Appendices to accompany. Demand for Health Risk Reductions: A cross-national comparison between the U.S. and Canada
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1 Appendces to accompany Demand for Health Rsk Reductons: A cross-natonal comparson between the U.S. and Canada
2 Appendx I: Atttudnal and Subectve Belefs by Age (movng average of age-wse s, 5 th and 95 th percentles n the raw data) KEY: sold lnes = U.S. sample; dashed lnes = Canadan sample Fgure I.1 Subectve rsk of Alzhemer s Dsease Fgure I.2 Subectve rsk of Cancer (all cancers grouped) az_atr MA(mean) az_atr MA(-2sd) az_atr MA(+2sd) az_atr MA(+2sd) az_atr MA(mean) az_atr MA(-2sd) bc_any MA(mean) bc_any MA(-2sd) bc_any MA(+2sd) bc_any MA(+2sd) bc_any MA(mean) bc_any MA(-2sd) Fgure I.3 Subectve rsk of Dabetes Fgure I.4 Subectve rsk of Heart Attack/Dsease db_atr MA(mean) db_atr MA(-2sd) db_atr MA(+2sd) db_atr MA(+2sd) db_atr MA(mean) db_atr MA(-2sd) ha_atr MA(mean) ha_atr MA(-2sd) ha_atr MA(+2sd) ha_atr MA(+2sd) ha_atr MA(mean) ha_atr MA(-2sd)
3 Fgure I.5 Subectve rsk of Respratory Dsease Fgure I.6 Subectve rsk of Stroke rd_atr MA(mean) rd_atr MA(-2sd) rd_atr MA(+2sd) rd_atr MA(+2sd) rd_atr MA(mean) rd_atr MA(-2sd) st_atr MA(mean) st_atr MA(-2sd) st_atr MA(+2sd) st_atr MA(+2sd) st_atr MA(mean) st_atr MA(-2sd) Fgure I.7 Subectve rsk of Traffc Accdent ta_atr MA(mean) ta_atr MA(-2sd) ta_atr MA(+2sd) ta_atr MA(+2sd) ta_atr MA(mean) ta_atr MA(-2sd)
4 Fgure I.8 Room to Improve on Doctor Vsts Fgure I.9 Room to Improve on Seat Belt Use mprove_doc MA(mean) mprove_doc MA(-2sd) mprove_doc MA(+2sd) mprove_doc MA(+2sd) mprove_doc MA(mean) mprove_doc MA(-2sd) mprove_sbelt MA(mean) mprove_sbelt MA(-2sd) mprove_sbelt MA(+2sd) mprove_sbelt MA(+2sd) mprove_sbelt MA(mean) mprove_sbelt MA(-2sd) Fgure I.10 Room to Improve on Smokng (cut back) Fgure I.11 Room to Improve on Weght (lose weght) mprove_smoke MA(mean) mprove_smoke MA(-2sd) mprove_smoke MA(+2sd) mprove_smoke MA(+2sd) mprove_smoke MA(mean) mprove_smoke MA(-2sd) mprove_wgt MA(mean) mprove_wgt MA(-2sd) mprove_wgt MA(+2sd) mprove_wgt MA(+2sd) mprove_wgt MA(mean) mprove_wgt MA(-2sd)
5 Fgure I.12 Room to Improve on Det (eat healther) Fgure I.13 Room to Improve on Exercse (more) mprove_det MA(mean) mprove_det MA(-2sd) mprove_det MA(+2sd) mprove_det MA(+2sd) mprove_det MA(mean) mprove_det MA(-2sd) mprove_exc MA(mean) mprove_exc MA(-2sd) mprove_exc MA(+2sd) mprove_exc MA(+2sd) mprove_exc MA(mean) mprove_exc MA(-2sd) Fgure I.14 Room to Improve on Alcohol (drnk less) Fgure I.15 Confdence n Dagnoss and Treatment Effcacy mprove_alc MA(mean) mprove_alc MA(-2sd) mprove_alc MA(+2sd) mprove_alc MA(+2sd) mprove_alc MA(mean) mprove_alc MA(-2sd) conf MA(mean) conf MA(-2sd) conf MA(+2sd) conf MA(+2sd) conf MA(mean) conf MA(-2sd)
6 Appendx II: Ftted dstrbuton of WTP estmates by gender (, 5 th and 95 th percentles; 1000 random draws of parameters) Fgure II.1 Fgure II.2 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males) Fgure II.3 Fgure II.4 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn females) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US females)
7 Fgure II.5 Fgure II.6 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (males) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (females) US males Cdn males US females Cdn females Fgure II.7 med WTP for a 1/1,000,000 reducton n mortalty rsk US males US females Cdn males Cdn females
8 Appendx III: Ftted dstrbuton of WTP per dscounted lfe-year, by gender (, 5 th and 95 th percentles; 1000 random draws) Fgure III.1 Fgure III.2 AWTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males) AWTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males) Fgure III.3 Fgure III.4 AWTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn females) AWTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US females)
9 Appendx IV: Ftted dstrbuton of WTP by educaton (, 5 th and 95 th percentles across 1000 random draws of parameters) Fgure IV.1 Fgure IV.2 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males college) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males college) 20 Fgure IV.3 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (college) 20 US males college Cdn males college
