COMP 631: NETWORKED & DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 10/18/16 COMP 631: NETWORKED & DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS. Virtualization. Jasleen Kaur.
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1 COMP 631: NETWORKED & DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Virtualization Jasleen Kaur Fall Virtualization in Networks Virtualization of resources: Ø Powerful abstraction in systems engineering Ø Computing examples: virtual memory, virtual devices, virtual OS Ø Layering of abstractions: don t sweat the details of the lower layer, only deal with lower layers abstractly Virtualization in the Internet: Ø Virtual address spaces: NATs Ø Virtual links: Overlay routing Ø Virtual networks: PlanetLab, GENI Ø Virtual private networks (VPNs) Internet is a virtualized network! 2 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 1
2 The Internet: Virtualizing Local Networks 1974: multiple unconnected networks Ø ARPAnet Ø data-over-cable networks Ø packet satellite network (Aloha) Ø packet radio network.. differing in: Ø addressing conventions Ø packet formats Ø error recovery Ø routing 3 Cerf & Kahn: Interconnecting Two Networks ARPAnet satellite net interconnection must preserve intact the internal operation of each network...the interface between networks must play a central role in the development of any network interconnection strategy. We give a special name to this interface that performs these functions and call it a GATEWAY... prefer that the interface be as simple and reliable as possible, and deal primarily with passing data between networks that use different packetswitching strategies address formats is a problem between networks because the local network addresses of TCPs may vary substantially in format and size. A uniform internetwork TCP address space, understood by each GATEWAY and TCP, is essential to routing and delivery of internetwork packets. 4 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 2
3 Cerf & Kahn: Interconnecting Two Networks Internetwork layer: addressing: internetwork appears as a single, uniform entty, despite underlying local network heterogeneity network of networks Gateway: embed internetwork packets in local packet format or extract them route (at internetwork level) to next gateway gateway ARPAnet satellite net 5 Cerf & Kahn s Internetwork Architecture What is virtualized? Ø Two layers of addressing: internetwork and local network Ø New layer makes everything homogeneous at internetwork layer Ø Underlying local network technology (cable, satellite, 56K modem) is invisible at internetwork layer 6 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 3
4 Virtualization in Networks Virtualization of resources: Ø powerful abstraction in systems engineering Ø computing examples: virtual memory, virtual devices, virtual OSes Ø layering of abstractions: don t sweat the details of the lower layer, only deal with lower layers abstractly Virtualization in the Internet: Ø Virtual address spaces: NATs Ø Virtual links: Overlay routing Ø Virtual networks: PlanetLab, GENI Ø Virtual private networks (VPNs) Internet is a virtualized network! 7 NAT: Network Address Translation rest of Internet local network (e.g., home network) / All datagrams leaving local network have same single source NAT IP address: , different source port numbers Datagrams with source or destnaton in this network have /24 address for source, destnaton (as usual) 8 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 4
5 NAT: Network Address Translation Motivation: local network uses just one IP address as far as outside world is concerned: Ø Range of addresses not needed from ISP Just one IP address for all devices Ø Can change addresses of devices in local network without notifying outside world Ø Can change ISP without changing addresses of devices in local network Ø Devices inside local net not explicitly addressable, visible by outside world (a security plus). 9 NAT: Network Address Translation Implementation: NAT router must: Ø outgoing datagrams: replace (source IPaddress, port #) of every outgoing datagram to (NAT IP address, new port #)... remote clients/servers will respond using (NAT IP address, new port #) as destination addr. Ø remember (in NAT translation table) every (source IP address, port #) to (NAT IP address, new port #) translation pair Ø incoming datagrams: replace (NAT IP address, new port #) in dest fields of every incoming datagram with resp. (source IP address, port #) stored in NAT table 10 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 5
6 NAT: Network Address Translation 2: NAT router changes datagram source addr from , 3345 to , 5001, updates table 2 NAT translation table WAN side addr LAN side addr , , 3345 S: , 5001 D: , S: , 80 D: , : Reply arrives dest. address: , S: , 3345 D: , 80 S: , 80 D: , : host sends datagram to , : NAT router changes datagram dest addr from , 5001 to , NAT: Network Address Translation 16-bit port-number field: Ø 64,000 simultaneous connections with a single LAN-side address! NAT is controversial: Ø Routers should only process up to layer 3 Ø Violates end-to-end argument NAT possibility must be taken into account by app designers, eg, P2P applications Ø Address shortage should instead be solved by IPv6 12 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 6
7 Virtualization in Networks Virtualization of resources: Ø powerful abstraction in systems engineering Ø computing examples: virtual memory, virtual devices, virtual OSes Ø layering of abstractions: don t sweat the details of the lower layer, only deal with lower layers abstractly Virtualization in the Internet: Ø Virtual address spaces: NATs Ø Virtual links: Overlay routing Ø Virtual networks: PlanetLab, GENI Ø Virtual private networks (VPNs) Internet is a virtualized network! 13 Detour Study Results (1999) Detour routing can improve performance Ø Triangle inequality violations common in Internet 14 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 7
8 Latency Improvement Via Detours 15 Loss Rate Improvement Via Detours 16 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 8
9 Resilient Overlay Networks Overlay network: Applications, running at various sites as nodes on an application-level network Create logical links (e.g., TCP or UDP connections) pairwise between each other Each logical link: multiple physical links, routing defined by native Internet routing 17 Overlay Network 18 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 9
10 Overlay Network Focus at the application level 19 Internet Routing BGP defines routes between stub networks Berkeley.net Internet 2 UMass.net C&W UCLA Noho-to-UMass Mediaone Noho.net 20 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 10
11 Internet Routing BGP defines routes between stub networks Berkeley.net CongesTon or failure: Noho to Berkeley BGP- determined route may not change (or will change slowly) UCLA Internet 2 Noho-to-Berkeley UMass.net C&W Mediaone Noho.net 21 Internet Routing Berkeley.net Congestion or failure: Noho to Berkely BGP-determined route may not change (or will change slowly) Internet 2 Noho to UMass to Berkeley route not visible or available via BGP! MediaOne can t route to Berkeley via Internet2 C&W Mediaone UMass.net UCLA Noho-to-Berkeley Noho.net 22 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 11
12 RON: Resilient Overlay Networks Premise: by building application overlay network, can increase performance, reliability of routing Layer 7 routing! application-layer router Two-hop (application-level) noho-to-berkeley route Virtualize the Internet! 23 RON Experiments Measure loss, latency, and throughput with and without RON 13 hosts in the US and Europe 3 days of measurements from data collected in March minute average loss rates Ø 30 minute outage very serious! Note: Experiments done with No-Internet2-for-commercialuse policy 24 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 12
13 RON Study Results (2001) 25 RON Research Issues How to design overlay networks? Ø Measurement and self-configuration Ø Fast fail-over Ø Sophisticated metrics Ø Application-sensitive (e.g., delay vs. throughput) path selection Effect of RON on underlying network Ø If everyone does RON, are we better off? Ø Interacting levels of control (network- and application-layer routing) 27 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 13
14 Random Detour Good Enough for Failover Random-4 good enough to recover from recoverable failures, which was about 66% in the SOSR study. Improving the Reliability of Internet Paths with One- hop Source RouTng, OSDI 2004 K. P. Gummadi, H. V. Madhyastha, S. D. Gribble, H. M. Levy, and D. J. Wetherall. 28 COMP 631: NETWORKED & DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Virtualized networks: PlanetLab, GENI 31 Copyright by Jasleen Kaur 14
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