Networking Technology for the Broadcast Engineer The Next Level: Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8 VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT Texas A&M University

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1 Networking Technology for the Broadcast Engineer The Next Level: Routing and Switching Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8 VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT Texas A&M University

2 Networking Technology for the Broadcast Engineer The Next Level: Routing and Switching Advertised Presentation Scope: The webinar will build upon the Webinars by SBE Networking for the Broadcast Engineer, parts 1 and 2 by focusing upon IP Routing and Switching. The focus will incorporate an intensive and detailed explanation of routing and switching protocols with emphasis on applications in a IP based broadcast technical plant to include implementation specific topics. The goal of this webinar is to provide the Broadcast Engineer with a better understanding of IP routing and switching so that the technology may be implemented within his or her own network. Design examples will utilize typical industry network equipment with configuration implementation details. Detailed configuration and implementation notes will be provided for each design example. Goals & Deliverables: What Can You Expect in the Next Hour? Basic Understanding of Applying Fundamentals & Best Practices Where to Obtain Further Knowledge The Next Level: Routing & Switching 2

3 Agenda TCPIP Fundamentals 10 Minute Review Why Route Why Switch? Routing Overview of Routing Protocols Detailed Overview of Interior Gateway Protocols Which Routing Protocol Do I Use? Routing Configuration Design Example Switching Overview of Switching Protocols VLAN Implementation Design Example Switching Security Concerns and Capability Switching Configuration Design Example Layer 3 Switching Integrating ti Routing and Switching QoS Implementation Q & A References The Next Level: Routing & Switching 3

4 TCPIP Fundamentals 10 Minute Review Topic List The OSI Model OSI Model & Encapsulation The Ethernet Frame The IPPacket Packet TCP vs UDP IP Address Classes IP Subnetting VLSM & CIDR IP Address Formats NAT / PAT Ports & Sockets The Next Level: Routing & Switching 4

5 TCP/IP Networking Basics Begins With the OSI Model A Layer Only Interacts With the Layer Below It A Layer Only Provides Capability for the Layer Above to Interact With It All People Seem To Need Data Processing The Next Level: Routing & Switching 5

6 OSI Model & Encapsulation The Next Level: Routing & Switching 6

7 Ethernet Frame Layer 2 IEEE The Next Level: Routing & Switching 7

8 IP Packet Layer 3 RFC 791 The Next Level: Routing & Switching 8

9 TCP / UDP TCP RFC 793 Connection Oriented Protocol Guaranteed Or Reliable Data Delivery Acknowledgment of Packet Receipt Retransmission Occurs if Packet Not Received or Error Occurs High Overhead = Slow UDP RFC 768 A Simple Protocol Best Effort Non Guaranteed Data Delivery Low Overhead = Fast Why Use? Required for Real Time Latency More Detrimental Than Data Loss The Next Level: Routing & Switching 9

10 IP Address Classes Classful Public & Private Class A 126 Networks / 16,777,214 Hosts to PRIVATE to Class B 16,384 Networks / 65,534 Hosts to PRIVATE to Class C 2,097,152 Networks / 254 Hosts to PRIVATE to The Next Level: Routing & Switching

11 IP Address Classes 32 Bit Doted Decimal Notation IPv4 Provides 2 32 or 4,294,967,296 IP Addresses 11 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

12 Subnetting What is a Subnet? Logical Subdivision of a Larger Network Why Do We Subnet? Efficient Use of IP Address Space Enhance Routing Efficiency Reduce Routing Table Size Network Management Policy and Segmentation Job Security for Network Engineers! 12 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

13 VLSM & CIDR VLSM RFC 1009 Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) Host Addressing & Routing Inside a Routing Domain Allowed Classless Subnetting Mask Information is Explicit Allows More Efficient Use of Address Space Taylor Address Space to Fit Network Needs Allows You to Subnet a Subnet CIDR RFC 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520 Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) Class System No Longer Applies Routing Between Routing Domains Allows Supernets To Be Created Combining a Group of Class C Addresses Into a Single Block CIDR Notation (slanted notation): /16 Example: Classful Addressing Implied Mask VLSM Addressing Explicit itmask k CIDR Notation /26 The Next Level: Routing & Switching 13