10 Fgure IV.4 Fgure IV.5 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males nocollege) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males nocollege) Fgure IV.6 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (no college) US males nocollege Cdn males nocollege
11 Fgure IV.7 Fgure IV.8 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males) 20 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males) Cdn males nocollege Cdn males college US males nocollege US males college Fgure IV.9 med WTP for a 1/1,000,000 reducton n mortalty rsk US males nocollege US males college Cdn males nocollege Cdn males college
12 Appendx V: Ftted dstrbuton of WTP by martal status (, 5 th and 95 th percentles across 1000 random draws of parameters) Fgure V.1 Fgure V.2 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males marr.) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males marr.) Fgure V.3 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (males) US males marr. Cdn males marr.
13 Fgure V.4 Fgure V.5 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males non-marr.) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males non-marr.) Fgure V.6 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (non-marr.) US males non-marr. Cdn males non-marr.
14 Fgure V.7 Fgure V.8 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (US males) Cdn males marr. Cdn males non-marr. US males marr. US males non-marr. Fgure V.9 med WTP for a 1/1,000,000 reducton n mortalty rsk US males marr. US males non-marr. Cdn males marr. Cdn males non-marr.
15 Appendx VI: Ftted dstrbuton of WTP by experence wth out-of-plan medcal tests (, 5 th and 95 th percentles; 1000 random draws) Fgure VI.1 Fgure VI.2 20 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males out-of-plan) WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (Cdn males no out-of-plan) Fgure VI.3 Fgure VI.4 WTP: 1/1,000,000 mort. rsk red. (out-of-plan vs not) med WTP for a 1/1,000,000 reducton n mortalty rsk 20 Cdn males no out-of-plan Cdn males out-of-plan US males Cdn males out-of-plan Cdn males no out-of-plan
16 Appendx VII: The complete specfcaton Addtonal ncdental varables Followng each choce task n the survey, respondents were asked about ther personal expected latency for each of the health threats n queston. If the respondent expected never to beneft from a program, or expected the latency of the llness to be longer or shorter than what was descrbed n the llness profle, we used ths nformaton to construct shft varables to accommodate over- or under-estmaton of the latency. Second, at the end of the survey, we questoned respondents drectly about ther ndvdual subectve lfe expectancy. If ths lfe expectancy dffered from the nomnal lfe expectancy n the choce scenaros, ths dscrepancy was smlarly allowed to shft the utlty parameters n the model. Full-fledged selectvty correcton models n multple-choce condtonal logt models are challengng, so we do not attempt them here. Moreover, non-response modelng data are not avalable for the Canadan sample. Here, we do have the data needed to estmate a response/nonresponse model that produces ftted response probabltes for each ndvdual n the U.S. sample. For each U.S. respondent, we use the devaton of ths ftted response propensty from the response propensty among all 500,000-plus members of Knowledge Network, Inc. s ntal random-dgt-daled recrutng sample. For Canadan respondents, the varable takes on a value of zero, such that no correcton s made for devaton between predcted response propensty and average response propensty. 30 Under deal crcumstances, every respondent would reveal subectve latences that match the ones used n the choce scenaros. They would each have a subectve lfe expectancy that matched the nomnal lfe expectancy for someone ther age and gender that was used n ther copy of the survey nstrument. Fnally, all members of the recrutment pool would have equal propenstes to show up n the estmatng sample. Under these condtons, all of our nusance varables (expressed as devatons from ther ntended values) would be zero, so we use zero values for these varables n our smulatons. 30 Whle Canadan response/nonresponse propenstes are left uncorrected, we note that our models control for all the observables upon whch the Canada and U.S. samples dffer n terms of the margnal dstrbutons, and ths strategy wll mnmze the mpact of selecton bas on the basc coeffcents.
