Introduction to Microscopes! Now Seeing IS Believing!
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1 Introduction to Microscopes! Now Seeing IS Believing!
2 A Brief History
3 Simple Glass Magnifiers More than 500 years ago. Problem: not enough magnification Leeuwenhoek is regarded as the father of microscopy.
4 First Compound Microscope Developed at the beginning of the 1600's, by the Janssen brothers and Galileo Problem: images and halos were blurred had colored
5 Simple Compound Microscope Invented in 1660s Problem: all images had red or blue halos around them
6 Hooke s Discovery Hooke observed thin slices of cork bark and saw what looked like a honeycomb. What he was actually looking at were the empty cells walls of dead plant cells. He called these empty spaces cells because they resembled the cells (rooms) of a monastery.
7 Even better! 1700 and 1800s great improvement in microscopes Usually made of brass (expensive) Had a tripod for support
8 Modern Compound Microscope 1900s, started using iron of brass (cheaper) Only one eyepiece (monocular) Outside light source used to illuminate specimen Compound b/c of eyepiece + objective. Increases magnification and eliminates color halos. instead
9 Fancy! Better images More magnification Better lighting Easier to use Now everyone, at one time or another, has looked through a microscope
10 How Does It Work? A microscope works very much like a telescope. A telescope must gather light from a dim, far away object. So, it needs a large objective lens to gather as much light as possible and a long body to bring the image into focus.
11 How Does It Work? Unlike a telescope, a microscope must gather light from a tiny specimen that is close-by. An objective lens magnifies the specimen, then the image is again magnified by a second lens, called an eyepiece, as it is brought to your eye.
12 How Does It Work? (cont.) Essentially a microscope reduces the divergence of light so that we can see an image clearly. By allowing the object to be brought closer to the eye clearly, the object appears larger. To calculate total magnification, multiply the eyepiece magnification with the objective magnification. TOTAL MAGNIFICATION = (Eyepiece) x (Objective)
13 Parts of a Compound Microscope So EASY a KID could use it!
14 Arm Supports the tube and connects it to the base The part you hold when you carry the microscope
15 Base The bottom of the microscope, used for support Hold this part with one hand when carrying a microscope RULE: Always carry the microscope by the arm AND the base.
16 Light Produces light to illuminate the specimen so that it is easier to see details.
17 Stage The flat platform where you place your slides. It has a hole in it so light can shine through
18 Clip Shiny clips on the top of the stage Holds a slide in place
19 Diaphragm Controls the amount of light going through the hole in the stage
20 Eyepiece The lens at the top that you look through. 10X magnification.
21 Body Tube The long tube that holds the eyepiece and connects the objective
22 Nosepiece Rotating part of the microscope at the bottom of the body tube. It holds the objective lenses
23 Low Power Objective The shortest objective lens The lowest magnification 4X lens (10X x 4X = 40X magnification) RULE: Always store the microscope under low power.
24 Mid Power Objective The medium length objective lens The medium magnification 10X lens (10X x 10X = 100X magnification)
25 High Power Objective The longest objective lens The highest magnification 40X lens (10X x 40X = 400X magnification)
26 Coarse Adjustment Large, round knob on the side of the microscope Either moves the stage or the top part of the microscope up and down to focus RULE: Never use coarse adjustment when on high power.
27 Fine Adjustment Small, round knob on the side of the microscope Used to fine tune the focus after using the coarse adjustment knob. RULE: Use only fine adjustment when on high power.
28 Pop Quiz 1. What two parts should you hold when you carry a microscope? Base & Arm 2. Where do you put a slide? On the Stage 3. Under high power, what knob do you turn to focus? Fine Adjustment ONLY
29 RULES Always carry the microscope by the arm AND the base. Never use coarse adjustment when on high power/use only fine adjustment when on high power. Always store the microscope under low power. Only clean objectives/eyepieces with lens paper.
30 Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) Instead of using mirrors to bend beams of light, SEM s use electromagnets to bend beams of electrons. Depending on how an electron interacts with the specimen (reflects, deflects, penetrates, etc.) a scanner can produce a highly detailed image.
31 TOILET PAPER
32 VELCRO
33 MASCARA BRUSH
34 HYPODERMIC NEEDLE
35 STAPLE
36 DEER TICK
37 PORCUPINE
38 LEACHIANUS GECKO
39 DEMODEX MITE
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