14 IP Subnetting Example /24 = 254 hosts /27 = 30 hosts /28 = 14 hosts The Next Level: Routing & Switching 14

15 IP Address Formats Classful Addressing: (ImpliedMask ) VLSM Addressing: (Explicit Mask ) CIDR Notation: /26 The Next Level: Routing & Switching 15

16 Network Address Translation NAT RFC 1631 Allows Mapping Internal (private) Address Space to External (public) Address Space Allows Internal IP Addresses to be Hid (Security) Can Conserve IP Address Space 16 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

Port Based Network Address Translation PAT or NAT Overload Allows Mapping Internal (private) Address Space to a Single External (public) Address or Small Address Pool Allows Multiple Internal

17 Port Based Network Address Translation PAT or NAT Overload Allows Mapping Internal (private) Address Space to a Single External (public) Address or Small Address Pool Allows Multiple Internal Addresses to Share a Single Public Address Translation In Place for Duration of Connection Outside Users CANNOT Establish A Connection to an Internal Host 17 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

18 Ports & Sockets Ports RFC 1700 Allows Datagram Multiplexing Between Applications Port Numbers Can Be Between Are Considered Reserved Can Be Registered Are Considered Dynamic or Private TCP and UDP Port Numbers Are Independent Sockets A Socket Is a Combination of an IP Address & A Port Number Used for Client Server Application Interaction IP Address + Port Number = Socket Socket: :80 10:80 The Next Level: Routing & Switching 18

19 Why Route Why Switch? Broadcast Domain Collision Domain Collision Domain Collision Domain Router Collision Domain Broadcast Domain 19 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

20 Routing Fundamentals Routing is Simply pymoving Data From One Network to Another Network All Routers Are Aware of All Networks 20 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

21 Routing Protocols Routing is Simply the Moving of Data Across Networks OSI Model Layer 3 Process Routing Involves Two Processes: Determining the Best Path The Hard Part Actually Sending of the Data The Easy Part Static Routing Stub Routing (used when only one path exists) Dynamic Routing Path is Automatically Determined Interior Gateway Protocols (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF) Distance Vector Link State Exterior Gateway Protocols (BGP) Hides Internal Topology of the Network 21 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

22 Classful Routing Host /24 Router A / /24 Router B /24 Router C / /24 Host 2 Host 3 The Next Level: Routing & Switching 22

23 Classless Routing Host /27 64/27 Router A / /30 Router B /30 Router C / /27 Host 2 Host 3 The Next Level: Routing & Switching 23

24 Static vs Dynamic Routing STATIC ROUTING Complexity Increases With Network Size Human Intervention Required Simple Topology Suited Secure Routing Predictable Topology Less Skill Required Reduced Hardware Requirements DYNAMIC ROUTING Network Complexity Independent Automatically Adapts to Topology Complex Topology Suited Less Secure Routing Dependant Upon Current Higher Skill Level Required Increased Hardware Requirements The Next Level: Routing & Switching 24

25 Routing Metric Terminology Hop Count Bandwidth Load Delay Reliability Cost The Next Level: Routing & Switching 25

26 Routing Protocols The Next Level: Routing & Switching 26

Each Router Routing Decision i Based Upon a Distance or Metric and

27 Distance Vector Routing Protocols Routing by Rumor The Overall Network is Unknown, Only Directly Connected Neighbors Are Known by Each Router Routing Decision i Based Upon a Distance or Metric and Direction or Vector to Describe the Next Hop 27 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

28 Link State Routing Protocols Network Topology Information is Flooded Throughout the Network Each Router Determines its Own Best Path 28 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

29 Routing Protocols Interior Gateway Protocols Used Within the Same Autonomous System (AS) RIP RIPv2 IGRP EIGRP OSPF VLSM Support No Yes No Yes Yes Convergence Slow Slow Medium Fast Fast Configuration Easy Easy Medium Medium Hard Scalability Poor Poor Good Good Good Interoperability Yes Yes No No Yes Exterior Gateway Protocols Used Between Autonomous Systems BGP 29 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

