. 1
LEICA SUMMILUX-M mm f/.4 ASPH. The LEICA SUMMILUX-M mm f/.4 ASPH extends Leica's series of high speed M lenses into the wide-angle range. It offers excellent performance over the entire image field even
More informationDSLR Cameras and Lenses. Paul Fodor
DSLR Cameras and Lenses Paul Fodor Camera Principle of a pinhole camera: Light rays from an object pass through a small hole to form an image on the sensor: 2 Aperture and Focal Length Aperture is the
More informationActus DB2 INSTRUCTION MANUAL. Please read this manual carefully before using the Cambo Actus DB2! Compact View Camera. Version 5.0
Actus DB2 Compact View Camera INSTRUCTION MANUAL EN Please read this manual carefully before using the Cambo Actus DB2! Version 5.0 Index: 1. Key Features Actus... 3 2. Warnings... 4 3. Installation Cambo
More informationJust some thoughts about cameras. Please contact me if you have any questions.
Just some thoughts about cameras Please contact me if you have any questions. leah.rachlis@asd20.org Every student will need to have a camera to use for Digital Photography Class. It does not need to be
More informationADS40 Calibration & Verification Process. Udo Tempelmann*, Ludger Hinsken**, Utz Recke*
ADS40 Calibration & Verification Process Udo Tempelmann*, Ludger Hinsken**, Utz Recke* *Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping GmbH, Switzerland **Ludger Hinsken, Author of ORIMA, Konstanz, Germany Keywords: ADS40,
More informationLEICA ELMARIT-M 28 mm f/2.8 ASPH. 1
LEICA ELMARIT-M 28 mm f/2.8 ASPH. 1 This new high-speed lens is the most compact of Leica M lenses. By using an aspherical element it was possible to attain top imaging performance with a weight of only
More informationAutomatic Systems for Digitizing Historical Maps
Martina Ballarin *, Caterina Balletti **, Caterina Gottardi *** Automatic Systems for Digitizing Historical Maps Keywords: digitization; robotic arm; 3D recording; photogrammetry; historical maps Summary:
More informationDIGITAL BACKS. HASSELBLAD Ixpress CF 132 / Ixpress CF 528
HASSELBLAD The Ixpress CF line of digital backs offers 22Mpix digital capture with the open camera interface, the i-adapter, and the option for true colour multi-shot capture. The Ixpress offers new levels
More information3D BUILDINGS MODELLING BASED ON A COMBINATION OF TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES
3D BUILDINGS MODELLING BASED ON A COMBINATION OF TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES Georgeta Pop (Manea), Alexander Bucksch, Ben Gorte Delft Technical University, Department of Earth Observation and Space Systems,
More informationThe use of swings and tilts allows the photographer to use wider apertures while still obtaining adequate depth of field. This is especially useful
The use of swings and tilts allows the photographer to use wider apertures while still obtaining adequate depth of field. This is especially useful when using today's digital cameras. Add to that the precise
More informationHow does a Camera work?
How does a Camera work? What we will look at today What is a camera? Common light path Lenses Aperture Shutter Image plane ISO rating Why do cameras vary so much in size? Types of camera Possible future
More informationTrimble Engineering & Construction Group, 5475 Kellenburger Road, Dayton, OH , USA
Trimble VISION Ken Joyce Martin Koehler Michael Vogel Trimble Engineering and Construction Group Westminster, Colorado, USA April 2012 Trimble Engineering & Construction Group, 5475 Kellenburger Road,
More informationPhotogrammetry: DTM Extraction & Editing
Photogrammetry: DTM Extraction & Editing How can one determine the x, y, and z of a location? Approaches to DTM Extraction Ground surveying Digitized topographic maps Traditional photogrammetry Hardcopy
More informationM A D E I N G E R M A N Y SYSTEM. M 679 cs L I N H O F P R Ä Z I S I O N S - S Y S T E M T E C H N I K G M B H M Ü N C H E N
M A D E I N G E R M A N Y SYSTEM M 679 cs L I N H O F P R Ä Z I S I O N S - S Y S T E M T E C H N I K G M B H M Ü N C H E N E Y O U R D E C I S I O N F O R Y O U R F U T U R E I N N O V A T I O N I N T
More informationPERFORMANCE OF LARGE-FORMAT DIGITAL CAMERAS
PERFORMANCE OF LARGE-FORMAT DIGITAL CAMERAS K. Jacobsen Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany jacobsen@ipi.uni-hannover.de Inter-commission WG III/I KEY WORDS:
More informationLEICA VARIO-ELMAR-R mm f/3,5-4 ASPH. 1
LEICA VARIO-ELMAR-R 21-35 mm f/3,5-4 ASPH. 1 A compact, lightweight zoom lens that covers the full range of the most frequently used focal lengths in the wide-angle range. Even at full aperture, both contrast
More informationStereoscopic Models and Plotting
Stereoscopic Models and Plotting Stereoscopic Viewing Stereoscopic viewing is the way the depth perception of the objects through BINOCULAR vision with much greater accuracy. رؤيه البعد الثالث و االحساس
More informationLEICA TS-APO-ElmAr-S 120 MM f/5.6 ASPH.