17 Table 3(expanded): Emprcal Results (extensve format wth t-test statstcs) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 U.S. CDN U.S. CDN U.S. CDN Net ncome term (complex formula) (10.48)*** (3.85)*** (9.46)*** (2.81)*** (6.23)*** 1(female) (4.26)*** 1(hgh rsk of ths llness) (2.68)*** 1(mod low rsk of ths llness) (2.19)** 1(hghly confdent n health care) (1.84)* 1(not at all confdent n health care) (2.62)*** Illness Years: log pdv (4.71)*** (0.24) (5.44)*** (1.51) (3.45)*** (3.11)*** 1(female) (3.02)*** 1(hgh rsk of ths llness) (1.92)* 1(mod hgh rsk of ths llness) (-0.96) 1(mod low rsk of ths llness) (1.76)* 1(low rsk of ths llness) (2.47)** 1(mod. hgh room to mpr exercse) (2.97)*** 1(very hgh room to mpr exercse) (3.57)*** 1(very low room to mpr smokng) (2.74)*** 1(mod low room to mpr smokng) (2.47)** Recovered Years: log pdvr (2.45)** (0.45) (1.87)* (0.45) 1(female) (4.95)*** (1.97)** Lost Lfe Years: log pdvl (5.88)*** (2.20)** (2.65)*** (0.08) (2.75)*** age (1.86)* (0.40) (4.34)*** (9.17)*** age (1.44) (0.96) (4.58)*** (8.09)*** -
18 1(female) (2.02)** (1.92)* 1(college degree or more) (3.28)*** (2.19)** 1(non-marred) (3.15)*** (1.76)* 1(hghly confdent n health care) (-1.58) (2.20)** 1(not at all confdent n health care) (2.38)** 1(hgh rsk of ths llness) (4.65)*** 1(mod hgh rsk of ths llness) (3.59)*** 1(mod low rsk of ths llness) (2.61)*** 1(low rsk of ths llness) (4.98)*** 1(have gone outsde CDN plan) (1.75)* 1(very low room to mpr doct. vsts) (1.79)* Squared: 2 log pdvl (1.80)* (0.36) (1.85)* age (1.51) (0.11) (3.41)*** (7.59)*** age (1.31) (0.63) (3.63)*** (6.50)*** Interacton: pdv pdvl log 1 log 1 (3.81)*** (1.87)* (3.07)*** (5.91)*** Scenaro Adustment Controls: (Net ncome term) overest. of latency (6.57)*** log pdv 1 1(beneft never) (4.61)*** log pdv 1 overest. of latency (8.96)*** log pdvl 11(beneft never) (4.16)*** log pdvl 1overest. of latency (14.42)** * log pdvl 1age 1(beneft never) (2.73)***
19 pdv pdvl log 1 log overest. of latency (4.36)*** - log 1 log pdv pdvl 1 age (beneft never) (4.27)*** - log 1 log pdv pdvl 1 age (beneft never) (4.05)*** - log pdv overest. of lfe expectancy (3.08)*** - log pdvl overest. of lfe expectancy U.S. Sample Selecton Controls: log pdv 1 Psel ( ) P (2.37)** Absolute value of z statstcs n parentheses * sgnfcant at 10%; ** sgnfcant at 5%; *** sgnfcant at 1%
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