30 Routing Consideration Summary Static Routing Appropriate for Small Networks Appropriate for Stable Networks Use in Stub Networks Minimal Hardware / Easy Administration Dynamic Routing Appropriate for Changing Topology Environments Desirable When Multiple Paths Exist More Scalable Less Configuration ErrorProne The Next Level: Routing & Switching 30

31 A Routing Example The Next Level: Routing & Switching 31

32 Switching Fundamentals Legacy Ethernet Used Hubs An Ethernet DA of sorts All Bits Go to All Ports High Collision Level Due to Shared Media (40 50% of Bandwidth Consumed by Collision Recovery) High Collision Level Yields High Latency Switches Allow Segmentation of Network Allows Dedicated Bandwidth and Point Point Communications Increased Throughput Due to Zero or Minimal Collisions Allows Full Duplex Operation Increased Security Capability Switches Selectively Forward Individual Frames from a Receiving Port to a Destination Port 32 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

33 Switching Fundamentals Switches Allow Segmentation of Network Allows Dedicated Bandwidth and Creates Point Point Communication Increased Throughput Due to Zero or Minimal Collisions Provides Full Duplex Operation Increased Security Capability Switches Selectively l Forward Individual id Frames from a Receiving ii Port to a Destination Port Builds Internal Table of Destination Address on each Port Forwards Ethernet Frame if in Table Floods Ports if Broadcast Frame 33 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

34 Ethernet Switch Functions Learning MAC Addresses Aging How Long is a MAC Address Maintained? Flooding Selective Forwarding Filtering The Next Level: Routing & Switching 34

35 A Simple MAC Table Example 35 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

MAC Addresses Media Access Control MAC Address Unique Hardware Encoded Address Burned In Address Physical Address Spoofing Hexadecimal Format:

36 MAC Addresses Media Access Control MAC Address Unique Hardware Encoded Address Burned In Address Physical Address Spoofing Hexadecimal Format: 12:3A:4D:66:3A:1C or FF FF FF FF FF FF Switches Learn a Table of MAC Addresses MAC Table Maps Destination MAC Addresses to a Port 36 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

37 Switching Types Forwarding Method Store and Forward Receives the Entire Frame Then Makes Decision Drops Any Errored Frame Based Upon CRC SLOW! (butinsures noframeerrors) errors) Cut Through Look Destination Address in Header of the Frame FAST! (but no error checking) Fragment Free (modified dcut Through) h) Known as Runt Free Switching 37 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

38 VLANS IEEE 802.1Q Virtual Local Area Network VLAN Logical Network of a Physical Network Allows Separation of Networks Across a Common Physical Media Creates Subset of Larger Network Control Broadcast Domains Architecture Flexibility Security Static Port Based VLAN(s) () Most Popular Manual Configuration Dynamic Port tbased MAC Based VLAN(s) Assignment Based Upon MAC Address Protocol Based VLAN(s) () Assignment Based Upon Protocol 38 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

39 Switch Port Security Port Lockdown An Important Feature of Implementing Switch Infrastructure Port Security Aspects: One MAC Address Per Port Dynamic Staticti n MAC Addresses Per Port Unused Ports Disabled MAC Violation Action VLAN Specified Per Port The Next Level: Routing & Switching 39

40 VLAN Trunking Public Internet Sub-Interfaces: eth0/1.1 VLAN 1 eth0/1.2 VLAN 2 eth0/1.3 VLAN 3 Router Switch 2 Switch 1 Switch 3 VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN 2 3 VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN The Next Level: Routing & Switching

41 VLAN Example Physical Representation of Previous Diagram Switch Port Type Configuration: Access Link Member of One VLAN Only Connects to a Host Trunk Link Carries Traffic From Multiple VLANS Between Switches 41 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