LEICA TS-APO-ElmAr-S 12 MM f/5.6 ASPH. Technical Data. Illustration 1:2 TECHNICAL DATA Order no. 1179 Image angle (diagonal, horizontal, vertical) 23.6 / 2. / 13.6, corresponds to approx. 96 focal length
More informationChapter 12-Close-Up and Macro Photography
Chapter 12-Close-Up and Macro Photography Close-up images all taken with Hipstamatic on the iphone Close-up and Macro Examples All taken with close-up filter or reverse mount lens Macro Close-up Photography
More informationOMC Camera Calibration Software Guide. Version March 2001
OMC Camera Calibration Software Guide Version 2.21 March 2001 Copyright OMC 2000-2001 Page 1 Table of contents Cover page 1 Table of contents 2 1. Introduction 3 2. The physical model used in camera calibration
More informationChapter 3-Camera Work
Chapter 3-Camera Work The perfect camera? Make sure the camera you purchase works for you Is it the right size? Does it have the type of lens you need? What are the features that I want? What type of storage
More informationINTEGRATING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES AND GEODETIC METHODS FOR 3D MODELING
INTEGRATING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES AND GEODETIC METHODS FOR 3D MODELING Georgeta Pop Faculty of Geodesy, Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest,
More informationThe Processing of Laser Scan Data for the Analysis of Historic Structures in Ireland
The 7th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage VAST (2006) M. Ioannides, D. Arnold, F. Niccolucci, K. Mania (Editors) The Processing of Laser Scan Data for the Analysis
More informationJENOPTIK Jena GmbH., DDR - 69 Jena, Carl- Zeiss- Platz Years UMK 10/1318 Universal Measuring Camera
14th International Conr,ress of ISP Hamburg 1980 Commission 5 Working Group - Presented Paper Dipl.-Ing. GUnther V o s s JENOPTIK Jena GmbH., DDR - 69 Jena, Carl- Zeiss- Platz 1 10 Years UMK 10/1318 Universal
More informationIntegrating the Generations, FIG Working Week 2008,Stockholm, Sweden June 2008
H. Murat Yilmaz, Aksaray University,Turkey Omer Mutluoglu, Selçuk University, Turkey Murat Yakar, Selçuk University,Turkey Cutting and filling volume calculation are important issues in many engineering
More informationAnd. Modal Analysis. Using. VIC-3D-HS, High Speed 3D Digital Image Correlation System. Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi
Full Field Displacement And Strain Measurement And Modal Analysis Using VIC-3D-HS, High Speed 3D Digital Image Correlation System At Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi VIC-3D, 3D Digital Image Correlation
More informationBUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT WITH HIGH RESOLUTION ULTRACAMD IMAGES
BUNDLE BLOCK ADJUSTMENT WITH HIGH RESOLUTION ULTRACAMD IMAGES I. Baz*, G. Buyuksalih*, K. Jacobsen** * BIMTAS, Tophanelioglu Cad. ISKI Hizmet Binasi No:62 K.3-4 34460 Altunizade-Istanbul, Turkey gb@bimtas.com.tr
More informationEND OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2006/2007 (Held in Aug 2007) B.Sc. ENGINEERING LEVEL 2, JUNE TERM
Page 1 of 6 UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA, SRI LANKA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2006/2007 (Held in Aug 2007) B.Sc. ENGINEERING LEVEL 2, JUNE TERM DE 229 PHOTOGRAPHY Answer ALL questions
More informationCoding and Modulation in Cameras
Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Raskar 2007 Coding and Modulation in Cameras Ramesh Raskar with Ashok Veeraraghavan, Amit Agrawal, Jack Tumblin, Ankit Mohan Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs
More informationLEICA SUMMARIT-M 75 mm f/2.4
Technical Data. Illustration : Lens Leica Summarit-M 75 mm f/.4 Order number Black anodized: 6 Silver anodized: 6 Angle of view (diagonal, horizontal, vertical) For 5 mm (4 x 6 mm): /7 / ; for M ( x 7
More informationCS4670: Computer Vision
CS467: Computer Vision Noah Snavely Lecture 13: Projection, Part 2 Perspective study of a vase by Paolo Uccello Szeliski 2.1.3-2.1.6 Reading Announcements Project 2a due Friday, 8:59pm Project 2b out Friday
More informationCAMERAS. A new Camera for H1, H2 and H2F Photographers. Wide range of high performance lenses. Superior Viewfinder program.
