Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lens of the Netflix CDN
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1 Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lens of the Netflix CDN Timm Böttger, Felix Cuadrado, Gareth Tyson, Ignacio Castro, Steve Uhlig steve.uhlig@qmul.ac.uk Queen Mary University of London, UK
2 Agenda Motivation Background Methodology Server deployment Traffic Conclusion 2
3 Research Questions Where did Netflix choose to deploy servers? What does this tell us about the Internet Ecosystem? 3
4 World-Wide Content Availability through the Lens of the Netflix CDN 4
5 Architectural Decisions Centralised Architectures Distributed Architectures 5
6 Concentrate Your Resources 6
7 Try to be Everywhere 216,000 servers In over 120 countries Within more than 1,500 networks 7
8 Agenda Motivation Background Methodology Server deployment Traffic Conclusion 8
9 The Old Netflix Netflix used to rely on datacentres plus CDN partners 9
10 Today s Netflix Architecture Datacentre-free since January 2016 Many services on Amazon Web Services Netflix deployed its own CDN: OpenConnect 10
11 Netflix OpenConnect Delivery Options ISP B ISP A the Internet IXP 11
12 Out of scope: Netflix Client Redirection Video Server Video Server Video Server DNS Server ipv4_1-lagg0-c020.1.lhr001.ix.nflxvideo.net Application Logic 12
13 Agenda Motivation Background Methodology Server deployment Traffic Conclusion 13
14 Deployment: Exploiting the Naming Scheme DNS names of servers used by Netflix: ipv4_1-lagg0-c020.1.lhr001.ix.nflxvideo.net ipv4_1-cxl0-c045.1.fra001.ix.nflxvideo.net ipv6_1-lagg0-c002.1.lhr005.bt.isp.nflxvideo.net Using a DNS crawler, we discovered 4,777 servers 243 locations 48 countries 123 ISPs 14
15 Traffic: Exploiting IPID IPID Field of the IPv4 header Originally used for fragmentation Can be incremented arbitrarily, though often incrementally [RFC6864] All Netflix caches run FreeBSD 10 Checked that consistent values of the IPID field returned 1 sample per server every 30 mins to reduce overhead 15
16 Agenda Motivation Background Methodology Server deployment Traffic Conclusion 16
17 Global Netflix deployment (locations) 17
18 Global Netflix deployment (size) 18
19 Deployment according to Netflix 19
20 Servers deployed at IXP locations 20
21 Map of IXP locations worldwide 21
22 Servers deployed at ISP locations 22
23 Global relative IXP/ISP deployment Few IXP locations Many ISP locations More servers at IXPs than ISPs overall Though continents differ 23
24 Server deployment in North America 24
25 Server deployment in Europe 25
26 Northern Europe Country Network (IXP/ISP) # of servers Denmark TDC (ISP) 24 Stofa (ISP) 5 Comx (ISP) 3 Nianet (ISP) 3 Hi3g (ISP) 2 Telenordk (ISP) 2 Trefor (ISP) 2 Waoo (ISP) 2 Finland IXP 13 Dna (ISP) 8 Fne (ISP) 2 Country Network (IXP/ISP) # of servers Norway Telenor (ISP) 40 Altibox (ISP) 13 Getas (ISP) 10 Broadnet (ISP) 5 Bkk (ISP) 2 Ntebredband (ISP) 2 Signal (ISP) 2 Sweden IXP 60 Comhem (ISP) 22 Telenor (ISP) 16 Bahnhof (ISP) 5 Bredband2 (ISP) 4 Alltele (ISP) 3 Nordunetas (ISP) 2 Telecom3 (ISP) 2 26
27 ISP deployment in largest markets worldwide USA: Tier-1 ISPs do not deploy they have their own CDN agenda. Canada: Significant ISP deployment due to no IXP deployment (US-based Equinix is used) UK: Significant ISP deployment, because it s a large enough market to require ISP deployment Mexico: Significant deployment, absence actually means ISP merging 27
28 Deployment: take-home message Still a datacentre-based approach (through IXPs) Few IXP locations with significant number of servers Complemented by ISP deployment Every region/market is different, though many share similarities 28
29 Agenda Motivation Background Methodology Server deployment Traffic Conclusion 29
30 Estimated global traffic pattern North America dominates Followed by Europe (UK mostly) Central/South America unexpectedly third (Mexico and Brazil) 30
31 Traffic per country Total traffic: Expected: US, CA, GB, AU Interesting: MX, BR Share of IXP/ISP traffic reflects server deployment figures 31
32 Traffic: take-home message North America dominates, as expected Strong Central/South American market IXP traffic dominates, reflecting server deployment figures Peak traffic dominates, though evidence of limited back-end traffic 32
33 Agenda Motivation Background Methodology Server deployment Traffic Conclusion 33
34 Conclusion First ever mapping of Netflix s OpenConnect CDN Physical server distribution Traffic estimation Different markets require region-specific deployments Differences between the local Internet Ecosystems Marked contrast/complementarity in IXP/ISP deployments Exposing Netflix overall server placement strategy Appears focused on utilising IXP footprint Complemented by ISP deployment Actually: deploying within ISPs takes time, so importance of IXP deployment reflects the phase in the ongoing process of deploying within ISPs Full paper at arxiv
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