42 Spanning Tree Protocol STP Switch A Switch A Switch C Switch B Switch B Switch C Switch D Switch E STP Operation: 1 - Determine Root Bridge 2 - Select Root Port 3 - Select Designated Ports 4 - Block Ports with Loops Switch D Switch E Switched Topology Example Active Topology After Spanning Tree Example The Next Level: Routing & Switching 42

43 Why Route Why Switch? Broadcast Domain WHY ROUTE? Breaks the Broadcast Domain Collision Domain Collision Domain Collision Domain Router Collision Domain WHY SWITCH? Breaks the Collision Domain Broadcast Domain 43 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

44 Routing & Switching Summary Si The Next Level: Routing & Switching 44

45 What Is A Layer 3 Switch? Marketing Terminology Applied to a One Box Solution: Layer 2 Bridging Traditionally Performed in Hardware Layer 3 Routing Traditionally Performed in Software Layer 3 Switch Performs Layer 3 Routing in Hardware Eliminates Use of VLAN(s) Each Port Can Be Assigned to a Subnet Notfor All Environments Typically Found in Workgroup Environment Limited to Ethernet Limited to OSPF and RIP Protocols 45 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

46 Layer XX Switch Summary Layer 1 Switch = A Simple Hub Layer 2 Switch = Traditional Data Link Layer Switching Layer 3 Switch = Performs Layer 3 Forwarding Decisions i Layer 4 Switch = Implements Transport Layer Flow Decisions QoS Layer 7 Switch = Provides Applications Level Functionality Load Balancing Content Management The Next Level: Routing & Switching 46

47 Quality of Service QoS Why QoS? Allows Network Traffic to Be Prioritized Based Upon Application Streaming Media IP Telephony Real Time Control (automation) Mission Critical Applications Network Factors Impacting Quality: Throughput Dropped Packets Errors Latency Jitter Packet Delivery Out of Order Order 47 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

48 QoS continued.. Implementing QoS VLAN Implementation Bandwidth Over Provisioning Traffic Shaping DiffServ Implementation Mark Packets According to Type of Service Assigned to Multiple Queues Queue Scheduling Algorithms: Techniques Raise or Lower Queue Priority WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing WRR Weighted Round Robin HFSC Hierarchical Fair Service Curve 48 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

49 QoS continued.. QoS Implementation Architecture Packet Identification & Marking Network Element Provisioning End End Policy Management General IP Traffic BEST EFFORT Prioritized Traffic Guaranteed Applications DIFFERENTIATED GUARANTEED The Network 49 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

50 Controlling Network Traffic Traffic Shaping (packet shaping) is Generally Achieved by Delaying Packets Used to Optimize or Guarantee Performance Control Volume of Traffic Placed on A Network Segment (ingress) Traffic Classification: Sensitive Best Effort Undesired dtraffic File Sharing (P2P Traffic) 50 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

51 Layered Network Design Separate Network in Layers or Zones Externalor PublicNetwork DMZ or Demilitarized Zone or Perimeter Network Internal or Private Network(s) Non Secure Secure The Next Level: Routing & Switching 51