CAMERAS A new Camera for H1, H2 and H2F Photographers The H4X camera body is designed as an upgrade to the current H1, H2 and H2F camera users. It is based on the H4D camera body and it provides new features
More informationLEICA SUMMARON-M 28 mm f/5.6
Technical Data. Illustration : Lens Leica Summaron-M 8 mm f/.6 Order number 69 Angle of view (diagonal, horizontal, vertical) For mm (4 x 6 mm): /6 /46 Optical design Number of elements/groups: 6/4 Position
More informationversatility in your everyday work
Photo: Joachim Ladefoged versatility in your everyday work »The Imacon Ixpress digital back......is the most versatile image capture device available at the high-end of the market, giving the photographer
More informationRodenstock Lenses for Professional Photography
Rodenstock Lenses for Professional Photography The ideal lenses for adjustable large format and medium format technical cameras Professional Photography Lenses and applications Even in the age of digital
More informationDatasheet. A5D Aerial. Main Features. Medium Format digital capture advantage
A5D Aerial With its image sensor specially selected to provide the flatness required for applications such as advanced mapping, the new A5D is the ideal camera for aerial photography. The A5D also features
More informationCAMERAS. ADVANTAGES Access to a wide range of lenses/focal lengths. High-resolution sensors. Full range of manual controls and Raw file capture.
ESSENTIALS essentials cameras 10 CAMERAS When shooting on film was the only option for landscape photographers, bigger was always considered to be better. Large-format cameras loaded with sheet film provided
More informationKeywords: industrial photogrammetry, quality control, small aircraft
INVESTIGATING OFF-LINE LOW COST PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO SMALL AIRCRAFT QULAITY CONTROL Dr M. Varshosaz, A. Amini Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering,
More informationCalibration of IRS-1C PAN-camera
Calibration of IRS-1C PAN-camera Karsten Jacobsen Institute for Photogrammetry and Engineering Surveys University of Hannover Germany Tel 0049 511 762 2485 Fax -2483 Email karsten@ipi.uni-hannover.de 1.
More informationMEDIUM FORMAT CAMERA ADVANTAGES
MEDIUM FORMAT CAMERA ADVANTAGES 2 When a pixel paints a thousand words When image is everything, bigger is always better. The 21st century imaging world is awash with pixels on popular mass-produced capture
More informationMAIN OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
MAIN OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS Wide DS Digital Series 1. INTRODUCTION Next to the existing Wide DS camera solutions Cambo now introduces the Wide DS Digital series. These instructions give short information
More informationLEICA Elmarit-S 45mm f/2.8 ASPH./CS
LEICA Elmarit-S 45 f/2.8 ASPH./CS Technical data. Display scale 1:2 TECHNICAL DATA Order number 1177 (CS: 1178) Angle of view (diagonal, horizontal, vertical) ~ 62, 53, 37, equivalent to approx. 36 in
More informationInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Geo-Environment. Close-Range Photogrammetry For Landslide Monitoring
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Geo-Environment Journal homepage:http://ijceg.ump.edu.my ISSN:21802742 Close-Range Photogrammetry For Landslide Monitoring Munirah Bt Radin Mohd Mokhtar,
More informationSinar p3 View Camera
Sinar p3 View Camera In the system with the Sinar m The Legendary Precision of Sinar View Cameras... Mechanical Precision True to the tradition of the Sinar p line of view cameras, the Sinar p3 too, is
More informationLEICA SUMMARIT-M 50 mm f/2.4
LEICA SUMMARIT-M mm f/.4 Technical Data. Illustration : Lens Leica Summarit-M mm f/.4 Order number Black anodized: 68 Silver anodized: 68 Angle of view (diagonal, horizontal, vertical) For mm (4 x 6 mm):
More informationUSE THE 3D LASER SCANNING FOR DOCUMENTATION THE RIGA CATHEDRAL IN LATVIA
USE THE 3D LASER SCANNING FOR DOCUMENTATION THE RIGA CATHEDRAL IN LATVIA Maris Kalinka, Elina Rutkovska, Department of Geomatic, Riga Technical University, Azenes 16-109, Riga, Latvia, geomatika@geomatika.lv
More informationContents. Contents. Perfecting people shots Making your camera a friend.5. Beyond point and shoot Snapping to the next level...