52 Assembling the Pieces The SBE Network DMZ or Perimeter Network BLUE VLAN = Network: /29 IP Range: Netmask: Default GW: Broadcast: DNS HTTP HTTPS Server Web & DNS Server Broadcast Domain HTTP POP3 SMTP Collision i Domain Switch Flash Streaming Server Ingress Filter? Border Router TRUNK: BLUE VLAN Ingress Filter? Egress Filter? Border Firewall Public WAP Internal Firewall / VPN Server / DHCP Server Public Internet From ISP: /26 Which Provides: IP Range: Netmask: Default GW: Broadcast: VPN Tunnel To Respective Network Mobile User Sales Ingress & Egress Filter? Internal Firewall / VPN Server / DHCP Server Enable Port Security Mobile User 1 MAC / port News Mobile User Administrative Network Engineering TRUNK: (Sales, Programming, g, Traffic) BLUE VLAN News Ops Network Layer 3 Switch Si TRUNK: RED VLAN GREEN VLAN BLUE VLAN GREY VLAN Si TRUNK: RED VLAN GREEN VLAN Internal DHCP Si DHCP from Provider DSL Provider VPN Tunnel To Red Network Transmitter Plant Enable Port Security 1 MAC / port Disable Unused Traffic System HTTPS GRAY VLAN = /29 IP Range: Netmask: Default GW: Broadcast: Layer 1 - Ethernet 1000-Base-SX Fiber 100-Base-T Copper RED VLAN = /28 IP Range: Netmask: Default GW: Broadcast: For Illustrative Purpose ONLY FTP HTTP Video Content Server Automation Broadcast Ops Network (Engineering & Operations) Filter Ports: DNS: 53 (TCP & UDP) FTP: 20 & 21 HTTP: 80 HTTPS: 443 NTP: 123 POP3: 110 SMTP: 25 Enable Port Security 1 MAC / port Disable Unused GREEN VLAN = /27 IP Range: Netmask: Default GW: Broadcast: FTP HTTP News Automation FTP HTTP TRUNK: RED VLAN GREEN VLAN Collision Domain The Next Level: Routing & Switching 52 NLE Wayne M. Pecena TAMU-EDBS March 2011

53 Takeaways Switching is a Layer 2 Process Why Switch? Breaks the Collision Domain MAC Addresses Switch Port Security Capabilities VLAN Basics & Applications VLAN Trunking Use Routing is a Layer 3 Process Why Route? Breaks the Broadcast Domain Recognize Different Routing Protocols Interior Gateway vs Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols Layer 3 Switching Provides A One Box Solution 53 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

54 Reference Sources: My Favorite Reference Texts: Ethernet: The Definitive Guide Charles Spurgeon Cisco CCNA Simplified 3 rd Edition Paul Browning Cisco IOS in a Nutshell 2 nd edition James Boney Network Maintenance & Troubleshooting 2 nd Edition Neal Allen Network Warrior Gary Donahue The Illustrated Network Walter Goralski Wireshark Network Analysis Laura Chappell Subnet Calculation Tools: calculator.com subnet calculator.html (Ipv4 and IPv6 capable) IpHONE Aps (itunes Store): IP Calc IP Calculator RFC Documents: editor.org IP Subnetting References: Prep IP Subnetting from Networkers 54 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

55 IP Addressing CIDR Conversion Reference The Next Level: Routing & Switching 55

56 Common Port Numbers RESERVED PORTS REGISTERED PORTS Port 20 / 21 FTP File Transfer Protocol Port 23 TELNET Port 53 DNS Domain Name Service Port 80 HTTP Port 110 POP3 Post Office Protocol Port 123 NTP Network Time Protocol Port 161 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (UDP) Port 443 HTTPS Port 1720 H.323 Video Call Setup Port 1812 RADIUS Authentication Port 2000 CISCO Skinny Port 3074 X Box Live Port 4664 Google Desktop Port 5004 RTP Real Time Transport Protocol Port 5060 SIP Session Initiation Protocol Port 5631 PC Anywhere Port 8080 Alternate HTTP numbers The Next Level: Routing & Switching 56

57 Real World OSI Model RFC 2321 Important to Recognize During Troubleshooting ID10T Errors Occur Here 57 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

58 Routing Trivia First Router as We Know is Was the Interface Message Processor IMP Developed in the Late 60 s for ARPANET First Message lo Was Sent on October 29, 1969 from UCLA to the Stanford Research Institute After Recovery From a System Crash, the Word login Was Successfully Transmitted Life Has Never Been the Same Since! 58 The Next Level: Routing & Switching

59 ? Questions? Thank You for Attending! Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8 VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT Texas A&M University w pecena@tamu.edu N1WP@tamu.edu The Next Level: Routing & Switching 59

Networking Technology for Broadcast Engineers

Networking Technology for Broadcast Engineers Engineers Part 2 March 24, 2011 Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8 VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT Texas A&M University Engineers Advertised Presentation Scope: This presentation will provide a Broadcast Focus in major Networking