Contents 1 Making your camera a friend.5 What are the options?... 6 Ready for action: know your buttons.8 Something from the menu?... 10 Staying focused... 12 Look, no hands... 13 Size matters... 14 Setting
More informationCS6670: Computer Vision
CS6670: Computer Vision Noah Snavely Lecture 5: Projection Reading: Szeliski 2.1 Projection Reading: Szeliski 2.1 Projection Müller Lyer Illusion http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_muelue/index.html Modeling
More informationRobotics - Projective Geometry and Camera model. Marcello Restelli
Robotics - Projective Geometr and Camera model Marcello Restelli marcello.restelli@polimi.it Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano Ma 2013 Inspired from Matteo
More informationCultural Heritage. Geometric Recording of Cultural Monuments. Basic Principles of Geometric Recording. Specific requirements
LOW COST DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE DOCUMENTATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Ch. Ioannidis, S. Soile, C. Potsiou Lab. of Photogrammetry School of Rural & Surveying Eng. National Technical University
More informationBUYING CAMERA LENSES
BUYING CAMERA LENSES LENS BUYING GUIDE for DSLR & Mirrorless Digital Cameras - 2018 Fall Edition - Copyright 2018 Easy Photo Class All Rights Reserved DSLR & Mirrorless Camera Lens Recommendations We want
More informationClose-Range. Photogrammetry. and 3D Imaging. 2nd edition. Edited by. Thomas Luhmann, Stuart Robson, Stephen Kyle. and Jan Boehm.
Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3D Imaging 2nd edition Edited by Thomas Luhmann, Stuart Robson, Stephen Kyle and Jan Boehm De Gruyter Content 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.1.1 Content 1 1.1.2 References
More informationACTUS. View Camera System Perspective Control - Selective Sharpness - Macro Extension
ACTUS View Camera System Perspective Control - Selective Sharpness - Macro Extension Cambo founded in 1946 - is best known for its long history as manufacturer of professional view cameras. Since the introduction
More informationis the ability to capture and reproduce the perfection of nature.
is the ability to capture and reproduce the perfection of nature. With our eyelike precision family we have developed digital camera backs for the professional field of photography, which provide photographers
More informationTarget User TARGET USER:
High level 8x optical Mega Zoom 36 290 mm* 3.3 Megapixel 1/2.5-type CCD with primary colour filter Rapid AF with Predictive Focus Control Low power consumption more than 500 frames using 4 AA alkaline
More informationNewest Technologies for Compact Aerial Survey Cameras
Newest Technologies for Compact Aerial Survey Cameras Tobias Tölg CEO t.toelg@rollei-metric.com RolleiMetric Systempartner of - Rollei Metric GmbH - AIC History and Present - AICxN - Conclusion and Prospects
More informationChapters 1 9: Overview
Chapters 1 9: Overview Chapter 1: Introduction Chapters 2 4: Data acquisition Chapters 5 9: Data manipulation Chapter 5: Vertical imagery Chapter 6: Image coordinate measurements and refinements Chapters
More informationHomogeneous Coordinates. Lecture18: Camera Models. Representation of Line and Point in 2D. Cross Product. Overall scaling is NOT important.
Homogeneous Coordinates Overall scaling is NOT important. CSED44:Introduction to Computer Vision (207F) Lecture8: Camera Models Bohyung Han CSE, POSTECH bhhan@postech.ac.kr (",, ) ()", ), )) ) 0 It is
More information12X Zoom. Incredible 12X (0.58-7X) magnification for inspection of a wider range of parts.
Incredible 12X (0.58-7X) magnification for inspection of a wider range of parts. Telecentric attachment gives you the world s first parfocal telecentric zoom lens with field coverage up to 50 mm. Increased
More informationHigh Definition Modeling of Calw, Badstrasse and its Google Earth Integration
Master Thesis Yuanting LI High Definition Modeling of Calw, Badstrasse and its Google Earth Integration Duration of the Thesis: 6 months Completion: July, 2014 Supervisors: Prof.Dr.-Ing.Dieter Fritsch
More informationT E C H N I K A R D A N S S Y S T E M
M A D E I N G E R M A N Y T E C H N I K A R D A N S S Y S T E M 23 45 L I N H O F P R Ä Z I S I O N S - S Y S T E M T E C H N I K G M B H M Ü N C H E N E T H E U N I V E R S A L S Y S T E M : L O W W E
More informationA REFINED SENSOR MODEL FOR PANORAMIC CAMERAS
A REFINED SENSOR MODEL FOR PANORAMIC CAMERAS Jafar AMIRI PARIAN, Armin GRUEN Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich (parian, agruen)@geod.baug.ethz.ch
More informationOptical design. Floating Element
LEICA SUMMILUX-M SUPER ELMAR-M 8mm mm f/.4 f/.4 ASPH. ASPH. The Leica Summilux-M 8mm f/.4 ASPH. rounds off the range of high-speed M wide angle focal lengths. It offers exce lent image performance over
More informationPort Recommendations for Ikelite Housings with Dry Lock (DL) Port System
Port Recommendations for Ikelite Housings with Dry Lock (DL) Port System Reading the Chart Lenses are listed by manufacturer and are sorted in numerical order by focal length. Shorter focal lengths have
More information3D measurement for Quality and Speed
We provide high quality and easy-to-use 3D scanning solutions to the industry. Our system provides high precision by white light measurement technology, enhanced detail with high-resolution twin-camera
More informationRodenstock Products Photo Optics / Digital Imaging
Go to Rogonar Rogonar-S Rodagon Apo-Rodagon-N Rodagon-WA Apo-Rodagon-D Accessories: Modular-Focus Lenses for Enlarging, CCD Photos and Video To reproduce a photograph as a picture on paper requires two
More informationPort Recommendations for Ikelite Housings with Dry Lock (DL) Port System
Port Recommendations for Ikelite Housings with Dry Lock (DL) Port System Reading the Chart Lenses are listed by manufacturer and are sorted in numerical order by focal length. Shorter focal lengths have
More informationVR-System PRO II USER MANUAL
Tip The interactive presentation of the cubical panorama on the front page of this manual can be seen in the internet at www.pixelmagazin.de/audi-tt-016 VR-System PRO II USER MANUAL Information For more
More informationTERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER DATA PROCESSING
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER DATA PROCESSING L. Bornaz (*), F. Rinaudo (*) (*) Politecnico di Torino - Dipartimento di Georisorse e Territorio C.so Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino Tel. +39.011.564.7687
More information3D DIGITAL MODELING OF MODERN TIMES BUILDING FOR PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION
3D DIGITAL MODELING OF MODERN TIMES BUILDING FOR PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION W.J. Oh a *, S.H. Han b, H.C. Yoon c, Y.S. Bae d, S.H. Song e a Dept. of Land Information Management, ChungCheong University,
More informationImage correction functions. *equivalent to 35mm format
The successful DiMAGE X-line is extended by an elegant high end model 37-111mm* L-folded zoom lens 8 Megapixel CCD (1/1.8 ) Large 2.5 LCD Konica Minoltas first compact camera with integrated Anti-Shake
More informationMeasurement and Precision Analysis of Exterior Orientation Element Based on Landmark Point Auxiliary Orientation
2016 rd International Conference on Engineering Technology and Application (ICETA 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-8-0 Measurement and Precision Analysis of Exterior Orientation Element Based on Landmark Point
More informationIndex Scope of Delivery General Information Mounting of Digital Backs Mounting of Lenses Mounting on a Reproduction Stand
repro User Manual Thank You! Congratulations on your purchase of this high-quality Sinar product. It was carefully manufactured by using top quality material and thoroughly tested for performance and reliability.
More information